Inherited bacterial symbionts are very common in arthropods, but infection frequency can vary widely among populations. Experiments and interpopulation comparisons suggest that host genetic background might be importa...Inherited bacterial symbionts are very common in arthropods, but infection frequency can vary widely among populations. Experiments and interpopulation comparisons suggest that host genetic background might be important in explaining this variation. Our extensive field investigation showed that the infection pattern of the facultative symbiont Cardinium was heterogeneous across geographical populations of the invasive whitefly Bemisia tabaci Mediterranean (MED) in China, with genetic nuclear differences evident in 2 of the populations: 1 with a low infection rate (SD line) and 1 with a high infection rate (HaN line). However, whether the heterogeneous frequency of Cardinium is associated with the host genetic background remains poorly understood. Here, we compared the fitness of the Cardinium-infected and uninfected sublines with similar nuclear genetic backgrounds from SD and HaN lines, respectively, and further determine whether host extranuclear or nuclear genotype influenced the Cardinium–host phenotype by performing 2 new introgression series of 6 generations between SD and HaN lines (i.e., Cardinium-infected females of SD were backcrossed with uninfected males of HaN, and vice versa). The results showed that Cardinium provides marginal fitness benefits in the SD line, whereas Cardinium provides strong fitness benefits in the HaN line. Further, both Cardinium and the Cardinium–host nuclear interaction influence the fecundity and pre-adult survival rate of B. tabaci, whereas the extranuclear genotype does not. In conclusion, our results provide evidence that Cardinium-mediated fitness effects were closely associated with the host genetic background, which provides a fundamental basis for understanding the mechanism underlying the heterogeneous distribution of Cardinium in B. tabaci MED populations across China.展开更多
Communities of bacteria,especially symbionts,are vital for the growth and development of insects and other arthropods,including Bemisia tabaci Mediterranean(MED),a destructive and invasive insect pest.However,the infe...Communities of bacteria,especially symbionts,are vital for the growth and development of insects and other arthropods,including Bemisia tabaci Mediterranean(MED),a destructive and invasive insect pest.However,the infection density patterns and influence factors of bacteria in whiteflies,which mainly include symbionts,remain largely unclear.To reveal the different density patterns of Cardinium in B.tabaci MED popula-tions and the impacts of high temperatures on whiteflies with different Cardinium density infection patterns,2 isofemale lines isolated from B.tabaci MED from the same geo-graphical population of China and from B.tabaci MED collected from other countries and locations were examined using several techniques and methods,including fluorescence in situ hybridization(FISH),quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction(qPCR),16S rRNA gene sequencing,and 2b-RAD sequencing.The results showed that there were 2 different infection density patterns of Cardinium in B.tabaci MED(including 1 high-density pattern and 1 low-density pattern).For whiteflies with low-density Cardinium,conventional PCR could not detect Cardinium,but the other techniques confirmed that there was a low level of Cardinium within hosts.High temperature significantly decreased the diversity of bacterial communities:the relative titer of Cardinium increased but the density of Rickettsia decreased in the isofemale line with high-density Cardinium.How-ever,high temperature did not influence the diversity and symbiont density in the line with low-density Cardinium.Moreover,high temperature influenced the functions of bacterial communities in whiteflies with high-density Cardinium but did not affect the bacterial functions in whiteflies with low-density Cardinium.Our results provide novel insights into the complex associations between symbionts and host insects.展开更多
