Using zircon,boric acid and carbon black as starting materials,ZrB_(2)-ZrO_(2)-SiC composite powder was synthesized by calcining at 1500℃in flowing argon atmosphere.The effects of the soaking time(3,6 and 9 h)and the...Using zircon,boric acid and carbon black as starting materials,ZrB_(2)-ZrO_(2)-SiC composite powder was synthesized by calcining at 1500℃in flowing argon atmosphere.The effects of the soaking time(3,6 and 9 h)and the addition of additive AlF_(3)(0,0.5%,1.0%,1.5%,2.0%and 2.5%,by mass)on the phase composition and the microstructure of the synthesized products were investigated.The results show that:(1)ZrB_(2)-ZrO_(2)-SiC composite powder can be synthesized by carbothermal reduction at 1500℃in flowing argon atmosphere;ZrB_(2) and ZrO_(2) are granular-like,and SiC crystals are fiberous;(2)with the soaking time increasing,the amount of ZrB_(2) increases,the amounts of m-ZrO_(2) and SiC decrease,and the total amount of non-oxides ZrB_(2),SiC and ZrC gradually increases;the optimal soaking time is 3 h;(3)compared with the sample without AlF_(3),the sample with 0.5% AlF_(3) has decreased m-ZrO_(2)amount,noticeably increased ZrB_(2) amount but decreased SiC amount;however,when the addition of AlF_(3) increases from 0.5%to 2.5%,the m-ZrO_(2) amount increases,the ZrB_(2)amount decreases,and the SiC amount changes slightly;the optimum AlF_(3)addition is 0.5%.展开更多
We investigated the influence of the growth temperature, O_(2) flow, molar ratio between Ga_(2)O_(3) powder and graphite powder on the structure and morphology of the films grown on the c-plane sapphire(0001) substrat...We investigated the influence of the growth temperature, O_(2) flow, molar ratio between Ga_(2)O_(3) powder and graphite powder on the structure and morphology of the films grown on the c-plane sapphire(0001) substrates by a carbothermal reduction method. Experimental results for the heteroepitaxial growth of β-Ga_(2)O_(3) illustrate that β-Ga_(2)O_(3) growth by the carbothermal reduction method can be controlled. The optimal result was obtained at a growth temperature of 1050 °C. The fastest growth rate of β-Ga_(2)O_(3) films was produced when the O_(2) flow was 20 sccm. To guarantee that β-Ga_(2)O_(3) films with both high-quality crystal and morphology properties, the ideal molar ratio between graphite powder and Ga_(2)O_(3) powder should be set at 10 : 1.展开更多
Vanadium-beaxing titaniferous magnetite bands hosted by Precambrian gabbro-norite-anorthositic rocks or their metamorphic equivalents were discovered in some parts of Eastern Indian Shield, containing 48%-49% Fe (to...Vanadium-beaxing titaniferous magnetite bands hosted by Precambrian gabbro-norite-anorthositic rocks or their metamorphic equivalents were discovered in some parts of Eastern Indian Shield, containing 48%-49% Fe (total), 10%-25% TiO2, and 0.3%-2.20% V2O5 by mass. Mineralogical and petrological study, composition, and characterization of the vanadium-bearing titaniferous magnetite ore were carried out by scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX), wave length X-ray florescence (WDXRF), inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES), X-ray diffraction (XRD), etc. Chemical beneficiation for valuable metals, such as Fe, Ti, andV, was performed by reduction roasting. The direct and indirect reduction were investigated by mixing the lump ore with solid activated charcoal in a closed reactor and purging the reducing gas mixture in standard reducibility index apparatus at different temperatures and time intervals. The reduction roasting parameters were optimized. Finally, the reduced samples were crushed and upgraded by magnetic separation. The results show that, the maximum mass fractions of magnetic and nonmagnetic parts achieved axe 69.36% and 30.64%, respectively, which contain 10.6% TiO2 and 0.84% V205 in the magnetic part and 36.5% TiO2 and 0.22% V205 in the nonmagnetic part.展开更多
Carbothermal reduction was performed at temperatures up to 1600°C for vanadium-bearing titanomagnetite,ilmenite concentrate,and high titania slag.The possibility of selective carbothermal reduction was discussed ...Carbothermal reduction was performed at temperatures up to 1600°C for vanadium-bearing titanomagnetite,ilmenite concentrate,and high titania slag.The possibility of selective carbothermal reduction was discussed in detail from the viewpoint of thermodynamics,and also tested.The products were analyzed by X-ray diffraction,scanning electron microscopy,and chemical analysis.The results show that it is possible to reduce all iron oxide to metallic iron,and titania to oxycarbide(TiCxOy),without the reduction of other oxides like silica and magnesia.展开更多
Understanding the reduction behaviors and characteristics of the end products of Fe-Cr-O systems is very important not only for maximizing the recovery of metals from stainless steel dust but also for the subsequent r...Understanding the reduction behaviors and characteristics of the end products of Fe-Cr-O systems is very important not only for maximizing the recovery of metals from stainless steel dust but also for the subsequent reuse in metallurgical process. The present work first predicted the possible products thermodynamically when FeCr204 was reduced by C. The reduction behaviors by graphite of three kinds of Fe-Cr-O systems, i.e., FeCr204, Fe203q-Cr203, and Feq-Cr203, were then investigated in 1350-1550℃. Further, the microstructures of final products and element distribution conditions were examined. The results suggest that, thermodynamically, the mass of products for the carbothermal reduction of FeCr204 is a strong function of temperature, and the initial carbon content is used. More Fe-Cr-C solution and less residual carbon content are obtained at higher temperatures and lower no:no ratios (the initial molar ratio of C to O in the sample). Experimental data show that the sample amount tends to affect the reduction rate, and the residual carbon content strongly depends on nc:no. With regard to the phases present in products during the reaction process, metal carbides tend to form in the initial stage, whereas Fe-Cr-C solution forms when the degree of reduction is sufficiently high.展开更多
