Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Expression in Invasive Ductal Carcinoma of Breast

Objective： To detect the expression of VEGF and MVD count in invasive ductal carcinoma of breast to clarify the association of VEGF expression and MVD count with the clinicopathologic features. Methods： The expressions of VEGF, ER, PR, C-erbB-2 and MVD count in 88 cases of invasive ductal carcinoma of breast were examined by immunohistochemistry staining （SP-method）. Results： Sixty-two out of the eighty-eight specimens of breast carcinoma （70.45%） showed positive expression of VEGF. The positive rate of VEGF in cases with lymph node metastasis was higher than that without lymph node metastasis （P〈0.05）. The positive rate of VEGF in stage IIb-Ⅲ was higher than that in stage Ⅰ-Ⅱa （P〈0.05）. The positive rate of VEGF in C-erbB-2 positive group was higher than that in C-erbB-2 negative group （P〈0.05）. Higher expression of VEGF was observed in cases with higher tissue differentiation degree （P〈0.05）. Also, significant higher MVD count was observed in cases with higher tissue differentiation degree （P〈0.01）. The MVD count increased significantly with the increase of the expression of VEGF （P〈0.01）. Conclusion： The result of this study suggested that in invasive ductal carcinoma of breast, angiogenesis and metastasis were mediated mainly by VEGF. The expression of VEGF and MVD might be reference predictors for the biological behavior of breast carcinoma. The antiangiogenic therapy which used VEGF as a target would become a new method to treat patients who were C-erbB-2 positive in the future.

Histological Grading in Ductal Carcinoma in Situ of the Breast

Objective: To study the significance of histological grading as a prognostic factor in ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast. Methods: According to the Van Nuy’s classification, 32 cases of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) of the breast were divided into three groups. Results: Low grade (well differentiated, low grade DCIS) 12 patients (37.5%); Intermediate grade, 9 patients (28.1%); High grade (poorly differentiated DCIS) 11 patients (34.4%). Among the high grade DCIS, the histologic subtypes were comedo (9 patients), micropapillary (1 patient) and solid (1 patient). The positive expression of c-erbB-2, p53 and MIB-1 in high grade DCIS was higher than that in intermediate and low grade DCIS. The difference between high grade and low grade DCIS was significant (p<0.05). The expression of ER in high grade DCIS was lower than that in intermediate and low grade DCIS. Conclusions: Histological grading of breast ductal carcinoma in situ may be a good prognostic factor.

Infiltrating ductal breast carcinoma with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance:A case report

BACKGROUND Infiltrating ductal breast carcinoma with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance(MGUS)is rare and easily misdiagnosed.Most patients are first diagnosed with MGUS.We report a rare case of MGUS secondary to infiltrating ductal breast carcinoma.We also review the literature to analyze the clinical characteristics and diagnostic methods.CASE SUMMARY A 51-year-old woman underwent modified radical mastectomy for infiltrating ductal carcinoma of the right breast and was then treated with radiation and chemotherapy.A decreased platelet count was found on routine blood examination,and MGUS was subsequently diagnosed.This is the first report of the occurrence of MGUS after breast cancer surgery.CONCLUSION Vigilance is required to distinguish this rare comorbidity from breast plasmacytoma.

Tumor characteristics of ductal carcinoma in situ of breast visualized on [F-18] fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography/computed tomography: Results from a retrospective study