Field monitoring revealed that the infection ratio of the bacterial symbiont Cardinium in the whitefly(Bemisia tabaci MED)was relatively low in northern China.However,the role of this symbiont and the symbiont-whitefl...Field monitoring revealed that the infection ratio of the bacterial symbiont Cardinium in the whitefly(Bemisia tabaci MED)was relatively low in northern China.However,the role of this symbiont and the symbiont-whitefly-host plant interaction mechanism are poorly understood.We investigated the influence of Cardinium on the competitiveness of the host whitefly and the physiological interaction between the host plants and host whiteflies.Cardinium-infected whiteflies were displaced by uninfected whiteflies after 5 generations,which showed that Cardinium infection reduced whitefly competitiveness.The defense response genes of cotton significantly decreased under infestation by infected whiteflies compared to uninfected whiteflies.The expression of detoxification metabolism genes,especially the uridine 5ʹ-diphospho-glucuronyltransferase and P450 genes,in infected whiteflies significantly decreased.These results demonstrated that Cardinium could inhibit the defense response of the host plant and decrease the detoxification metabolism ability of the host whitefly.The reduced competitiveness of infected whiteflies may be associated with the inhibition of the whitefly detoxification metabolism by Cardinium,resulting in the reduced performance of infected whiteflies.However,Cardinium infection can suppress plant defenses,which may benefit both infected and uninfected whiteflies when they coexist.This research illustrates the symbiont–whitefly–host plant interaction mechanism and the population dynamics of the whitefly.展开更多
【目的】Arsenophonus、Wolbachia、Spiroplasma和Cardinium是广泛分布于昆虫体内的次生共生菌,能对寄主昆虫的生殖和发育生理产生影响,明确不同地理种群褐飞虱体内4种共生菌的感染和系统发育关系可为利用共生菌防治害虫提供技术依据。...【目的】Arsenophonus、Wolbachia、Spiroplasma和Cardinium是广泛分布于昆虫体内的次生共生菌,能对寄主昆虫的生殖和发育生理产生影响,明确不同地理种群褐飞虱体内4种共生菌的感染和系统发育关系可为利用共生菌防治害虫提供技术依据。【方法】利用Arsenophonus特异性23S rRNA基因引物,Wolbachia、Spiroplasma和Cardinium各自的16S rRNA基因引物PCR检测广西10个地市、海南海口及上海、江苏南京、湖南长沙共14个地理种群褐飞虱雌、雄虫体内共生菌感染情况,并对扩增到的基因片段进行测序、构建系统发育树。【结果】不同地区2014年和2015年褐飞虱体内Arsenophonus感染率最高的分别为河池种群(30%)和长沙种群(20%)、PWolbachia感染率最高为河池种群(20%)和南京种群(30%),而Spiroplasma和Cardinium在褐飞虱各种群内均未检测到。序列比对和发育分析表明,褐飞虱体内Arsenophonus与同翅目昆虫白蜡虫Ericerus pela Chavannes体内感染的该菌关系最近;而感染Wolbachia菌的系统发育分析表明,除海南种群有一个个体感染Wolbachia菌A群外,其余种群感染的全部为B群;同时在所有感染两类共生菌的个体中并未发现共感染现象。【结论】不同地理种群褐飞虱感染Arsenophonus和Wolbachia两类共生菌的感染率并不一致;总体上褐飞虱雌虫Wolbachia感染率要高于雄虫,褐飞虱体内感染的两类共生菌与其它昆虫体内的共生菌序列高度一致或类似,且在所有检测的地理种群中均未发现有Spiroplasma和Cardinium感染。展开更多
Wolbachia and Cardinium are widely distributed and are considered important for their ability to disturb reproduction and affect other fitness-related traits of their hosts. By using multilocus sequence typing （MLST...Wolbachia and Cardinium are widely distributed and are considered important for their ability to disturb reproduction and affect other fitness-related traits of their hosts. By using multilocus sequence typing （MLST）, RFLP （restriction fragment length poly- morphism） and 16S ribosomal DNA gene sequencing methods, we extensively surveyed Wolbachia and Cardinium infection status of four predominant rice planthoppers and one kind of leafhopper in different rice fields. The results demonstrated that Sogatellafurcifera （Horv^ith） and Laodelphax striatellus （Fallrn） were infected with the same Wolbachia strain （wStri）, while Nilaparvata lugens （St^l） and its closely related species Nilaparvata muiri China were infected with two phylogeneticlly distant strains, wLug and wMui, respectively. Three new Wolbachia strains （provisionally named wMfasl, wMfas2 and wMfas3） were detected in the leafhopper Macrostelesfascifrons （Stal）. Only S. furcifera was co-infected with Cardinium, which indicated that the distribution of Cardinium in these rice planthop- pers was narrower than that of Wolbachia. Unambiguous intragenic recombination events among these Wolbachia strains and incongruent phylogenetic relationships show that the connections between different Wolbachia strains and hosts were more complex than we expected. These results suggest that horizontal transmission and host associated special- ization are two factors affecting Wolbachia and Cardinium infections among planthoppers and their related species.展开更多