Carbothermal reduction and nitridation (CRN) of zircon ( ZrSiO4 ) permits obtaining diffbrent composites of oxides and nitrides such as ZrO2 -Si2N2O and ZrN - Si3N4. The effects tf technological parameters ( carb...Carbothermal reduction and nitridation (CRN) of zircon ( ZrSiO4 ) permits obtaining diffbrent composites of oxides and nitrides such as ZrO2 -Si2N2O and ZrN - Si3N4. The effects tf technological parameters ( carbon source, reaction temperature, and carbon con.tent ) on the reaction rate and product phase composition of CRN of zircon were investigated by TGA and XRD. The resuhs show that: (1) carbon source is an important factor for a rapid reaction, and actiwtted carbon is chosen as the carbon source considering the expect products and reaction rate ; ( 2 ) reaction tetnperature has vital effect on reaction rate and product. In, case of carbon content above 20% , the zircon phase and m-ZrO2 phase decrease with increasing temperature, while the ZF7N8O4 phase increases firstly and then decreases, and the ZrN phase increases continually; (3) different carbon contents result in different reaction products. The higher the carbon content, the lower the starting temperature for the CRN of zircon.展开更多
The porous spherical LiFePO4/C powders were prepared by spray drying and carbothermal method (SDCTM). Cheaper trivalent iron ion was used as the precursor. The pure olivine phase can be prepared with the spray dryin...The porous spherical LiFePO4/C powders were prepared by spray drying and carbothermal method (SDCTM). Cheaper trivalent iron ion was used as the precursor. The pure olivine phase can be prepared with the spray drying and subsequent heat-treatment. The average particle size is around 10μm, and the value of porosity is 63.04%. The results indicate that the initial discharge capacity decreases with increasing charge/ discharge rate and reduces from 138.8 mAh · g^-1 at C/20 rate to 98.3 mAh ·g^-1 at 2C rate, while the polarization between the charge and discharge plateaux is enlarged from 53 mv to 347 mv. However, the average discharge efficiency is up to 99.5% at 2C rate compared to 80.6% at C/20 rate from the second cycle.展开更多
Titanium nitride powder was synthesized by microwave carbothermal reduction of titanium oxide. The mechanism and thermal dynamics of the reaction process were studied. The results show that the microwave carbothermal ...Titanium nitride powder was synthesized by microwave carbothermal reduction of titanium oxide. The mechanism and thermal dynamics of the reaction process were studied. The results show that the microwave carbothermal reduction technology has unique advantages over the conventional reduction methods. It can not only lower the reaction temperature, shorten the synthesis cycle, but also refine the product particles,as well as improving the reactivity of the powder.展开更多
Most of researchers believed that the developments on the condensation of magnesium produced by carbothermic reduction just concentrated on two process routes:the“quench”route and the“solvent”route.But this paper ...Most of researchers believed that the developments on the condensation of magnesium produced by carbothermic reduction just concentrated on two process routes:the“quench”route and the“solvent”route.But this paper will briefly analyzes the major challenges in magnesium vapor condensation during the vacuum carbothermic reduction of calcined dolomite,on equipment upgrade,heat transfers alter,to achieve condensation control and production collection.Solutions are then proposed using theoretical calculations and experiment results.Comparative analysis of the experiment results shows that the burning and even explosion of condensation products during the vacuum carbothermic reduction of calcined dolomite are mainly due to the burning of crystallized powder magnesium,which results from the self-ignition of alkali metals.Finally,this paper proposes a multistage condensation solution to improve traditional vacuum condensation equipment.And result show that the condensation equipment can effectively mitigate the burning and loss during condensation,also the morphology of the condensation products clearly improved,the grain size increased,and the oxidation rate decreased.The potassium/sodium vapor and the magnesium vapor were separately condensed.展开更多
An innovative and sustainable carbothermal reduction and nitridation(CTRN) process of ilmenite(FeTiO_3) using a mixture of polyethylene terephthalate(PET) and coal as the primary reductant under an H_2–N_2 atmosphere...An innovative and sustainable carbothermal reduction and nitridation(CTRN) process of ilmenite(FeTiO_3) using a mixture of polyethylene terephthalate(PET) and coal as the primary reductant under an H_2–N_2 atmosphere was proposed. The use of PET as an alternative source of carbon not only enhances the porosity of the pellets but also results in the separation of Fe from titanium oxycarbonitride(TiOxCyNz) particles because of the differences in surface tension. The experiments were carried out at 1250°C for 3 h using four different PET contents ranging from 25wt% to 100wt% in the reductant. X-ray diffraction(XRD),scanning electron microscopy(SEM) in conjunction with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EDX),and LECO elemental analysis were used to study the phases and microstructures of the reduced samples. In the case of 75wt% PET,iron distinctly separated from the synthesized Ti OxCyNz phase. With increasing PET content in the sample,the reduction and nitridation rates substantially increased. The synthesis of an oxycarbonitride with stoichiometry of TiO_(0.02)C_(0.13)N_(0.85) with minimal intermediate titanium sub-oxides was achieved. The results also showed that the iron particles formed from CTRN of FeTiO_3 exhibited a spherical morphology,which is conducive for Fe removal via the Becher process.展开更多