AIM To clarify clinicopathological features of ductal carcinoma in situ(DCIS) visualized on [F-18] fluorodeoxyglucosepositron emission tomography/computed tomography(FDG-PET/CT).METHODS This study retrospectively reviewed 52 consecutive tumors in 50 patients with pathologically proven pure DCIS who underwent [F-18] FDG-PET/CT before surgery. [F-18] FDG-PET/CT was performed after biopsy in all patients. The mean interval from biopsy to [F-18] FDGPET/CT was 29.2 d. [F-18] FDG uptake by visual analysis and maximum standardized uptake value(SUVmax) was compared with clinicopathological characteristics.RESULTS[F-18] FDG uptake was visualized in 28 lesions(53.8%) and the mean and standard deviation of SUVmax was 1.63 and 0.90. On univariate analysis, visual analysis and the SUVmax were associated with symptomatic presentation(P = 0.012 and 0.002, respectively), palpability(P = 0.030 and 0.024, respectively), use of core-needle biopsy(CNB)(P = 0.023 and 0.012, respectively), ultrasound-guided biopsy(P = 0.040 and 0.006, respectively), enhancing lesion ≥ 20 mm on magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)(P = 0.001 and 0.010, respectively), tumor size ≥ 20 mm on histopathology(P = 0.002 and 0.008, respectively). However, [F-18] FDG uptake parameters were not significantly associated with age, presence of calcification on mammography, mass formation on MRI, presence of comedo necrosis, hormone status(estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor and human epidermal growth factor receptor-2), and nuclear grade. The factors significantly associated with visual analysis and SUVmax were symptomatic presentation(P = 0.019 and 0.001, respectively), use of CNB(P = 0.001 and 0.031, respectively), and enhancing lesion ≥ 20 mm on MRI(P = 0.001 and 0.049, respectively) on multivariate analysis.CONCLUSION Although DCIS of breast is generally non-avid tumor, symptomatic and large tumors(≥ 20 mm) tend to be visualized on [F-18] FDG-PET/CT.

Ultrasonographic features of breast ductalcarcinoma in situ

Objective The aims of this study were to analyze ultrasound features of breast ductal carcinoma in situ(DCIS) and to evaluate the value of ultrasonography(US) in early diagnosis of DCIS.Methods From July 2013 to March 2015,180 patients with histologically proven DCIS were evaluated.US features recorded included the size,shape,margins,internal echogenicity,microcalcifications,posterior echogenicity,and blood supply.The data were analyzed and compared with mammographic and histologic findings.Results Among 180 cases of DCIS,168 patients had positive findings on US;the lesions were divided into 3 categories:(1) hypoechoic lesions with or without microcalcifications(n=94);(2) hypoechoic dilated ducts with or without microcalcifications(n=59);(3) microcalcifications alone without any other findings(n=15).Of the 180 lesions,microcalcifications were demonstrated by mammography in 128(71%);among these 128 lesions,90 were identified with microcalcifications on US.Only 80 cases(44%) manifested as masses or asymmetric densities on mammography.The diagnostic accuracy of US and mammography was 67%(120/180) and 69%(124/180),respectively,which can be improved to 80%(144/180) if US is combined with mammography.Conclusion US can be used as an important tool in diagnosis of DCIS.The combination of US and mammography can improve the diagnostic accuracy of breast DCIS.

Is sentinel lymph node biopsy necessary for the patients diagnosed with breast ductal carcinoma in situ using core needle biopsy or vacuum-assisted biopsy as the initial diagnostic method？

Objective: Axillary lymph node status is one of the most important prognostic indicator of survival for breast cancer, especially in ductal carcinoma in situ(DCIS). The purpose of this study was to investigate whether sentinel lymph node biopsy(SLNB) should be performed in patients with an initial diagnosis of DCIS. Methods: A retrospective study was performed of 124 patients with an initial diagnosis of DCIS between March 2000 and June 2014. The patients were treated with either SLNB or axillary node dissection during the surgery, and we compared the clinicopathologic characteristics, image features, and immunohistochemical results. Results: Eighty-two patients(66.1%) had pure DCIS and 25(20.2%) had DCIS with microinvasion(DCISM), 17(13.7%) updated to invasive breast cancer(IBC). 115 patients(92.7%) underwent SLNB, among them, 70 patients(56.5%) underwent axillary node dissection. 3 of 115 patients(2.6%) had a positive sentinel lymph node, only 1(1.4%) of 70 patients had axillary lymph node metastasis, in 84 patients(66.7%) who were diagnosed DCIS by core needle biopsy(CNB) and vacuum-assisted biopsy(VAB). 26 patients(31.0%) were upstaged into IBC or DCISM in the final histological diagnosis. The statistically significant factors predictive of underestimation were large tumor size, microcalcifications, comedo necrosis, positive Her-2 status, negative estrogen receptor status. Conclusion: The metastasis of sentinel lymph nodes in pure DCIS is very low, but the underestimation of invasive carcinoma in patients with an initial diagnosis of DCIS is an usual incident, especially in the cases when DCIS is diagnosed by CNB or VAB. Our findings suggest patients presenting with a preoperative diagnosis of DCIS associated with large tumor sizes, microcalcifications, comedo necrosis, positive Her-2 status, negative ER status are more likely to be DCISM and IBC in final diagnosis. SLNB should be performed in this part of patients.

