STUDY ON THE CARDANOL-ALDEHYDE CONDENSATION POLYMER CONTAINING BORON-NITROGEN COORDINATE BOND

Cardanol-aldehyde condensation polymer containing boron-nitrogen coordinate bond (CFBN) has been synthesized and characterized by IR, XPS, HPLC and DTA-TG. Its properties were also investigated. The results show that the coating film of CFBN has excellent physico-mechanical properties, good anticorrosive properties and stable at high temperature. (Author abstract) 8 Refs.

Biobased Aromatic-Aliphatic Polyols by Thiol-Ene Reactions of Propoxylated Mercaptanized Cardanol

Aromatic-aliphatic polyols were obtained previously from the thiol-ene reactions of propoxylated cardanol with hydroxyalkyl mercaptans;these aromatic-aliphatic polyols were then utilized in the preparation of rigid polyurethane foams with excellent properties.The current work describes a variant of cardanol polyol synthesis by thiol-ene reactions in three steps.The first step is propoxylation of cardanol by reacting cardanol with propylene oxide;the second step is mercaptanization of propoxylated cardanol by reacting double bonds with hydrogen sulfide;and the third step involves the addition of the thiol groups of mercaptanized propoxylated cardanol to the double bonds of allyl alcohol,glycerol-1-allyl ether,and trimethylolpropane allyl ether.Thus,obtained polyols were characterized by standard analytical methods.Rigid polyurethane foams prepared from these polyols show promising physical-mechanical properties.The rigid polyurethane foams can be used for various applications such as thermo-insulation of freezers,storage tanks and pipes for food and chemical industries,wood substitutes and flotation materials.

Recent Development of Cardanol Based Polymer Materials-A Review

Polymers from renewable resources are receiving tremendous attention due to the increasing concerns on the depletion of fossil oils and deteriorated environments.Cardanol,as an abundant and renewable chemical raw material,has been widely used for the production of renewable polymer materials via converting into various of chemical monomers with active functional groups.This comprehensive review deals with various aspects of cardanol as a starting material the preparing various polymer and polymer composites such as benzoxazine resins,phenolic resin,polyurethanes,epoxy resin,vinyl ester polymers,polyamide and cyanate ester resins.The assessment of the future prospects for the use of cardanol to synthesise novel and valuable renewable materials is presented.

Biobased Aromatic-Aliphatic Polyols from Cardanol by Photochemical Thiol-ene Reaction

Biobased aromatic-aliphatic polyols were previously synthesized from a thermal thiol-ene reaction of propoxylated cardanol with 2-mercaptoethanol(ME)in the presence of azobisisobutyronitrile(AIBN)as a radical initiator.Cardanol used for this purpose was obtained as a dark-brown liquid(Gardner Color Reference^18).The photochemical thiol-ene reaction can also be used to prepare aromatic-aliphatic polyols by employing cardanol.Via the photochemical thiol-ene reaction,2-mercaptoethanol was added successfully to C=C double bond of cardanol,suggesting that phenolic group may not play an inhibitory role in the radical thiol-ene reaction.However,we preferred to alkoxylate the phenolic hydroxyl group of cardanol,which is much more reactive with isocyanates than phenolic hydroxyls,to generate a new aliphatic hydroxyl group.Furthermore,the functionality of polyols was also improved by two methods:1)using 1-thio-glycerol instead of 2-mercaptoethanol and 2)using alkoxylated cardanol with glycidol(Cardanol-GLY)instead of propoxylated cardanol(Cardanol-PO).These polyols were then used in preparation of rigid polyurethane foams that can be useful in various applications such as insulation of freezers,pipes and storage tanks in food and chemical industries.

Synthesis of Cardanol Sulfonate Gemini Surfactant and Enthalpy-Entropy Compensation of Micellization in Aqueous Solutions

A novel cardanol sulfonate Gemini surfactant with high surface properties was synthesized by cashew phenol, 1,3-dibromopropane and chlorosulfonic acid through three steps procedure of etherification, sulfonation and neutralization. A surface tension method was employed to investigate the thermo-dynamic properties of micellization in aqueous solution for cardanol sulfonate Gemini surfactant synthesized in laboratory. As a result, the micellization of cardanol sulfonate Gemini surfactant in aqueous solutions is spontaneous and entropy-driven. The micellization process is enthalpy-entropy compensated with the compensation temperature (Tc) of 308 ± 1 K.