Endosymbionts are important components of arthropod biology. The white- fly Bemisia tabaci （Gennadius） （Hemiptera： Aleyrodidae） is a cryptic species complex composed of 〉28 putative species. In addition to the p...Endosymbionts are important components of arthropod biology. The white- fly Bemisia tabaci （Gennadius） （Hemiptera： Aleyrodidae） is a cryptic species complex composed of 〉28 putative species. In addition to the primary endosymbiont Portiera aley- rodidarum, six secondary endosymbionts （S-endosymbionts）, Hamiltonella, Rickettsia, Wolbachia, Cardinium, Arsenophonus and Fritschea, have been identified in B. tabaci thus far. Here, we tested five of the six S-endosymbiont lineages （excluding Fritschea） from 340 whitely individuals representing six putative species from China. Harniltonella was detected only in the two exotic invaders, Middle East-Asia Minor 1 （MEAM 1） and Mediter- ranean （MED）. Rickettsia was absent in Asia II 1 and MED, scarce in Asia II 3 （13%）, but abundant in Asia II 7 （63.2%）, China 1 （84.7%） and MEAM1 （100%）. Wolbachia, Cardinium and Arsenophonus were absent in the invasive MEAM1 and MED but mostly abundant in the native putative species. Furthermore, phylogenetic analyses revealed that some S-endosymbionts have several clades and different B. tabaci putative species can harbor different clades of a given S-endosymbiont, demonstrating further the complexity of S-endosymbionts in B. tabaci. All together, our results demonstrate the variation and diversity of S-endosymbionts in different putative species ofB. tabaci, especially between invasive and native whiteflies.展开更多
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFD1401200)Taishan Scholar Foundation of Shandong Province of China(tstp20221135)the National Nature Science Foun-dation of China(31872030 and 31572064).
文摘Inherited bacterial symbionts are very common in arthropods, but infection frequency can vary widely among populations. Experiments and interpopulation comparisons suggest that host genetic background might be important in explaining this variation. Our extensive field investigation showed that the infection pattern of the facultative symbiont Cardinium was heterogeneous across geographical populations of the invasive whitefly Bemisia tabaci Mediterranean (MED) in China, with genetic nuclear differences evident in 2 of the populations: 1 with a low infection rate (SD line) and 1 with a high infection rate (HaN line). However, whether the heterogeneous frequency of Cardinium is associated with the host genetic background remains poorly understood. Here, we compared the fitness of the Cardinium-infected and uninfected sublines with similar nuclear genetic backgrounds from SD and HaN lines, respectively, and further determine whether host extranuclear or nuclear genotype influenced the Cardinium–host phenotype by performing 2 new introgression series of 6 generations between SD and HaN lines (i.e., Cardinium-infected females of SD were backcrossed with uninfected males of HaN, and vice versa). The results showed that Cardinium provides marginal fitness benefits in the SD line, whereas Cardinium provides strong fitness benefits in the HaN line. Further, both Cardinium and the Cardinium–host nuclear interaction influence the fecundity and pre-adult survival rate of B. tabaci, whereas the extranuclear genotype does not. In conclusion, our results provide evidence that Cardinium-mediated fitness effects were closely associated with the host genetic background, which provides a fundamental basis for understanding the mechanism underlying the heterogeneous distribution of Cardinium in B. tabaci MED populations across China.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31872030)the Taishan Scholar Foundation of Shandong Province of China,the First Class Grassland Science Discipline Program of Shandong Province,China,and the Qingdao Agricultural University High-level Talent Fund(663-1121025).