Expression of E2F-1, Rb and ER in Peripheral Papil-loma and Ductal Carcinoma in Situ of the Breast and its Significance

OBJECTIVE To investigate the correlation of E2F-1, Rb and ER expression with peripheral papilloma (Peri-PM) and ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast (DCIS), and further explore some molecular mechanisms of the canceration of Peri-PM. METHODS Imunohistochemistry was used to examine the expression of E2F-1, Rb and ER in 60 Peri-PM, 60 Peri-PM with atypical ductal hyperplasia (Peri-PM with ADH) and 60 DCIS. Normal breast tissues were selected as a control group. RESULTS Based on immunohistochemical staining, the positive rate of E2F-1 expression in Peri-PM, Peri-PM with ADH and DCIS was 21.7%, 46.7% and 78.3% respectively. The positive rate of Rb expression was 83.3 %, 53.9% and 21.7% and the ER expression was 86.7%,61.7% and 55.0%. Significant differences were found among the 3 groups (Peri-PM, Peri-PM with ADH and DCIS) (P<0.05). Significant differences existed between any 2 groups (P<0.05) except for the rate of ER positive expression comparing Peri-PM with ADH verus DCIS (P>0.05). The expression of E2F-1 was nega- tively correlated with ER and Rb, and at the same time the expression of ER was positively correlated with Rb. Following the degree of breast epithelial hyperplasia involved and its development into carcinoma, the positive rate of E2F-1 expression displayed an elevating tendency, but that of Rb and ER expression showed a tendency to decline. CONCLUSION The interaction of the 3 indexes studied may play an im- portant role in the conversion of precancerous lesions to early in situ breast carcinoma, and the evaluation of these indexes might provide a valuable basis for screening high-risk cases of Peri-PM.

Sentinel lymph node biopsy in clinically detected ductal carcinoma in situ

AIM:To study the indications for sentinel lymph node biopsy(SLNB) in clinically-detected ductal carcinoma in situ(CD-DCIS).METHODS:A retrospective analysis of 20 patients with an initial diagnosis of pure DCIS by an image-guided core needle biopsy(CNB) between June 2006 and June 2012 was conducted at King Faisal Specialist Hospital.The accuracy of performing SLNB in CD-DCIS,the rate of sentinel and non-sentinel nodal metastasis,and the histologic underestimation rate of invasive cancer at initial diagnosis were analyzed.The inclusion criteria were a preoperative diagnosis of pure DCIS with no evidence of invasion.We excluded any patient with evidence of microinvasion or invasion.There were two cases of mammographically detected DCIS and 18 cases of CDDCIS.All our patients were diagnosed by an imageguided CNB except two patients who were diagnosed by fine needle aspiration(FNA).All patients underwent breast surgery,SLNB,and axillary lymph node dissection(ALND) if the SLN was positive.RESULTS:Twenty patients with an initial diagnosis of pure DCIS underwent SLNB,2 of whom had an ALND.The mean age of the patients was 49.7 years(range,35-70).Twelve patients(60%) were premenopausal and 8(40%) were postmenopausal.CNB was the diagnostic procedure for 18 patients,and 2 who were diagnosed by FNA were excluded from the calculation of the underestimation rate.Two out of 20 had a positive SLNB and underwent an ALND and neither had additional non sentinel lymph node metastasis.Both the sentinel visualization rate and the intraoperative sentinel identification rate were 100%.The false negative rate was 0%.Only 2 patients had a positive SLNB(10%) and neither had additional metastasis following an ALND.After definitive surgery,3 patients were upstaged to invasive ductal carcinoma(3/18 = 16.6%) and 3 other patients were upstaged to DCIS with microinvasion(3/18 = 16.6%).Therefore the histologic underestimation rate of invasive disease was 33%.CONCLUSION:SLNB in CD-DCIS is technically feasible and highly accurate.We recommend limiting SLNB to patients undergoing a mastectomy.