Si3N4 powders were synthesized by a carbothermal reduction method using a SiO2 + C combustion synthesis precur- sor derived from a mixed solution consisting of silicic acid (Si source), polyacrylamide (additive),...Si3N4 powders were synthesized by a carbothermal reduction method using a SiO2 + C combustion synthesis precur- sor derived from a mixed solution consisting of silicic acid (Si source), polyacrylamide (additive), nitric acid (oxidizer), urea (fuel), and glucose (C source). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs showed that the obtained precursor exhibited a uniform mixture of SiO2 + C composed of porous blocky particles up to -20 μm. The precursor was subsequently calcined under nitrogen at 1200-1550℃ for 2 h. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed that the initial reduction reaction started at about 1300℃, and the complete transition of SiQ into Si3N4 was found at 1550℃. The Si3N4 powders, synthesized at 1550℃, exhibit a mixture phase of α- and -Si3N4 and consist of mainly agglomerates of fine particles of 100-300 nm, needle-like crystals and whiskers with a diameter of about 100 nm and a length up to several micrometers, and a minor amount of irregular-shaped growths.展开更多
Zircon (mesh size ≤ 44μm ) and carbon black (mesh size ≤30μm ) were used as the starting materials, weighed with re(zircon) : re(carbon black) of 100 : 20 and mixed fully. The specimens with the diameter...Zircon (mesh size ≤ 44μm ) and carbon black (mesh size ≤30μm ) were used as the starting materials, weighed with re(zircon) : re(carbon black) of 100 : 20 and mixed fully. The specimens with the diameter of 20ram and length of 5ram were prepared by pressing at 100 MPa, then dried at 120℃ for 12h, put into a furnace with 1. 5L ·min^-1 argon gas and fired at 1450℃, 1500℃, 1550℃, 1600℃ and 1650℃ for 4h, respectively. The chemical composition, phase composition and microstructure of the specimens were studied by chemical analysis, X-ray diffraction and scanning electronic microscope, and the carbothermal reduction reaction process was discussed by thermodynamic analysis. The results showed that the ZrO2-SiC composite could be synthesized by carbothermal reduction reaction using zircon and carbon black as the starting materials in argon atmosphere. The composite with different composition was obtained by controlling the firing temperature and partial pressure of CO gas. The proper temperature to synthesize ZrO2-SiC composite was 1600℃ in this experiment.展开更多
Phase pure ZrB2-SiC composite powders were prepared after 1 450℃/3 h via carbothermal reduction route,by using ZrSiO4,B2O3 and carbon as the raw materials.The influences of firing temperature as well as the type and ...Phase pure ZrB2-SiC composite powders were prepared after 1 450℃/3 h via carbothermal reduction route,by using ZrSiO4,B2O3 and carbon as the raw materials.The influences of firing temperature as well as the type and amount of additive on the phase composition of final products were detailedly investigated.The results indicated that the onset formation temperature of ZrB2-SiC was reduced to 1 400℃by the present conditions,and oxide additive(including CoSO4·7H2O,Y2O3 and TiO2)was effective in enhancing the decomposition of raw ZrSiO4,therefore accelerating the synthesis of ZrB2-SiC.Moreover,microstructural observation showed that the as-prepared ZrB2 and SiC respectively had well-defined hexagonal columnar and fibrous morphology.Furthermore,the methodology of back-propagation artificial neural networks(BP-ANNs)was adopted to establish a model for predicting the reaction extent(e g,the content of ZrB2-SiC in final product)in terms of various processing conditions.The results predicted by the as-established BP-ANNs model matched well with that of testing experiment(with a mean square error in 10^(-3) degree),verifying good effectiveness of the proposed strategy.展开更多
With the fast development of the application of magnesium based alloys,the demand for primary magnesium is increasing dramatically all over the world.The Pidgeon process is the most widely used process for producing m...With the fast development of the application of magnesium based alloys,the demand for primary magnesium is increasing dramatically all over the world.The Pidgeon process is the most widely used process for producing magnesium in China,but suffers from problems such as high energy,resource consumption and environmental pollution.While the process of vacuum carbothermal reduction to produce magnesium(VCTRM)has attracted more and more attention as its advantages,but it has not been well-practiced in industrial applications and there also is no comprehensive and quantitative analysis of this process.This study quantified the flows of resource and energy for the Pidgeon process and the VCTRM process,then compared and analyzed these two processes with each other from three aspects.The VCTRM process results in 63.14%and 69.16%lower of non-renewable mineral resources and energy consumptions when compared to the Pidgeon process,respectively.Moreover,the low energy consumption(2.675 tce vs.8.681 tce)and material to magnesium ratio(2.953:1 vs.6.429:1)of the VCTRM process,which lead to lower greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions(8.777 t vs.26.337 t)and solid waste generation(0.522 t vs.5.465 t)with a decrease of 66.67%and 90.45%,respectively.Results indicate that the VCTRM process is a more environmentally friendly process for magnesium production with high efficiency but low cost and low pollution,and it shows a good potential to be industrialized in the future after solving the bottleneck problem of the reverse reaction.展开更多
For the purpose of exploring a potential process to produce FeMn,the effects of microwave heating on the carbothermal reduction characteristics of oxidized Mn ore was investigated.The microwave heating curve of the mi...For the purpose of exploring a potential process to produce FeMn,the effects of microwave heating on the carbothermal reduction characteristics of oxidized Mn ore was investigated.The microwave heating curve of the mixture of oxidized Mn ore and coke was analyzed in association with the characterization of dielectric properties.The comparative experiments were conducted on the carbothermal reductions through conventional and microwave heatings at temperatures ranging from 973 to 1373 K.The thermogravimetric analysis showed that carbothermal reactions under microwave heating proceeded to a greater extent and at a faster pace compared with those under conventional heating.The metal phases were observed in the microstructures only under microwave heating.The carbothermal reduction process under microwave heating was discussed.The electric and magnetic susceptibility differences were introduced into the thermodynamics analysis for the formation of metal Mn.The developed thermodynamics considered that microwave heating could make the reduction of MnO to Mn more accessible and increase the reduction extent.展开更多
