Comparison between 4D robust optimization methods for carbon-ion treatment planning

Intensity-modulated particle therapy(IMPT)with carbon ions is comparatively susceptible to various uncertainties caused by breathing motion,including range,setup,and target positioning uncertainties.To determine relative biological effectiveness-weighted dose(RWD)distributions that are resilient to these uncertainties,the reference phase-based four-dimensional(4D)robust optimization(RP-4DRO)and each phase-based 4D robust optimization(EP-4DRO)method in carbon-ion IMPT treatment planning were evaluated and compared.Based on RWD distributions,4DRO methods were compared with 4D conventional optimization using planning target volume(PTV)margins(PTV-based optimization)to assess the effectiveness of the robust optimization methods.Carbon-ion IMPT treatment planning was conducted in a cohort of five lung cancer patients.The results indicated that the EP-4DRO method provided better robustness(P=0.080)and improved plan quality(P=0.225)for the clinical target volume(CTV)in the individual respiratory phase when compared with the PTV-based optimization.Compared with the PTV-based optimization,the RP-4DRO method ensured the robustness(P=0.022)of the dose distributions in the reference breathing phase,albeit with a slight sacrifice of the target coverage(P=0.450).Both 4DRO methods successfully maintained the doses delivered to the organs at risk(OARs)below tolerable levels,which were lower than the doses in the PTV-based optimization(P<0.05).Furthermore,the RP-4DRO method exhibited significantly superior performance when compared with the EP-4DRO method in enhancing overall OAR sparing in either the individual respiratory phase or reference respiratory phase(P<0.05).In general,both 4DRO methods outperformed the PTV-based optimization in terms of OAR sparing and robustness.

Two-stage treatment with hepatectomy and carbon-ion radiotherapy for multiple hepatic epithelioid hemangioendotheliomas

Hepatic epithelioid hemangioendothelioma(HEH)is a rare neoplasm of vascular origin with variable malignant potential.Because most patients with this condition have multiple bilobar lesions,liver transplantation is the standard treatment,and hepatectomy is much less frequently indicated.We describe a case of a 35-yearold woman with unresectable multiple bilobar HEH successfully treated by combination treatment with hepatectomy and carbon-ion radiotherapy.This case is very meaningful since it demonstrated the effectiveness of carbon-ion radiotherapy for HEH and the possibility of expanding the curative treatment options for multiple bilobar hepatic tumors.

Bystander effect and abscopal effect in recurrent thymic carcinoma treated with carbon-ion radiation therapy:A case report

BACKGROUND Although the bystander effect and abscopal effect are familiar in medicine,they are relatively rare in clinical practice.Herein,we report the case of a patient who demonstrated an obvious bystander effect and abscopal effect response following carbon-ion irradiation for recurrent thymic carcinoma.CASE SUMMARY A 44-year-old female presented with shortness of breath.Eleven years prior,she was diagnosed with athymic tumor located in the anterosuperior mediastinum.She underwent extensive tumor resection,and the postoperative pathologic diagnosis was thymic carcinoma.She was administered 50 Gy/25 Fx of postoperative radiation.In 2019,she was diagnosed with a recurrence of thymic carcinoma,with multiple recurrent nodules and masses in the left thoracic chest and peritoneal cavity,the largest of which was in the diaphragm pleura proximal to the pericardium,with a size of 6.7 cm×5.3 cm×4.8 cm.She received carbonion radiotherapy.After carbon-ion radiotherapy treatment,the treated masses and the untreated masses were observed to have noticeably shrunk on the day of carbon-ion radiotherapy completion and on follow-up imaging.We followed the CARE Guidelines for consensus-based clinical case reporting guideline development and completed the CARE Checklist of information to report this case.CONCLUSION This report is the first of obvious abscopal and bystander effects following carbonion irradiation in a human patient,and further research is needed to better elucidate the mechanisms of bystander and abscopal effects.