DIAGNOSIS OF To CARCINOMA OF THE BREAST (A REPORT OF 74 CASES)

From 1978 through 1986, 74 cases (77 lesions) of T0 carcinoma of the breast were studied. All of these cases were treated with mastectomy. Pathologically, 52 cases (67.5%) were early carcinoma, including non-invasive (30), early invasive (19) and specific type (3). Axillary lymph node metastasis was present in 12.9% of the cases. Follow-up study revealed that 46 patients have been living and in good health for 3-5 years. For successful detection, the following prerequisites are indispensable: (1) physicians concerned must be aware of the new concept that most early breast carcinoma may not be palpable; (2) physicians must be well familiarized with the clinical manifestations of nonpalpable carcinoma of the breast; (3) any abnormalities of the breast must be thoroughly investigated until proven otherwise; and <4) combined diagnostic procedures must be used.

The Impact of Ethnicity on the Incidence, Tumor Characteristics and Treatment of Ductal Carcinoma in Situ—An 11-Year Clinical Experience at a High Volume Teaching Hospital

Introduction: Screening mammography has led to a marked increase in detection of in situ breast tumors in the United States. The University of Southern California/Van Nuys Prognostic Index (USC/VNPI) predicts the recurrence rates of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS);however variations in tumor characteristics, USC/VNPI scores, receptor and human epithelial growth factor receptor (HER)-2/neu status across different ethnicities/races have not been well studied. This study aimed to evaluate the racial trends in incidence, patient demographics, tumor characteristics and treatment variations for patients with DCIS at a high volume teaching hospital. Methods: 395 women underwent surgical intervention for DCIS between 2000 and 2011. Their race/ethnicity was divided into five mutually exclusive categories and demographic and clinicopathological data was collected. Multivariate analysis was performed to evaluate variations in patient and tumor factors with respect to age, size and surgical management among different ethnicities and races. Results: 82.1% of Caucasian women underwent simple mastectomy with sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) while lumpectomy with SLNB was highest in Hispanics (40%, p = 0.005). Overall, there was no significant difference in the incidence of receptor or HER-2/neu positivity, multicentricity, necrosis or grade of DCIS in the various racial groups, but there was a significant racial difference in the USC/VNPI scores (p < 0.001). Conclusion: On a community level, screening detected DCIS accounted for the vast majority of DCIS diagnosed, which reflected national trends. Although no racial variation in DCIS with respect to patient or tumor characteristics was observed, a racial difference in USC/VNPI score was identified among the Hispanic population. Additional studies are required to validate the significance of these findings.