SiC-Al2O3 composite powder was prepared by sol-gel and carbothermal reduction method. The powder synthesized was characterized by X-ray diffraction(XRD) and scanning electron microscopy(SEM) to confirm the phase forma...SiC-Al2O3 composite powder was prepared by sol-gel and carbothermal reduction method. The powder synthesized was characterized by X-ray diffraction(XRD) and scanning electron microscopy(SEM) to confirm the phase formation, and the thermodynamic analysis was performed systematically. Moreover, the variation of its microwave permittivity with different atomic ratio of Al/Si was investigated in the frequency range of 8.2-12.4 GHz. The results show that, the powder obtained consists of spherical particles of 300-400 nm in diameter, which are composed of SiC and Al2O3 microcrystal with the grain size of approximately 45 nm. The results of XRD accord with those of the thermodynamic analysis. It is impossible for Al atoms to dissolve in the lattice of SiC during the carbothermal reduction process. Along with the increase of atomic ratio of Al/Si in the xerogel, the amount of Al2O3 in the powder synthesized increases, which reduces bothε', the real part of complex permittivity, and tgδ(ε'/ε'), the dissipation factor, whereε' is the imaginary part of complex permittivity.展开更多
Effects of various reaction parameters such as atmospheric pressure, treating temperature, sintering time and bituminite content on the preparation of primary Al-Si alloy by carbothermal reduction of bauxite tailings ...Effects of various reaction parameters such as atmospheric pressure, treating temperature, sintering time and bituminite content on the preparation of primary Al-Si alloy by carbothermal reduction of bauxite tailings were investigated by XRD,XRF, infrared absorption carbon-sulfur analysis unit and SEM coupled with EDS. Meanwhile, the mechanism of carbothermal reduction of Al2O3 and SiO2 was discussed. It is found that pressure and temperature are major factors that influence the carbothermal reduction of bauxite tailings. The appropriate conditions for preparation of primary Al-Si alloy are as follows: atmospheric pressure of 0.1 MPa, heating temperature of 1 900 ℃,bituminite content of 95% (mass fraction) of theoretic bituminite content and sintering time of 1 h. Among four mechanisms of carbothermal reduction of Al2O3 and SiO2, the theory of the formation and decomposition of carbides might be the best one to interpret the reaction process.展开更多
Ferrum niobate was synthesized by solid-phase sintering method in a vacuum carbon tube furnace at 1 300 ℃ for 180 min. The phase transformation of ferrum niobate carbothermal reduction process was studied by XRD. The...Ferrum niobate was synthesized by solid-phase sintering method in a vacuum carbon tube furnace at 1 300 ℃ for 180 min. The phase transformation of ferrum niobate carbothermal reduction process was studied by XRD. The reduction reactions of ferrum niobate in different temperature stages were determined by the TG-DSC curve. Meanwhile, according to the TG curve, the reaction kinetics parameters were calculated by A.W.Coats integration and the control steps in different temperature stages were ascertained. The results showed that the reduction of ferrum niobate starts at the temperature of 1 000 ℃, and the reduction process carries out in two steps according to sintering temperature.In a temperature range of 1 000-1 238 ℃(the first step), the main reduction products are Nb O2 and Fe; the kinetic equation of initial stage is [-ln(1-α)]4=kt, controlled by nucleation growth, and the apparent activation energy is 388 k J/mol; with the temperature increasing, the kinetic equation is α+(1-α)ln(1-α)=kt, which is the Valensi two-dimensional diffusion kinetic equation, and the apparent activation energy is 264.4 k J/mol. The main reaction in a range of 1 238-1 344 ℃(the second step) is the reduction of Nb O2 to Nb C, the kinetic equation is [(1-α)-1/3-1]2=kt, which is controlled by the three-dimensional diffusion, and the apparent activation energy is 482.7 k J/mol.展开更多
Si2N2O powder was synthesized by car-bothermal reduction and nitridation natural quartz powder. At the same time, the effects of the process parameters such as SiO2/C ratio, temperature and time on the compositions of...Si2N2O powder was synthesized by car-bothermal reduction and nitridation natural quartz powder. At the same time, the effects of the process parameters such as SiO2/C ratio, temperature and time on the compositions of products were analysed. It is found that the compositions of products depend closely on the parameters mentioned above, and that the product containing higher Si2N2O phase could be obtained by choosing suitable process parameters.展开更多
The synthesis method of Al2OC by adding B2O3 was studied to modulate the traditional synthesis process.The mixtures of active carbon,alumina and boron oxide with different carbon contents were heated at 1 700 ℃ for 2...The synthesis method of Al2OC by adding B2O3 was studied to modulate the traditional synthesis process.The mixtures of active carbon,alumina and boron oxide with different carbon contents were heated at 1 700 ℃ for 2 h in flowing argon atmosphere to get the Al2OC product.The results indicate that the addition of B203 promotes the formation of Al2OC,which is dependent on the addition of B2 O3,and the Al2 OC content in the products increases with the increase of carbon.By systematically exploring the ratio of active carbon,alumina and boron oxide,the best formulation and the corresponding reaction mechanism were determined.展开更多
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(52172031 and 51872266)Henan Provincial Science and Technology Research Project(222102230030).