文摘Communities of bacteria,especially symbionts,are vital for the growth and development of insects and other arthropods,including Bemisia tabaci Mediterranean(MED),a destructive and invasive insect pest.However,the infection density patterns and influence factors of bacteria in whiteflies,which mainly include symbionts,remain largely unclear.To reveal the different density patterns of Cardinium in B.tabaci MED popula-tions and the impacts of high temperatures on whiteflies with different Cardinium density infection patterns,2 isofemale lines isolated from B.tabaci MED from the same geo-graphical population of China and from B.tabaci MED collected from other countries and locations were examined using several techniques and methods,including fluorescence in situ hybridization(FISH),quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction(qPCR),16S rRNA gene sequencing,and 2b-RAD sequencing.The results showed that there were 2 different infection density patterns of Cardinium in B.tabaci MED(including 1 high-density pattern and 1 low-density pattern).For whiteflies with low-density Cardinium,conventional PCR could not detect Cardinium,but the other techniques confirmed that there was a low level of Cardinium within hosts.High temperature significantly decreased the diversity of bacterial communities:the relative titer of Cardinium increased but the density of Rickettsia decreased in the isofemale line with high-density Cardinium.How-ever,high temperature did not influence the diversity and symbiont density in the line with low-density Cardinium.Moreover,high temperature influenced the functions of bacterial communities in whiteflies with high-density Cardinium but did not affect the bacterial functions in whiteflies with low-density Cardinium.Our results provide novel insights into the complex associations between symbionts and host insects.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31872030,31572064)the Taishan Scholar Foundation of Shandong Province(tsqn20161040)the First-class Grassland Science Discipline Program in Shandong Province,China.
文摘Field monitoring revealed that the infection ratio of the bacterial symbiont Cardinium in the whitefly(Bemisia tabaci MED)was relatively low in northern China.However,the role of this symbiont and the symbiont-whitefly-host plant interaction mechanism are poorly understood.We investigated the influence of Cardinium on the competitiveness of the host whitefly and the physiological interaction between the host plants and host whiteflies.Cardinium-infected whiteflies were displaced by uninfected whiteflies after 5 generations,which showed that Cardinium infection reduced whitefly competitiveness.The defense response genes of cotton significantly decreased under infestation by infected whiteflies compared to uninfected whiteflies.The expression of detoxification metabolism genes,especially the uridine 5ʹ-diphospho-glucuronyltransferase and P450 genes,in infected whiteflies significantly decreased.These results demonstrated that Cardinium could inhibit the defense response of the host plant and decrease the detoxification metabolism ability of the host whitefly.The reduced competitiveness of infected whiteflies may be associated with the inhibition of the whitefly detoxification metabolism by Cardinium,resulting in the reduced performance of infected whiteflies.However,Cardinium infection can suppress plant defenses,which may benefit both infected and uninfected whiteflies when they coexist.This research illustrates the symbiont–whitefly–host plant interaction mechanism and the population dynamics of the whitefly.