Carbon-Ion Beams Efficiently Induce Cell Killing in X-Ray Resistant Human Squamous Tongue Cancer Cells

In order to see whether carbon ion (C-ion) beams have a biological advantage over X-rays, studies were designed to examine the effects of C-ion beams on radiosensitivity in X-ray resistant cells. Clinically relevant X-ray resistant SAS-R cells derived from human tongue cancer SAS cells were used. The cells were exposed to X-rays or Spread-Out Bragg peak (SOBP) beam C-ions. Cell survival was measured using a modified high-density survival assay. Cell survival signaling and cell death signaling were analyzed using flow cytometry. The cells were labeled with putative cancer stem cell markers such as CD44 and CD326. SAS-R cells were 1.6 times more radioresistant than SAS cells after exposure to X-rays. Cell survival was similar in each cell line after exposure to C-ion beams. SAS-R cells displayed enhanced cell survival signaling when compared to SAS cells under normal conditions. On the other hand, the phosphorylation of AKT-related proteins decreased and polycaspase activities were enhanced when cells were irradiated with C-ion beams in both cell lines. More CD44 and CD326 positive cells were seen in SAS-R cells than in SAS cells. Moreover, the marker positive cell numbers significantly decreased after exposure to C-ion beams when compared to X-rays at iso-survival doses in SAS-R cells. C-ion beams efficiently induced cell killing in X-ray resistant cells which displayed activated cell survival signaling and contained more numerous cancer stem-like cells.

3-44 Effects of X-ray and Carbon-ion Irradiation on Hematopoietic Cell Counts in the Mice Model

The hematological effects of space radiation contribute to the compromised immune defense in astronauts observed in the space environment as well as upon landing[1]. The complications associated with the hematopoietic syndrome include infection and internal hemorrhage. The decrease in peripheral blood cell counts after radiation serves not only as a marker for the severity of the exposure, but also as a marker for treatment and prognosis[2]. In the present research, we investigated the effects of whole-body heavy-ion (80 MeV/u carbon-ion) radiation and conventional X-ray (6 MV) radiation on peripheral blood cell counts in mice model. Time effects were determined to compare the effects of the different types of radiation.

PhaseⅠ/Ⅱtrial evaluating concurrent carbon-ion radiotherapy plus chemotherapy for salvage treatment of locally recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Background: After deinitive chemoradiotherapy for non-metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma(NPC), more than 10% of patients will experience a local recurrence. Salvage treatments present signiicant challenges for locally recurrent NPC. Surgery, stereotactic ablative body radiotherapy, and brachytherapy have been used to treat locally recurrent NPC. However, only patients with small-volume tumors can beneit from these treatments. Re-irradiation with X-ray—based intensity-modulated radiotherapy(IMXT) has been more widely used for salvage treatment of locally recurrent NPC with a large tumor burden, but over-irradiation to the surrounding normal tissues has been shown to cause frequent and severe toxicities. Furthermore, locally recurrent NPC represents a clinical entity that is more radioresistant than its primary counterpart. Due to the inherent physical advantages of heavy-particle therapy, precise dose delivery to the target volume(s), without exposing the surrounding organs at risk to extra doses, is highly feasible with carbon-ion radiotherapy(CIRT). In addition, CIRT is a high linear energy transfer(LET) radiation and provides an increased relative biological efectiveness compared with photon and proton radiotherapy. Our prior work showed that CIRT alone to 57.5 Gy E(gray equivalent), at 2.5 Gy E per daily fraction, was well tolerated in patients who were previously treated for NPC with a deinitive dose of IMXT. The short-term response rates at 3–6 months were also acceptable. However, no patients were treated with concurrent chemotherapy. Whether the addition of concurrent chemotherapy to CIRT can beneit locally recurrent NPC patients over CIRT alone has never been addressed. It is possible that the beneits of high-LET CIRT may make radiosensitizing chemotherapy unnecessary. We therefore implemented a phase I/II clinical trial to address these questions and present our methodology and results.Methods and design: The maximal tolerated dose(MTD) of re-treatment using raster-scanning CIRT plus concurrent cisplatin will be determined in the phase I, dose-escalating stage of this study. CIRT dose escalation from 52.5 to 65 Gy E(2.5 Gy E × 21–26 fractions) will be delivered, with the primary endpoints being acute and subacute toxicities. Eicacy in terms of overall survival(OS) and local progression-free survival of patients after concurrent chemotherapy plus CIRT at the determined MTD will then be studied in the phase II stage of the trial. We hypothesize that CIRT plus chemotherapy can improve the 2-year OS rate from the historical 50% to at least 70%.Conclusions: Re-treatment of locally recurrent NPC using photon radiation techniques, including IMXT, provides moderate eicacy but causes potentially severe toxicities. Improved outcomes in terms of eicacy and toxicity proile are expected with CIRT plus chemotherapy. However, the MTD of CIRT used concurrently with cisplatin-based chemotherapy for locally recurrent NPC remains to be determined. In addition, whether the addition of chemotherapy to CIRT is needed remains unknown. These questions will be evaluated in the dose-escalating phase I and randomized phase II trials.