Synthesis and Characterization of UV Oligomer based on Cardanol

In the present research,cardanol based di-acrylic UV oligomer was synthesized by thiol-ene coupling followed by ring opening reaction with glycidyl methacrylate.The intermediate as well as final diacrylate materials were analyzed by chemical as well as spectroscopic analysis.Further,ultraviolet(UV)radiation curable formulations were prepared by replacing commercial epoxy acrylate with synthesized UV oligomer in 10-50 wt%and applied on wood panels.The coated films were then evaluated for their optical,mechanical,chemical and thermal properties.Studies showed that up to 30 wt%amount of UVoligomer the coatings exhibited at par mechanical and chemical properties.The stain resistance of all the coatings was observed to be excellent.

Surface Performance Testing of Cardanol Polyoxyethylene Ether and Its Application in Detergent

Cardanol polyoxyethylene ether is a kind of nonionic surfactants based on natural raw materials, with good surface activity and resistance to hard water. At 25 ℃, the value of critical micelle concentration （CMC） is 6.09×10-6 mol/L, and the lowest surface tension （TcMc） is 38.08 mN/m. Moreover, cardanol polyoxyethylene ether has strong salt tolerance to monovalent inorganic salts; with the increase of concentration of divalent inorganic salt, the surface activity of cardanol polyoxyethylene ether is enhanced. The effect of monohydric alcohol on the surface activity of cardanol polyoxyethylene ether is complex： the ability of BGF-10 to form micelles increases and then decreases with the increase of the concentration of monohydric alcohol, cardanol polyoxyethylene ether has a synergistic effect with anionic, nonionic and cationic surfactants, especially with hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide （CTAB）, and its critical micelle concentration is decreased by 2.52%, while the surface tension is decreased by 11.49%. Test results also show, comparing to nonylphenol polyoxyethylene ether, the emulsifying and the thickening performances of cardanol polyoxyethylene ether are better, and its foam performance is lower. Also, the cloud point of cardanol polyoxyethylene ether is higher than nonylphenol polyoxyethylene ether. In most case, the detergency of cardanol polyoxyethylene ether is better than or equivalent to nonylphenol polyoxyethylene ether. cardanol polyoxyethylene ether is an excellent alternative to nonylphenol polyoxyethylene ether in detergents.

Synthesis of a cardanol-amine derivative using an ionic liquid catalyst

Cardanol is a biobased raw material derived from cashew nut shell liquid. In order to extend its utility, new derivatives and additional applications are useful. In this work cardanol was first epoxidized, and a novel aniline derivative prepared from it under mild reaction conditions with the help of an ionic liquid catalyst. The reaction chemistry was studied by using nuclear magnetic reso- nance. The resulting aminohydrin adduct showed antiox- idant property and should also be a useful synthon for further reactions. As an example, the aminohydrin was shown to undergo a condensation reaction with formalde- hyde to form a prepolymer, which could be further reacted to form thermosetting resins.

腰果酚基阻燃高分子材料研究进展

随着全球环保意识的提高和国家碳达峰战略的提出,利用可再生生物基资源制备阻燃高分子材料受到广泛关注。腰果酚来源广泛、价格低廉,具有多个高活性反应基团,有望用于商业化制备阻燃高分子材料。本文综述了用于改性聚氯乙烯、不饱和聚酯和环氧树脂的腰果酚基阻燃添加剂的制备方法,同时对比分析了其性能。总结归纳了阻燃腰果酚基环氧树脂、阻燃腰果酚基苯并噁嗪、阻燃腰果酚基紫外光固化涂层、阻燃腰果酚基聚氨酯泡沫和阻燃腰果酚基酚醛泡沫的最新研究进展。指出制备综合性能优异的多功能阻燃腰果酚基高分子材料是未来研究的重点方向。

腰果酚改性酚醛树脂的合成及其模塑料的性能

资源化、环保化与低成本化是传统材料的重要发展方向,本文在硼酸的辅助下,采用腰果酚对酚醛树脂进行改性,探讨了腰果酚和硼酸的引入及其用量对树脂性能的影响,以改性树脂为基体制备了酚醛模塑料,并对其性能进行的测试。结果显示:腰果酚的引入和用量会显著影响树脂的性能,高的替代量使树脂软化点和热稳定性下降,在硼酸的辅助下,则能够实现对改性树脂性能的有效调控,并且以该改性树脂制备的模塑料显示出较好的韧性和热稳定性。