Immunohistochemical Biomarkers in Ductal Carcinoma <i>In Situ</i>

Introduction: Breast ductal carcinoma In Situ (DCIS) can be defined as a malignant epithelial proliferation with growth limited by the basal membrane of the ductal epithelium, with no evidence of stromal invasion. There has been a trend of trying to subcategorize DCIS based on cell proliferation assays (Ki67) and the expression of hormone receptors and the human epidermal growth receptor (HER-2) as detected by immunohistochemistry, similar to invasive breast carcinomas (IBC). The aims were to evaluate the expression of breast cancer marker proteins in DCIS by immunohistochemistry to better categorize it. Methods: 46 biopsies from women with DCIS and IBC Luminal A-like were evaluated by immunohistochemistry staining of proteins already known to be biomarkers in IBC. For controls, normal breast tissue from mammoplasty (n = 3) was used. Results: Our results showed an increase of estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) expression relative to that in normal tissue samples (p < 0.0001). No differences in steroid hormone expression patterns were seen between DCIS and IBC tumors (p = 0.3145;p = 0.7341, respectively). The proliferation levels of the DCIS and IBC samples were similar as evaluated by the Ki67 labeling index. Only 12.90% of samples showed amplification of HER-2. Conclusion: The biology of DCIS is not well understood given the complexity and heterogeneity of the disease, which makes it important to better sub-categorize this tumor, especially considering the possibility of identifying DCIS cases with the potential for recurrence and evolution into IBC.

DUCTAL CARCINOMA IN SITU OF THE BREAST

Objective: To investigate the clinical characteristics, treatment and prognosis of ductal carcinomain situ (DCIS) of the breast. Methods: Clinicopathological and follow-up data were collected in 52 patients with DCIS. Results: The clinic data showed that 50 patients had signs of breast lumps or/and nipple discharges, 2 patients presented abnormal mammography; 2 patients had lymph node involved; and 14 patients were accompanied with intraductal papillomatosis. All patients were received surgical therapy. The follow-up data showed 1 patient locally recurred after lumpectomy, and was underwent mastectomy again, then cured. There were no patients died of DCIS. Conclusion: Mastectomy should be a standard surgical mode, and the prognosis of DCIS was favorable, but mammography for screening of asymptomatic women should be strengthened to find DCIS.

Clinicopathological characteristics,treatments,and prognosis of breast ductal carcinoma in situ with microinvasion:A narrative review

Background:Ductal carcinoma in situ with microinvasion(DCIS-MI)is defined as ductal carcinoma in situ(DCIS)with a microscopic invasive focus≤1 mm in the longest diameter.The current literature is controversial concerning the clinical prognostic features and management of DCIS-MI.This narrative review described recently reported literature regarding the characteristics,treatment,and prognosis of it.Methods:Searching PubMed for relevant articles covering the period of 1982 to 2021 using the following terms by MeSH and free-word:breast cancer,microinvasion,DCIS,DCIS-MI,and invasive ductal carcinoma(IDC).Results:DCIS-MI tends to express more aggressive pathological features such as necrosis,HER2+,ER-or PR-,and high nuclear grade.The overall prognosis of DCIS-MI is typically good,however,some indicators such as young age,HR-,HER2+and multimicroinvasive lesions,were associated with worse prognoses.And there are also conflicting results on the differences between the prognoses of DCIS-MI and DCIS or T1a-IDC.Postoperative chemotherapy and anti-HER2 therapy still have uncertain benefits and are more likely to be used to treat high-risk patients who are HR-orHER2+to improve the prognosis.Conclusion:DCIS-MI has more aggressive pathological features,which may suggest its biological behavior is worse than that of DCIS and similar to early IDC.Although the overall prognosis of DCIS-MI is good,when making decisions about adjuvant therapy clinicians need to give priority to the hormone receptor status,HER2 expression and axillary lymph node status of patients,because these may affect the prognosis and treatment response.