文摘【目的】Arsenophonus、Wolbachia、Spiroplasma和Cardinium是广泛分布于昆虫体内的次生共生菌,能对寄主昆虫的生殖和发育生理产生影响,明确不同地理种群褐飞虱体内4种共生菌的感染和系统发育关系可为利用共生菌防治害虫提供技术依据。【方法】利用Arsenophonus特异性23S rRNA基因引物,Wolbachia、Spiroplasma和Cardinium各自的16S rRNA基因引物PCR检测广西10个地市、海南海口及上海、江苏南京、湖南长沙共14个地理种群褐飞虱雌、雄虫体内共生菌感染情况,并对扩增到的基因片段进行测序、构建系统发育树。【结果】不同地区2014年和2015年褐飞虱体内Arsenophonus感染率最高的分别为河池种群(30%)和长沙种群(20%)、PWolbachia感染率最高为河池种群(20%)和南京种群(30%),而Spiroplasma和Cardinium在褐飞虱各种群内均未检测到。序列比对和发育分析表明,褐飞虱体内Arsenophonus与同翅目昆虫白蜡虫Ericerus pela Chavannes体内感染的该菌关系最近;而感染Wolbachia菌的系统发育分析表明,除海南种群有一个个体感染Wolbachia菌A群外,其余种群感染的全部为B群;同时在所有感染两类共生菌的个体中并未发现共感染现象。【结论】不同地理种群褐飞虱感染Arsenophonus和Wolbachia两类共生菌的感染率并不一致;总体上褐飞虱雌虫Wolbachia感染率要高于雄虫,褐飞虱体内感染的两类共生菌与其它昆虫体内的共生菌序列高度一致或类似,且在所有检测的地理种群中均未发现有Spiroplasma和Cardinium感染。
文摘Wolbachia and Cardinium are widely distributed and are considered important for their ability to disturb reproduction and affect other fitness-related traits of their hosts. By using multilocus sequence typing （MLST）, RFLP （restriction fragment length poly- morphism） and 16S ribosomal DNA gene sequencing methods, we extensively surveyed Wolbachia and Cardinium infection status of four predominant rice planthoppers and one kind of leafhopper in different rice fields. The results demonstrated that Sogatellafurcifera （Horv^ith） and Laodelphax striatellus （Fallrn） were infected with the same Wolbachia strain （wStri）, while Nilaparvata lugens （St^l） and its closely related species Nilaparvata muiri China were infected with two phylogeneticlly distant strains, wLug and wMui, respectively. Three new Wolbachia strains （provisionally named wMfasl, wMfas2 and wMfas3） were detected in the leafhopper Macrostelesfascifrons （Stal）. Only S. furcifera was co-infected with Cardinium, which indicated that the distribution of Cardinium in these rice planthop- pers was narrower than that of Wolbachia. Unambiguous intragenic recombination events among these Wolbachia strains and incongruent phylogenetic relationships show that the connections between different Wolbachia strains and hosts were more complex than we expected. These results suggest that horizontal transmission and host associated special- ization are two factors affecting Wolbachia and Cardinium infections among planthoppers and their related species.
文摘Endosymbionts are important components of arthropod biology. The white- fly Bemisia tabaci （Gennadius） （Hemiptera： Aleyrodidae） is a cryptic species complex composed of 〉28 putative species. In addition to the primary endosymbiont Portiera aley- rodidarum, six secondary endosymbionts （S-endosymbionts）, Hamiltonella, Rickettsia, Wolbachia, Cardinium, Arsenophonus and Fritschea, have been identified in B. tabaci thus far. Here, we tested five of the six S-endosymbiont lineages （excluding Fritschea） from 340 whitely individuals representing six putative species from China. Harniltonella was detected only in the two exotic invaders, Middle East-Asia Minor 1 （MEAM 1） and Mediter- ranean （MED）. Rickettsia was absent in Asia II 1 and MED, scarce in Asia II 3 （13%）, but abundant in Asia II 7 （63.2%）, China 1 （84.7%） and MEAM1 （100%）. Wolbachia, Cardinium and Arsenophonus were absent in the invasive MEAM1 and MED but mostly abundant in the native putative species. Furthermore, phylogenetic analyses revealed that some S-endosymbionts have several clades and different B. tabaci putative species can harbor different clades of a given S-endosymbiont, demonstrating further the complexity of S-endosymbionts in B. tabaci. All together, our results demonstrate the variation and diversity of S-endosymbionts in different putative species ofB. tabaci, especially between invasive and native whiteflies.