文摘Using zircon,boric acid and carbon black as starting materials,ZrB_(2)-ZrO_(2)-SiC composite powder was synthesized by calcining at 1500℃in flowing argon atmosphere.The effects of the soaking time(3,6 and 9 h)and the addition of additive AlF_(3)(0,0.5%,1.0%,1.5%,2.0%and 2.5%,by mass)on the phase composition and the microstructure of the synthesized products were investigated.The results show that:(1)ZrB_(2)-ZrO_(2)-SiC composite powder can be synthesized by carbothermal reduction at 1500℃in flowing argon atmosphere;ZrB_(2) and ZrO_(2) are granular-like,and SiC crystals are fiberous;(2)with the soaking time increasing,the amount of ZrB_(2) increases,the amounts of m-ZrO_(2) and SiC decrease,and the total amount of non-oxides ZrB_(2),SiC and ZrC gradually increases;the optimal soaking time is 3 h;(3)compared with the sample without AlF_(3),the sample with 0.5% AlF_(3) has decreased m-ZrO_(2)amount,noticeably increased ZrB_(2) amount but decreased SiC amount;however,when the addition of AlF_(3) increases from 0.5%to 2.5%,the m-ZrO_(2) amount increases,the ZrB_(2)amount decreases,and the SiC amount changes slightly;the optimum AlF_(3)addition is 0.5%.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 62104024, Grant 11875097, Grant 12075045, Grant 11975257, Grant 11961141014, and Grant 62074146the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities under Grant DUT19RC (3)074the Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province under Grant 2021MS124, Grant 2022020474JH2/1013。
文摘We investigated the influence of the growth temperature, O_(2) flow, molar ratio between Ga_(2)O_(3) powder and graphite powder on the structure and morphology of the films grown on the c-plane sapphire(0001) substrates by a carbothermal reduction method. Experimental results for the heteroepitaxial growth of β-Ga_(2)O_(3) illustrate that β-Ga_(2)O_(3) growth by the carbothermal reduction method can be controlled. The optimal result was obtained at a growth temperature of 1050 °C. The fastest growth rate of β-Ga_(2)O_(3) films was produced when the O_(2) flow was 20 sccm. To guarantee that β-Ga_(2)O_(3) films with both high-quality crystal and morphology properties, the ideal molar ratio between graphite powder and Ga_(2)O_(3) powder should be set at 10 : 1.
基金the financial support from the Ministry of Steel SDF Project,the Government of India
文摘Vanadium-beaxing titaniferous magnetite bands hosted by Precambrian gabbro-norite-anorthositic rocks or their metamorphic equivalents were discovered in some parts of Eastern Indian Shield, containing 48%-49% Fe (total), 10%-25% TiO2, and 0.3%-2.20% V2O5 by mass. Mineralogical and petrological study, composition, and characterization of the vanadium-bearing titaniferous magnetite ore were carried out by scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX), wave length X-ray florescence (WDXRF), inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES), X-ray diffraction (XRD), etc. Chemical beneficiation for valuable metals, such as Fe, Ti, andV, was performed by reduction roasting. The direct and indirect reduction were investigated by mixing the lump ore with solid activated charcoal in a closed reactor and purging the reducing gas mixture in standard reducibility index apparatus at different temperatures and time intervals. The reduction roasting parameters were optimized. Finally, the reduced samples were crushed and upgraded by magnetic separation. The results show that, the maximum mass fractions of magnetic and nonmagnetic parts achieved axe 69.36% and 30.64%, respectively, which contain 10.6% TiO2 and 0.84% V205 in the magnetic part and 36.5% TiO2 and 0.22% V205 in the nonmagnetic part.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.50574012)
文摘Carbothermal reduction was performed at temperatures up to 1600°C for vanadium-bearing titanomagnetite,ilmenite concentrate,and high titania slag.The possibility of selective carbothermal reduction was discussed in detail from the viewpoint of thermodynamics,and also tested.The products were analyzed by X-ray diffraction,scanning electron microscopy,and chemical analysis.The results show that it is possible to reduce all iron oxide to metallic iron,and titania to oxycarbide(TiCxOy),without the reduction of other oxides like silica and magnesia.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51074025)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China(No.FRF-SD-12-009A)
文摘Understanding the reduction behaviors and characteristics of the end products of Fe-Cr-O systems is very important not only for maximizing the recovery of metals from stainless steel dust but also for the subsequent reuse in metallurgical process. The present work first predicted the possible products thermodynamically when FeCr204 was reduced by C. The reduction behaviors by graphite of three kinds of Fe-Cr-O systems, i.e., FeCr204, Fe203q-Cr203, and Feq-Cr203, were then investigated in 1350-1550℃. Further, the microstructures of final products and element distribution conditions were examined. The results suggest that, thermodynamically, the mass of products for the carbothermal reduction of FeCr204 is a strong function of temperature, and the initial carbon content is used. More Fe-Cr-C solution and less residual carbon content are obtained at higher temperatures and lower no:no ratios (the initial molar ratio of C to O in the sample). Experimental data show that the sample amount tends to affect the reduction rate, and the residual carbon content strongly depends on nc:no. With regard to the phases present in products during the reaction process, metal carbides tend to form in the initial stage, whereas Fe-Cr-C solution forms when the degree of reduction is sufficiently high.