Risk of simulated microgravity on testicular injury induced by high-LET carbon-ion beams in mice

This study investigated the impact of simulated microgravity on acute injury induced by low doses of carbon ions in male reproductive organs of mice,and determined alterations in spermatogenic function and expression levels of apoptotic factors in mice following exposure to acute irradiation after 7 days of simulated microgravity.The results demonstrated that significant reductions in spermatozoa,primary spermatocytes and spermatogonia,and increased globular cells in seminiferous tubule and pro-apoptotic proteins were observed in the group exposed to over0.4 Gy irradiation.Collectively,the data suggest that lesions inflicted by simulated microgravity are not markedly modified by lower doses of irradiation(0.2 Gy)in mouse testis compared to the control group.However,testicular impairments were markedly evident in the group exposed to higher doses of carbon ions plus simulated microgravity,which may be due at least in part to elevated apoptosis initiated by the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway in germ cells.

Bystander effects induced by medium from carbon-ion-irradiated human cancer cells

The bystander effects induced by medium from human hepatoma SMMC-7721 and adenocarcinoma F56 cells irradiated with carbon ions were investigated. It was found that the survival fraction (SF) of the irradiated cells decreased exponentially along with the increased dose. SMMC-7721 cells were more radiosensitive than F56 cells. The plating efficiency (PE) of the non-irradiated cells treated with irradiated conditioned medium (ICM) was obvi-ously lower than the PE of control cells for SMMC-7721 cells but not for F56 cells. Moreover, the reduced PE and SF by ICM treatment were more significant for 1Gy irradiation than for 6Gy irradiation on SMMC-7721 cells. These results suggest that the irradiated cells can secrete factor(s) into medium that is cytotoxic to bystander non-irradiated cells. The bystander effects are dependent on cell genotype presented at the time of irradiation and radiation dose. This makes impact on the precise estimation of the effects of radiation and tumor radiotherapy.

干湿循环作用下吉林省西部土壤盐离子对混凝土的侵蚀破坏机理

为了解决干湿循环条件下长期的外部碳酸盐和硫酸盐侵蚀导致混凝土耐久性能显著退化的问题,进行了在干湿循环条件下混凝土内部CO_(3)^(2-)和SO_(4)^(2-)侵蚀规律和迁移规律的研究。先通过混凝土受到离子侵蚀的化学反应过程和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)实验分析并对比两种离子对混凝土侵蚀的损伤机理,后通过引用房室模型的方法分析CO_(3)^(2-)和SO_(4)^(2-)在混凝土表面与外界交界面处的传输和交换规律。结果表明:在180 d的时间内,离子侵蚀主要发生在混凝土表面0~20 mm的范围内,房室模型的预测值与实测值决定系数R^(2)在0.75左右;混凝土被侵蚀的深度与水灰比正相关,并且房室模型可以预测混凝土受到侵蚀的程度;硫酸盐和碳酸盐的化学反应生成物引起的膨胀压力导致混凝土产生裂缝而引起破坏。