Ductal breast carcinoma metastasized to the rectum: A case report and review of the literature

BACKGROUND Gastrointestinal(GI)metastasis from breast cancer(BC)is rarely encountered in clinical practice.Nonspecific symptoms and long intervals make early diagnosis difficult.Therefore,increased awareness of GI metastasis secondary to BC and a deep understanding of the clinical and pathological features,and intervention for GI metastasis are fundamental to avoid delay in correct diagnosis and management.CASE SUMMARY The present report discusses the case of a Chinese female patient aged 36 years.The patient presented with difficult defecation along with bloody stools and hypogastralgia.In 2015,she had undergone right modified radical mastectomy and axillary lymph node dissection in another hospital to treat the infiltrating ductal breast carcinoma pT1N1M0.The presenting symptoms were investigated by colonoscopy,which indicated a circumferential stricture in the lower rectum at 3 cm from the anal edge.Further investigation with positron emission tomography-computed tomography revealed an uptake of fluorodeoxyglucose within the distal rectum as well as in the left acetabulum.The samples from laparoscopic exploration were biopsied,which revealed metastases of BC.Immunohistochemical analysis of the tumor confirmed that the patient had rectal metastasis of infiltrating ductal BC.CONCLUSION Rectal metastasis should be considered when patients with a history of BC present with changed bowel habits.

Papillary carcinoma of breast: Minireview

The term "intracystic papillary ductal carcinoma in situ " constitutes only 0.5% to 1% of all breast cancers.It is usually seen in postmenopausal age group.Herein,we are presenting a minireview about this unusual breast malignancy usually difficult to diagnose on clinical grounds and highlighting modalities of diagnosis and management.

Enhancing Breast Cancer Diagnosis with Channel-Wise Attention Mechanisms in Deep Learning

Breast cancer,particularly Invasive Ductal Carcinoma(IDC),is a primary global health concern predominantly affecting women.Early and precise diagnosis is crucial for effective treatment planning.Several AI-based tech-niques for IDC-level classification have been proposed in recent years.Processing speed,memory size,and accuracy can still be improved for better performance.Our study presents ECAM,an Enhanced Channel-Wise Attention Mechanism,using deep learning to analyze histopathological images of Breast Invasive Ductal Carcinoma(BIDC).The main objectives of our study are to enhance computational efficiency using a Separable CNN architecture,improve data representation through hierarchical feature aggregation,and increase accuracy and interpretability with channel-wise attention mechanisms.Utilizing publicly available datasets,DataBioX IDC and the BreakHis,we benchmarked the proposed ECAM model against existing state-of-the-art models:DenseNet121,VGG16,and AlexNet.In the IDC dataset,the model based on AlexNet achieved an accuracy rate of 86.81%and an F1 score of 86.94%.On the other hand,DenseNet121 outperformed with an accuracy of 95.60%and an F1 score of 95.75%.Meanwhile,the VGG16 model achieved an accuracy rate of 91.20%and an F1 score of 90%.Our proposed ECAM model outperformed the state-of-the-art,achieving an impressive F1 score of 96.65%and an accuracy rate of 96.70%.The BreakHis dataset,the AlexNet-based model,achieved an accuracy rate of 90.82%and an F1 score of 90.77%.DenseNet121 achieved a higher accuracy rate of 92.66%with an F1 score of 92.72%,while the VGG16 model achieved an accuracy of 92.60%and an F1 score of 91.31%.The proposed ECAM model again outperformed,achieving an F1 score of 96.37%and an accuracy rate of 96.33%.Our model is a significant advancement in breast cancer diagnosis,with high accuracy and potential as an automated grading,especially for IDC.

Expression of E-cadherin,beta-catenin,cathepsin D,gelatinases and their inhibitors in invasive ductal breast carcinomas