基金the Natural Science Foundation of The Education Department of Henan Province,No.2011B430011the SRTP of Henan University of Science and Technology
文摘Carbothermal reduction and nitridation (CRN) of zircon ( ZrSiO4 ) permits obtaining diffbrent composites of oxides and nitrides such as ZrO2 -Si2N2O and ZrN - Si3N4. The effects tf technological parameters ( carbon source, reaction temperature, and carbon con.tent ) on the reaction rate and product phase composition of CRN of zircon were investigated by TGA and XRD. The resuhs show that: (1) carbon source is an important factor for a rapid reaction, and actiwtted carbon is chosen as the carbon source considering the expect products and reaction rate ; ( 2 ) reaction tetnperature has vital effect on reaction rate and product. In, case of carbon content above 20% , the zircon phase and m-ZrO2 phase decrease with increasing temperature, while the ZF7N8O4 phase increases firstly and then decreases, and the ZrN phase increases continually; (3) different carbon contents result in different reaction products. The higher the carbon content, the lower the starting temperature for the CRN of zircon.
文摘The porous spherical LiFePO4/C powders were prepared by spray drying and carbothermal method (SDCTM). Cheaper trivalent iron ion was used as the precursor. The pure olivine phase can be prepared with the spray drying and subsequent heat-treatment. The average particle size is around 10μm, and the value of porosity is 63.04%. The results indicate that the initial discharge capacity decreases with increasing charge/ discharge rate and reduces from 138.8 mAh · g^-1 at C/20 rate to 98.3 mAh ·g^-1 at 2C rate, while the polarization between the charge and discharge plateaux is enlarged from 53 mv to 347 mv. However, the average discharge efficiency is up to 99.5% at 2C rate compared to 80.6% at C/20 rate from the second cycle.
文摘Titanium nitride powder was synthesized by microwave carbothermal reduction of titanium oxide. The mechanism and thermal dynamics of the reaction process were studied. The results show that the microwave carbothermal reduction technology has unique advantages over the conventional reduction methods. It can not only lower the reaction temperature, shorten the synthesis cycle, but also refine the product particles,as well as improving the reactivity of the powder.
基金Foundation item:Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51304095)Science and Technology Planning Project of Yunnan Province,China(No.S2013FZ029)the personnel training Funds of Kunming University of Science and Technology,China(No.14118665).
文摘Most of researchers believed that the developments on the condensation of magnesium produced by carbothermic reduction just concentrated on two process routes:the“quench”route and the“solvent”route.But this paper will briefly analyzes the major challenges in magnesium vapor condensation during the vacuum carbothermic reduction of calcined dolomite,on equipment upgrade,heat transfers alter,to achieve condensation control and production collection.Solutions are then proposed using theoretical calculations and experiment results.Comparative analysis of the experiment results shows that the burning and even explosion of condensation products during the vacuum carbothermic reduction of calcined dolomite are mainly due to the burning of crystallized powder magnesium,which results from the self-ignition of alkali metals.Finally,this paper proposes a multistage condensation solution to improve traditional vacuum condensation equipment.And result show that the condensation equipment can effectively mitigate the burning and loss during condensation,also the morphology of the condensation products clearly improved,the grain size increased,and the oxidation rate decreased.The potassium/sodium vapor and the magnesium vapor were separately condensed.