腰果酚基不饱和树脂在木材增强改性中的应用

人工林速生木材孔隙率较大,密度低,且具有渗透性,因此可通过化学浸渍将人工合成树脂浸渍到木材的内部,从而提升速生木材的抗吸水性、抗压强度等性能。本文用腰果酚合成不饱和树脂(UPR),并用于浸渍改性杨木、杉木、樟子松3种速生木材,效果最显著的是杉木,其平均密度从0.4g/cm^(3)提高到1.04g/cm^(3),抗压强度从30.1MPa提升到90.4MPa,吸水率由167.3%降至7.9%。用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(FTIR)证实了其化学结构,用凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)检测合成树脂各阶段产物的分子量分布,便于预测其结构式。X射线光电子能谱仪(XPS)分析表明,UPR浸渍以材料渗透性由外到内呈递减趋势的横向渗透为主。热重分析(TGA)表明UPR提高了改性木材的热稳定性。通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察可以明显看到木材内部孔洞被树脂填充并交联固化,因此3种速生木材的抗吸水性、抗压强度和热稳定性都得到了不同程度的提升。

分析涂料中腰果酚的方法研究

采用热裂解气相色谱-质谱(Py-GC/MS)方法,利用微量涂料样品在惰性气氛中迅速加热裂解,生成的众多裂解产物在气相色谱系统中进行有效分离,使得具有特征性的裂解碎片被质谱准确鉴定,只需1 h即可对微量的涂料样品中含有的腰果酚进行定性。探究了分析涂料中腰果酚的实验条件,确定了450℃是相对合适的裂解温度。涂料样品经过最优条件下分析的总离子流量色谱图中的腰果酚在26.68min出峰,特征质荷比碎片明显,峰响应、峰形状、两峰之间的分离度都很好,可以很好地进行定性。并利用不同质量比的腰果酚样品建立标准曲线,进一步对涂料中的腰果酚含量进行了定量分析。

腰果酚及其衍生物在木材增强改性中的应用研究

速生木材轮伐期短,但其质地软、材质疏松、密度较小,且具有渗透性,通过化学浸渍将人工合成树脂浸渍到木材的内部,从而提升速生木材的抗吸水性、抗压强度等性能。本研究以腰果酚、腰果酚缩水甘油醚为主要原料合成不饱和树脂(UPR),并用于浸渍增强改性杨木、杉木,杨木的平均密度从0.48g/cm^(3)提高到0.83 g/cm^(3),抗压强度从57.7 MPa提升到92 MPa,吸水率由105.7%降至14.4%;杉木的平均密度从0.33 g/cm^(3)提高到1.00 g/cm^(3),抗压强度从29.8 MPa提升到76.9 MPa,吸水率由167.3%降至5.7%。用FTIR光谱证实了其化学结构,TG测试表明不饱和树脂在一定程度上提高了木材的热稳定性。

生物基水性油墨配方对油墨性能的影响

利用超声波一步法,在很短时间内(1 h)合成了丙烯酸腰果酚酯,将其与甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)、丙烯酸(AA)和丙烯酸丁酯(BA)共聚,合成了作为水性油墨连接料的生物基腰果酚改性丙烯酸树脂,最后在树脂中添加助剂配置生物基水性油墨,测试油墨的细度、干燥速度、硬度和附着力,以分析助剂对油墨性能的影响规律。结果表明,颜料为0.29%,SiO 2为3.6%,偶联剂为1.44%,增稠剂为0.57%,pH为8~9时,制得的生物基水性油墨的细度为16μm,干燥速度为80.5 mm/30 s,铅笔硬度为5 H,附着力为2级,耐水性为4级。

适于城市水厂建筑的改性环氧树脂防水材料及技术应用

为加强城市水厂建筑结构的稳定性和安全性,试验以环氧树脂为主要材料,制备了一种改性防水材料适于城市水厂建筑,并进行单因素试验对其配方进行优化。结果表明,添加适量聚酰胺固化剂,可以提高防水材料的防水性能和耐腐蚀性能。每100 g环氧树脂中最佳聚酰胺固化剂添加量为32 g,此时,材料吸水率为1.94%,在酸、碱溶液中浸泡28 d质量损失率分别是3.81%、2.10%。在防水材料中加入腰果酚,可以进一步提高其防水性能和耐腐蚀性能。每100 g环氧树脂中添加12 g腰果酚较为适宜,此时,材料吸水率为1.65%,在酸、碱溶液中浸泡28 d质量损失率分别是2.69%、1.54%。在最佳配方下,该防水材料综合性能良好。