背景 E-cadherin， beta-catenin，组织蛋白酶 D，矩阵 metalloproteinase (MMP )-2, MMP-9， metalloproteinase (TIMP ) 的织物禁止者 -1 和 TIMP-2 都是侵略相关的蛋白质。在侵略 ductal 胸癌的这些蛋白质的表达式模式，和他们有已知的 clinicopathological 参数，肿瘤复发和雌激素受体的表达式的协会(嗯)，孕酮受体( PR )， PS2 和 c-erbB2 很好没在一套 94 侵略 ductal 胸癌在中国 patients.Methods 被学习，这些分子的标记的蛋白质表达式被 immunohistochemistry ，和他们的协会与已知的 clinicopathological 参数调查， tumo 另外，在这些蛋白质的表情之间的相互关系是保存的 studied.Results 膜 E-cadherin 表示与迟了的肿瘤舞台和肿瘤复发被联系，而减少的 junctional beta-catenin 与积极淋巴节点地位和 c-erbB2 overexpression.Positive 联系了在肿瘤 stromal 组织蛋白酶 D 染色，房间与迟了的肿瘤舞台显示了一个重要协会。在癌症房间的 MMP-2 的高表示与大肿瘤尺寸和 PR 被联系积极表示。TIMP-2 表示断然与肿瘤复发被联系。另外，在这些 biomarkers 的表情之间的相互关系也被估计。在癌症房间染色的组织蛋白酶 D 相反地与它在 stromal 房间染色被相关，并且相反地也相关， MMP-2 在肿瘤 stromal 房间染色。在 stromal 房间的 MMP-2 表示与 TIMP-2 表示显示了反的关联。MMP-9 表示与表示可能精确地具有在更多的一些帮助预言侵略 ductal 胸癌的预后的 E-cadherin， beta-catenin，组织蛋白酶 D， MMP-2 和 TIMP-2 的 TIMP-1 和 TIMP-2 expression.Conclusion 评估显示了平行协会。

Aberrant methylation of Glutathione S-transferase P1 and E-cadherin in invasive ductal breast carcinoma and fibroadenoma

Objective To investigate the hypermethylation status of glutathione transferase P1(GSTP1)and E-cadherin(ECAD),TSGs(tumor suppressor genes)in our breast cancer samples and explore their correlation with clinicopathological features of corresponding cancer patients.Methods One hundred and thirty-six IDC(invasive ductal carcinoma)patients were recruited for analysis and 16 fibroadenoma patients acted as control.DNA extraction and methylation-specific PCR(MSP)were subsequently performed preceded by pathological examination.Results The percentage of hypermethylated GSTP1 in carcinoma and fibroadenoma groups was 34.92% and 15.79% respectively and the percentage of hypermethylated ECAD in carcinomas and fibroadenomas was 18.00% and 0.00% respectively.Carcinoma had the highest percentage of c-erbB2 overexpression being 54.55% among the clinicopathological parameters.Conclusion Hypermethylation patterns are frequent in IDC and seem to relate to c-erbB2 overexpression,and such epigenetic change should not be neglected in fibroadenoma.Tumor methylation status in cancer patients can be determined at early stage and it may be a reference for better treatment planning.

Application of Dual-Energy Computed Tomography for Breast Cancer Diagnosis

The present study aimed to investigate the possibility of using dual-energy computed tomography (CT) before therapy to discriminate between normal breast tissue and tumor tissue in patients with breast cancer, without the need to use a contrast medium. The following patient data were extracted by interview and from the hospital’s radiology information system: height, weight, age, menstrual cycle, CT images of normal tissue and tumors with or without contrast medium, and the histopathological diagnosis of the aspiration biopsy. The median age of the 43 participants was 56 years (range, 30 - 80 years). The CT values were evaluated using a clinical analytical program based on the three-material decomposition technique. Breast cancer was classified into ductal carcinoma in situ, invasive ductal carcinoma, invasive lobular carcinoma, fibromatosis-like metaplastic carcinoma, and apocrine carcinoma. In all conditions, regardless of contrast medium, the CT values of tumor tissues were higher than those of normal breast tissue, indicating the effectiveness of dual-energy CT (DE-CT) in the diagnosis of breast cancer. By contrast, DE-CT showed limited potential for distinguishing ductal carcinoma in situ from invasive ductal carcinoma. There have only been a few reports regarding CT examination of breast cancer, and it is expected this study encourage the development of DE-CT imaging to improve tumor detection in patients with breast cancer.