基于纳剂量学量模型的碳离子束相对生物学效应计算

目前癌症严重影响人类的健康,迫切需要一种能有效治疗癌症的手段.碳离子束由于其具有较高的生物学效应和独特的布拉格峰,被认为是极具有潜在价值的放疗射线.主要利用基于纳剂量学量的LNDM(Logistic NanoDosimetry Model)模型计算不同入射能量碳离子束在水模体的相对生物学效应(Relative Biologica Effectiveness,RBE).使用GATE模拟工具得到碳离子束及其碎片在水模体中不同深度的能谱和剂量,利用预先计算的带电离子纳剂量学量数据库计算得到碳离子束的四个纳剂量学量M1、■,基于LNDM模型计算碳离子束的RBE.结果表明,碳离子束的RBE峰值随着入射能量的增加而逐渐降低,并且RBE峰值出现在布拉格峰下降沿附近.

碳布用于锂离子电池三维一体化柔性正极的可行性研究

研究碳纤维编织布用于锂离子电池三维一体化正极的可行性,对三种经过热处理碳布的石墨化程度进行定性分析和定量计算。以锂金属作为对电极,石墨化的碳布电极在0.1~0.5 V的电压下首次放电比容量分别为83.6,94.5mAh·g^(-1)和115.2 mAh·g^(-1),经过50周次循环充放电后比容量分别为55.0,80.0 mAh·g^(-1)和88.0 mAh·g^(-1)左右。将石墨化的碳布负载LiFePO_(4)后,电极的首次放电比容量分别为73.2,109.5 mAh·g^(-1)和130.2 mAh·g^(-1)。对于石墨化程度为76.02%的碳布,经过50周次循环充放电后比容量稳定在90.0 mAh·g^(-1)左右,综合电化学性能较好,更适合用于锂离子电池的一体化柔性正极。通过建立LiFePO_(4)颗粒与碳纤维之间相互作用的力学模型,探讨一体化正极的力学性能、电学性能和电化学性能之间的关系。将碳布用于锂离子电池一体化正极,可以简化锂离子电池的常规生产过程,革新其生产方式。

锂电池回收产出的碳酸锂制备单水氢氧化锂工艺分析与探讨

锂元素的回收是电池回收工艺中的关键步骤,目前一般采用湿法浸出技术将有价元素从锂电池黑粉中转移到溶液中,然后经过除杂净化得到精制的硫酸锂溶液,加入碳酸钠制备成工业级碳酸锂或者碳酸锂粗品,再经精制除杂得到碳酸锂产品返回电池生产过程。随着氢氧化锂市场需求的提高,如何将碳酸锂经济高效地转化为氢氧化锂也成为重要环节。针对电池回收产生的工业级碳酸锂转化为氢氧化锂的工艺过程,详细分析了不同工艺路线的原料选择、工艺过程、产品及副产品产出以及能源消耗等关键因素,通过对比不同工艺路线的优劣势,总结出不同企业状态适用的工艺路线,旨在为优化生产流程、提高回收产业链附加值提供有价值的参考。研究结果将有助于指导电池回收企业在选择氢氧化锂生产工艺时作出决策,同时也为盐湖提锂和矿石提锂产生的碳酸锂生产氢氧化锂提供借鉴。