基金financial support from Universiti Sains Malaysia(USM)Fellowship(APEX 1002/JHEA/ATSG4001)financially supported by USM and Ministry of Higher Education(MOHE)of Malaysia through Fundamental Research Grant Scheme(FRGS)(Nos.203/PBAHAN/6071230 and 203/PBAHAN/607126)Research University Grant for Individual(RUI)from USM(No.1001/PBAHAN/814273)
文摘An innovative and sustainable carbothermal reduction and nitridation(CTRN) process of ilmenite(FeTiO_3) using a mixture of polyethylene terephthalate(PET) and coal as the primary reductant under an H_2–N_2 atmosphere was proposed. The use of PET as an alternative source of carbon not only enhances the porosity of the pellets but also results in the separation of Fe from titanium oxycarbonitride(TiOxCyNz) particles because of the differences in surface tension. The experiments were carried out at 1250°C for 3 h using four different PET contents ranging from 25wt% to 100wt% in the reductant. X-ray diffraction(XRD),scanning electron microscopy(SEM) in conjunction with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EDX),and LECO elemental analysis were used to study the phases and microstructures of the reduced samples. In the case of 75wt% PET,iron distinctly separated from the synthesized Ti OxCyNz phase. With increasing PET content in the sample,the reduction and nitridation rates substantially increased. The synthesis of an oxycarbonitride with stoichiometry of TiO_(0.02)C_(0.13)N_(0.85) with minimal intermediate titanium sub-oxides was achieved. The results also showed that the iron particles formed from CTRN of FeTiO_3 exhibited a spherical morphology,which is conducive for Fe removal via the Becher process.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 50802006 and 51172017)the Natural Science Foundation of Beijing (No. 2102028)+2 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No. FRF-TP-11-004A)the Fok Ying Tung Education Foundation Fund for Young College Teachers (No. 122016)the Public Foundation of Beijing Key Lab for Advanced Powder Metallurgy and Particulate Materials (USTB)
文摘Si3N4 powders were synthesized by a carbothermal reduction method using a SiO2 + C combustion synthesis precur- sor derived from a mixed solution consisting of silicic acid (Si source), polyacrylamide (additive), nitric acid (oxidizer), urea (fuel), and glucose (C source). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs showed that the obtained precursor exhibited a uniform mixture of SiO2 + C composed of porous blocky particles up to -20 μm. The precursor was subsequently calcined under nitrogen at 1200-1550℃ for 2 h. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed that the initial reduction reaction started at about 1300℃, and the complete transition of SiQ into Si3N4 was found at 1550℃. The Si3N4 powders, synthesized at 1550℃, exhibit a mixture phase of α- and -Si3N4 and consist of mainly agglomerates of fine particles of 100-300 nm, needle-like crystals and whiskers with a diameter of about 100 nm and a length up to several micrometers, and a minor amount of irregular-shaped growths.
文摘Zircon (mesh size ≤ 44μm ) and carbon black (mesh size ≤30μm ) were used as the starting materials, weighed with re(zircon) : re(carbon black) of 100 : 20 and mixed fully. The specimens with the diameter of 20ram and length of 5ram were prepared by pressing at 100 MPa, then dried at 120℃ for 12h, put into a furnace with 1. 5L ·min^-1 argon gas and fired at 1450℃, 1500℃, 1550℃, 1600℃ and 1650℃ for 4h, respectively. The chemical composition, phase composition and microstructure of the specimens were studied by chemical analysis, X-ray diffraction and scanning electronic microscope, and the carbothermal reduction reaction process was discussed by thermodynamic analysis. The results showed that the ZrO2-SiC composite could be synthesized by carbothermal reduction reaction using zircon and carbon black as the starting materials in argon atmosphere. The composite with different composition was obtained by controlling the firing temperature and partial pressure of CO gas. The proper temperature to synthesize ZrO2-SiC composite was 1600℃ in this experiment.
基金Funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51502212,51672194 and 51472184)Hubei Province Natural Science Foundation of China(No.2018CFB760)+1 种基金Program for Innovative Teams of Outstanding Young and Middle-aged Researchers in the Higher Education Institutions of Hubei Province(No.T201602)Key Program of Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province(No.2017CFA004)
文摘Phase pure ZrB2-SiC composite powders were prepared after 1 450℃/3 h via carbothermal reduction route,by using ZrSiO4,B2O3 and carbon as the raw materials.The influences of firing temperature as well as the type and amount of additive on the phase composition of final products were detailedly investigated.The results indicated that the onset formation temperature of ZrB2-SiC was reduced to 1 400℃by the present conditions,and oxide additive(including CoSO4·7H2O,Y2O3 and TiO2)was effective in enhancing the decomposition of raw ZrSiO4,therefore accelerating the synthesis of ZrB2-SiC.Moreover,microstructural observation showed that the as-prepared ZrB2 and SiC respectively had well-defined hexagonal columnar and fibrous morphology.Furthermore,the methodology of back-propagation artificial neural networks(BP-ANNs)was adopted to establish a model for predicting the reaction extent(e g,the content of ZrB2-SiC in final product)in terms of various processing conditions.The results predicted by the as-established BP-ANNs model matched well with that of testing experiment(with a mean square error in 10^(-3) degree),verifying good effectiveness of the proposed strategy.
基金the Yunnan Ten Thousand Talents Plan Industrial Technology Champion Project Foundation of China(No.YNWR-CYJS-2018-015)Basic Research Project of Yunnan Province(No.2019FB080).
文摘With the fast development of the application of magnesium based alloys,the demand for primary magnesium is increasing dramatically all over the world.The Pidgeon process is the most widely used process for producing magnesium in China,but suffers from problems such as high energy,resource consumption and environmental pollution.While the process of vacuum carbothermal reduction to produce magnesium(VCTRM)has attracted more and more attention as its advantages,but it has not been well-practiced in industrial applications and there also is no comprehensive and quantitative analysis of this process.This study quantified the flows of resource and energy for the Pidgeon process and the VCTRM process,then compared and analyzed these two processes with each other from three aspects.The VCTRM process results in 63.14%and 69.16%lower of non-renewable mineral resources and energy consumptions when compared to the Pidgeon process,respectively.Moreover,the low energy consumption(2.675 tce vs.8.681 tce)and material to magnesium ratio(2.953:1 vs.6.429:1)of the VCTRM process,which lead to lower greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions(8.777 t vs.26.337 t)and solid waste generation(0.522 t vs.5.465 t)with a decrease of 66.67%and 90.45%,respectively.Results indicate that the VCTRM process is a more environmentally friendly process for magnesium production with high efficiency but low cost and low pollution,and it shows a good potential to be industrialized in the future after solving the bottleneck problem of the reverse reaction.