腰果酚改性丙烯酸树脂的生物基油墨制备及其性能

以丙烯酸腰果酚酯、丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)、丙烯酸丁酯(BA)、丙烯酸(AA)为单体,偶氮二异丁腈(AIBN)为引发剂,通过乳液聚合,合成了腰果酚改性丙烯酸树脂并将其与颜料等混合制备了生物基水性油墨。通过单因素法和正交实验优化树脂配方工艺,利用FTIR、DSC、TG对树脂的结构与性能进行了表征,考察了水性油墨的性能。研究结果表明,树脂最佳制备工艺条件为:反应温度85℃,反应时间6 h,BA的含量为10 mmol,n_(MMA):n_(BA)为1.5:1~2:1,丙烯酸腰果酚酯含量为16 mmol,AA含量为70 mmol,引发剂含量为4 mmol。腰果酚改性丙烯酸树脂具有优异的成膜性,玻璃化转变温度为24.08℃,硬度可达5H,附着力为2级,所制备的水性油墨涂层铅笔硬度为5H,附着力为1级,耐水性等级为4级。

腰果酚的应用研究进展

腰果酚是腰果壳油的主要成分,是一种具有独特长链烷烃的天然生物质酚。腰果酚及其加氢产物3-十五烷基酚在高档工业用材料方面的开发使用有着巨大的市场潜力,广泛用于酚醛树脂、环氧树脂、聚酰胺树脂、偶氮苯树脂的改性,且在表面活性剂和卟啉类化合物的合成以及分子自组装技术上也有一定的应用。介绍了腰果酚的结构、化学性能及其提取方法,综述了腰果酚及3-十五烷基酚国内外研究现状,分析了腰果酚在研究开发中存在的问题,并展望了其未来发展。

腰果酚光固化材料的研究进展

光固化涂料具有固化速度快、节能环保等优势,在诸多领域得到应用。天然腰果酚可替代石油基酚类化合物广泛应用于涂料、胶黏剂、聚合物材料等领域。腰果酚含有酚羟基和侧链不饱和双键,具有较高的反应活性,可通过化学改性应用于光固化涂料。简单介绍了腰果酚的来源及分子结构,从腰果酚直接紫外光固化、酚羟基改性(酯化和醚化)、侧链改性及复合改性等角度,综述了近年来国内外有关腰果酚光固化材料的研究和应用进展,并展望了腰果酚光固化材料未来研究的热点。

腰果酚基乙酸酯增塑剂的合成及其增塑聚氯乙烯性能

为了进一步利用农林剩余物资源替代石化原料,该研究以腰果酚为原料,通过对其酚羟基进行酯化改性,制备腰果酚基乙酸酯(cardanol acetate,CA)增塑剂。采用核磁共振氢谱(1H nuclear magnetic resonance,1H NMR)和核磁共振碳谱(13C nuclear magnetic resonance,13C NMR)对产物的结构进行表征。通过动态力学性能(dynamic thermo mechanical analysis,DMA),拉伸性能测试,热重分析(thermogravimetric analysis,TGA),以及与聚氯乙烯(polyvinyl chloride,PVC)共混样品的傅里叶红外分析(fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,FT-IR)等方法,评价腰果酚基乙酸酯作为辅助增塑剂应用于软质聚氯乙烯的增塑效果,并与商业增塑剂对苯二甲二辛酯(bis(2-ethylhexyl)benzene-1,4-dicarboxylate,DOTP)进行对比。研究结果表明,m(DOTP)∶m(CA)=4∶6为较佳配伍比例,共混体系的玻璃化转变温度由41.52℃降低至35.93℃,断裂伸长率由244.75%增加到了302.13%,热稳定性及相容性均得到有效改善,因此腰果酚基乙酸酯可用作聚氯乙烯的优良辅助增塑剂。研究结果为腰果酚在增塑剂领域的应用提供了参考。

生物质腰果酚基Gemini表面活性剂的合成及性能研究

采用生物质原料腰果酚与1,4-二溴丁烷和氯磺酸反应合成了一种新型绿色腰果酚磺酸盐Gemini表面活性剂。并通过单因素实验对双醚反应进行条件优化,得到较优的反应条件:n(腰果酚)∶n(1,4-二溴丁烷)=2.10∶1,反应温度为150℃,反应时间为8 h,收率为85.16%。采用红外光谱和元素分析对双醚中间体和目标产物进行了结构表征。对合成的腰果酚磺酸盐Gemini表面活性剂进行了性能测定,并与传统的单基表面活性剂十二烷基苯磺酸钠进行了对比,其γcmc为35.06 m N/m,低于十二烷基苯磺酸钠(39.2 m N/m),CMC为0.05 mmol/L,比十二烷基苯磺酸钠(1.6 mmol/L)低2个数量级。同时,具有比十二烷基苯磺酸钠更好的起泡性和乳化性能,表现出良好的表面活性。