接触溶蚀条件下混凝土游离钙离子固化效果研究

为研究将硅灰和硅酸钠作为掺合料内掺后的喷射混凝土在接触溶蚀条件下析出钙离子的规律,在不同掺量下制备了单掺和复掺混凝土试块,开展30 d去离子水浸泡试验,测试溶液中的钙离子浓度、溶液pH值的变化情况,并结合SEM等微观检测对接触溶蚀过程进行研究。结果显示:单掺硅灰试块在不换水条件下的钙离子溶出量大大低于空白组,换水条件下30 d内3%、5%、7%掺量组较空白组平均溶出钙离子总重依次减少73.29%、69.65%、69.26%;单掺硅酸钠后,不换水条件下3%掺量的试块钙离子溶出量也能得到明显的降低,换水条件下30 d内1%、3%、5%掺量组较空白组平均溶出钙离子总重依次减少9.22%、20.53%、29.96%;将单掺组中固化效果良好的3%掺量硅灰和5%掺量硅酸钠复掺入混凝土后,不换水条件下浸泡溶液初始钙离子浓度仅为20~30 mg/L,从第18天左右溶液游离钙离子清零,换水条件下复掺试块较空白组平均溶出钙离子总重减少约85%。

氮掺杂碳包覆负极材料的研究进展

传统的沥青碳包覆石墨负极材料已经无法满足市场对锂离子电池在能量密度、充电、安全性等方面提出的更高要求,而氮元素掺杂可以调控碳包覆层的界面结构,提升负极材料的电化学性能,受到广泛关注和研究,且氮掺杂碳包覆是在当前的负极材料产业链条件下最具潜力和最容易实现产业化的改性方式之一。因此,本文从氮掺杂碳的结构特征及氮掺杂碳包覆负极材料两方面进行了综述,并对氮掺杂碳包覆的未来进行了展望,以期为其产业化发展提供参考。

开放系统下铅锌对地质碳汇的影响研究

自工业革命以来,资源需求量不断增加,矿产资源被过度开采引起一系列地质环境问题,针对采矿学者研究主要集中在地质环境灾害、矿山的修复技术方法和采矿暴露出的重金属对人类身体健康造成的危害等方面,鲜有学者研究采矿中重金属元素与地质碳汇的关系,随着双碳目标成为国家战略,重金属与地质碳汇机理研究对双碳战略目标有重要的科学意义。本文通过研究不同岩样在不同浓度铅、锌溶液中的溶解特征来探究开放系统条件下铅锌对地质碳汇的影响,研究发现:(1)随着实验时长的增加,所有组别的pH值呈下降趋势,电导率呈上升趋势。(2)0.5 mg/L的铅溶液可能会抑制岩石的溶解,HCO_(3)^(-)的浓度在第10天时突然变大随后又逐渐减小,而当加入灵川县铅锌矿场的铅锌矿粉末后溶液中HCO_(3)^(-)浓度倍增。0.1 mg/L铅溶液中加入铅锌矿粉末后,其水溶液中的HCO_(3)^(-)浓度明显少于未加入铅锌矿粉末的对照组。故认为铅可能作为抑制剂影响岩样在溶液中的溶解。(3)在1和5 mg/L锌溶液中加入铅锌矿粉末,无论其浓度高低,灰岩、角岩和灰岩+角岩3个实验组别HCO_(3)^(-)浓度将明显高于未加入铅锌矿粉末的对照组,故认为锌可能起催化作用。(4)通过对干燥后的岩样进行非原位SEM图像扫描发现,无论低浓度还是高浓度铅溶液,其溶蚀坑较无铅溶液明显增多,溶蚀台阶也明显呈无规则状,但在高浓度的铅溶液中更加突出,并且伴随着置换反应的发生,由低浓度到高浓度的铅溶液中可以观察到一些孔隙的发展和裂缝的形成。

硅藻土衍生硅碳负极材料的制备及其储锂性能研究

本文以管状和盘状两种天然硅藻土作为初始原料,制备了一系列硅藻土衍生硅碳负极材料,并采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、拉曼光谱(Raman)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、X-射线光电子能谱(XPS)等测试手段系统表征了所制备样品的晶体结构、微观形貌及化学组成.将制备的硅藻土衍生硅碳负极材料作为活性物质组装为锂离子电池,对比了管状和盘状两种形貌对其储锂性能的影响,并详细考察了沥青衍生碳包覆层的加入量对硅碳负极材料比容量及循环稳定性的影响.测试结果表明,样品管DE-1∶3和管DE-1∶6在0.2 A g^(-1)较低电流密度下均具有较好的容量保持率,循环500次之后比容量分别可保持443 mAh g^(-1)和414 mAh g^(-1),而样品管DE-1∶6则在0.5 A g^(-1)较大电流密度下具有更好的结构稳定性.