基金This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51704083).
文摘For the purpose of exploring a potential process to produce FeMn,the effects of microwave heating on the carbothermal reduction characteristics of oxidized Mn ore was investigated.The microwave heating curve of the mixture of oxidized Mn ore and coke was analyzed in association with the characterization of dielectric properties.The comparative experiments were conducted on the carbothermal reductions through conventional and microwave heatings at temperatures ranging from 973 to 1373 K.The thermogravimetric analysis showed that carbothermal reactions under microwave heating proceeded to a greater extent and at a faster pace compared with those under conventional heating.The metal phases were observed in the microstructures only under microwave heating.The carbothermal reduction process under microwave heating was discussed.The electric and magnetic susceptibility differences were introduced into the thermodynamics analysis for the formation of metal Mn.The developed thermodynamics considered that microwave heating could make the reduction of MnO to Mn more accessible and increase the reduction extent.
基金Project (50572090) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘SiC-Al2O3 composite powder was prepared by sol-gel and carbothermal reduction method. The powder synthesized was characterized by X-ray diffraction(XRD) and scanning electron microscopy(SEM) to confirm the phase formation, and the thermodynamic analysis was performed systematically. Moreover, the variation of its microwave permittivity with different atomic ratio of Al/Si was investigated in the frequency range of 8.2-12.4 GHz. The results show that, the powder obtained consists of spherical particles of 300-400 nm in diameter, which are composed of SiC and Al2O3 microcrystal with the grain size of approximately 45 nm. The results of XRD accord with those of the thermodynamic analysis. It is impossible for Al atoms to dissolve in the lattice of SiC during the carbothermal reduction process. Along with the increase of atomic ratio of Al/Si in the xerogel, the amount of Al2O3 in the powder synthesized increases, which reduces bothε', the real part of complex permittivity, and tgδ(ε'/ε'), the dissipation factor, whereε' is the imaginary part of complex permittivity.
基金Project(2007AA06Z116) supported by the Hi-tech Research and Development Program of China
文摘Effects of various reaction parameters such as atmospheric pressure, treating temperature, sintering time and bituminite content on the preparation of primary Al-Si alloy by carbothermal reduction of bauxite tailings were investigated by XRD,XRF, infrared absorption carbon-sulfur analysis unit and SEM coupled with EDS. Meanwhile, the mechanism of carbothermal reduction of Al2O3 and SiO2 was discussed. It is found that pressure and temperature are major factors that influence the carbothermal reduction of bauxite tailings. The appropriate conditions for preparation of primary Al-Si alloy are as follows: atmospheric pressure of 0.1 MPa, heating temperature of 1 900 ℃,bituminite content of 95% (mass fraction) of theoretic bituminite content and sintering time of 1 h. Among four mechanisms of carbothermal reduction of Al2O3 and SiO2, the theory of the formation and decomposition of carbides might be the best one to interpret the reaction process.
基金Funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.50974073)Inner Mongolia Natural Science Foundation(No.2012MS0714)+1 种基金Significant Special Fund of Inner Mongolia Science & Technology DepartmentNational Key Laboratory of Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology Foundation(No.BO-13-001)
文摘Ferrum niobate was synthesized by solid-phase sintering method in a vacuum carbon tube furnace at 1 300 ℃ for 180 min. The phase transformation of ferrum niobate carbothermal reduction process was studied by XRD. The reduction reactions of ferrum niobate in different temperature stages were determined by the TG-DSC curve. Meanwhile, according to the TG curve, the reaction kinetics parameters were calculated by A.W.Coats integration and the control steps in different temperature stages were ascertained. The results showed that the reduction of ferrum niobate starts at the temperature of 1 000 ℃, and the reduction process carries out in two steps according to sintering temperature.In a temperature range of 1 000-1 238 ℃(the first step), the main reduction products are Nb O2 and Fe; the kinetic equation of initial stage is [-ln(1-α)]4=kt, controlled by nucleation growth, and the apparent activation energy is 388 k J/mol; with the temperature increasing, the kinetic equation is α+(1-α)ln(1-α)=kt, which is the Valensi two-dimensional diffusion kinetic equation, and the apparent activation energy is 264.4 k J/mol. The main reaction in a range of 1 238-1 344 ℃(the second step) is the reduction of Nb O2 to Nb C, the kinetic equation is [(1-α)-1/3-1]2=kt, which is controlled by the three-dimensional diffusion, and the apparent activation energy is 482.7 k J/mol.
文摘Si2N2O powder was synthesized by car-bothermal reduction and nitridation natural quartz powder. At the same time, the effects of the process parameters such as SiO2/C ratio, temperature and time on the compositions of products were analysed. It is found that the compositions of products depend closely on the parameters mentioned above, and that the product containing higher Si2N2O phase could be obtained by choosing suitable process parameters.
基金financially supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China ( 51274156)
文摘The synthesis method of Al2OC by adding B2O3 was studied to modulate the traditional synthesis process.The mixtures of active carbon,alumina and boron oxide with different carbon contents were heated at 1 700 ℃ for 2 h in flowing argon atmosphere to get the Al2OC product.The results indicate that the addition of B203 promotes the formation of Al2OC,which is dependent on the addition of B2 O3,and the Al2 OC content in the products increases with the increase of carbon.By systematically exploring the ratio of active carbon,alumina and boron oxide,the best formulation and the corresponding reaction mechanism were determined.