核桃青皮改性活性炭对锌离子的吸附研究

陇南市拥有大量的锌矿和锌冶炼厂,并且拥有大量的核桃青皮资源,基于活性炭对锌离子的吸附作用,本文在不同温度下对核桃青皮进行了炭化,并利用NaCl、HCl和NaOH进行改性,然后考察了不同条件下改性核桃青皮活性炭对含锌废水中锌离子的吸附作用。分析结果表明,500℃条件下炭化的核桃青皮具有最好的吸附性能,记为WP-500;NaOH对WP-500改性效果较好,对锌离子的吸附性能最强,改性后的活性炭记为WP3-500;在WP3-500用量4 g/L、温度30℃、时间30 min的条件下,WP3-500对锌离子的去除率为81.11%,吸附量为10.14 mg/g;动力学分析表明,准一级动力学模型可以描述WP3-500对锌离子的吸附行为,其主要受物理吸附控制;相较于玉米秸秆、花生壳和稻壳等废弃生物炭化制备吸附剂,利用核桃青皮制备活性炭的方法更简单、成本更低,而且对锌离子的去除效果更好。本研究为核桃青皮的资源化利用及废水中锌离子的去除提供了新思路。

溶剂热法制备磷酸锰锂的优化研究

橄榄石结构的磷酸锰锂(LiMnPO_(4))具有比容量高､热稳定性好和原料来源广泛等特点,与同为橄榄石结构的磷酸铁锂相比具有更高的放电电压。采用溶剂热法制备了高性能的磷酸锰锂正极材料,通过对过程参数进行优化实现材料性能的提升,以柠檬酸为添加剂优化颗粒形貌得到纳米级颗粒,并对碳层包覆进行优化。结果表明,柠檬酸添加量为1 mmol时,椭球状颗粒平均尺寸为42.3 nm;当以蔗糖为碳源且与LiMnPO_(4)质量比为1∶2时得到的碳层包覆颗粒尺寸较小､碳层石墨化程度更高;在最优参数下制备的LiMnPO_(4)材料具有更高的首次放电容量(126.9 mAh/g)及更优的倍率性能。

N掺杂的红色荧光纳米碳点检测汞离子

以对苯二胺和多巴胺为原料,通过一步水热法合成表面富含氨基基团的氮掺杂碳点(N-CDs),经过离心、过滤以及柱层析对所制备碳点进行提纯。采用高分辨透射电子显微镜和荧光对其进行表征。结果表明:该碳点粒径均一,具有良好的红色发光特性,且在最佳实验条件下,Hg2+对该碳点进行选择性荧光猝灭,其荧光猝灭程度与Hg2+浓度在0.1μM~2.1μM范围内呈现良好的线性关系,检测限为0.01μM。最后,该碳点成功用于实际水样中Hg2+的测定,加标回收率为95.0%~103.1%。

钠离子电池用生物质基硬碳的研究进展

生物质基硬碳具有原材料资源丰富、可持续、成本低和储钠容量高等特点,是钠离子电池的理想负极材料。生物质基硬碳材料的微结构是决定钠离子存储性能的关键。本综述回顾了硬碳负极对钠离子存储机理的研究现状。从生物质原料的角度,分类总结了高性能生物质基硬碳材料的制备方法。探讨了生物质基硬碳结构的调控与钠离子存储性能提升的关系,对钠离子电池用生物质基硬碳负极材料的研究方向进行了展望。