《茶经》作为中国茶文化的开山之作,其有效译介对中国传统文化的国际化传播进程影响深远。在现有的两个《茶经》英译本中,美国学者Francis Ross Carpenter的译本副文本信息占比近半。杰拉德·热奈特的理论将副文本作为文本不可分割...《茶经》作为中国茶文化的开山之作,其有效译介对中国传统文化的国际化传播进程影响深远。在现有的两个《茶经》英译本中,美国学者Francis Ross Carpenter的译本副文本信息占比近半。杰拉德·热奈特的理论将副文本作为文本不可分割的研究对象,为译作的研究提供了新视角。对译本副文本的科学、史学价值和意义进行历史语境解读,旨在重新评估首部英译本的学术价值和社会作用,有利于从国际层面加强对中华茶文化丰富内涵的诠释和体认,以促进副文本视角下翻译研究的发展、推进中国茶文化的海外传播。展开更多
AVQ(Adaptive Vector Quantizer)overcomes some shortcomings of traditional vectorquantizer with a fixed codebook trained and generated by the LBG or other algorithms by applyinga variab|e codebook.In this paper,we descr...AVQ(Adaptive Vector Quantizer)overcomes some shortcomings of traditional vectorquantizer with a fixed codebook trained and generated by the LBG or other algorithms by applyinga variab|e codebook.In this paper,we describe an effective and efficient implementation of AVQby modifying the CCN(Carpenter/Grossberg Net).The encoding process of AVQ is very similarto the learning process of the CGN.We study several different encoding schemes,includingwaveform AVQ,analysed parameter AVQ and so on,implemented by the CGN.And we simulatethe encoding performance of each scheme for encoding Gaussian process source,first order Gauss-Markov process source and practical speech signal.Our simulation results show that good qualityboth in subjective and objective tests can be obtained in a low or middle bit rate range.展开更多
The venom apparatus in the large carpenter bees, Xylocopafenestrata （Fabricius） （Hymenoptera： Apidae） has been studied It consists of typical parts, i.e., the venom sac, free filament, Dufour gland, sting shaft a...The venom apparatus in the large carpenter bees, Xylocopafenestrata （Fabricius） （Hymenoptera： Apidae） has been studied It consists of typical parts, i.e., the venom sac, free filament, Dufour gland, sting shaft and accessory sclerites. It is highly sclerotized and concealed by the 7th abdominal tergite and sternite. The venom sac serves as a reservoir for the venom which synthesized by the convoluted gland present in it, which is remarkably uniform to that of ants. The median duct extends from lower portion of venom sac, which measures 2.5 ±0.17 mm （mean ＋ SD） （n = 20） in length. The Dufour gland is a tube-like structure which is inserted in the sting-bulb. The triangular plate is attached at terminal portion of rami, which is in turn attached with lancets. The gonostyli are paired long and tubular structure with 5.29 ± 0.23 mm （n = 20） in length. The sting length is 5.29 ±0.23 mm （n = 20）. The fulcral arm is well-developed with an inverse Y-shaped structure present beneath the sting-bulb. Barbs on the sting shaft are weakly developed in X fenestrata but well developed in ants. The venom apparatus ofX. fenestrata when compared is similar to the bees but differs from that of the wasps and ants.展开更多
Aims: To investigate whether it is possible to determine the age of a bruise in a child in clinical practice by means of a systematic review. Methods: An all language literature search up to 2004. Included studies ass...Aims: To investigate whether it is possible to determine the age of a bruise in a child in clinical practice by means of a systematic review. Methods: An all language literature search up to 2004. Included studies assessed the age of bruises in live children less than 18 years old. Excluded: review articles, expert opinion, and single case reports. Standardised data extraction and critical appraisal forms were used. Two reviewers independently reviewed studies. Results: Of 167 studies reviewed, three were included: two studies described colour assessment in vivo and one from photographs. Although the Bariciak et al study showed a significant association between red/blue/purple colour and recent bruising and yellow/brown and green with older bruising, both this study and Stephenson and Bialas reported that any colour could be present in fresh, intermediate, and old bruises. Results on yellow colouration were conflicting. Stephenson and Bialas showed yellow colour in 10 bruises only after 24 hours, Carpenter after 48 hours, and Bariciak et al noted yellow/green/brown within 48 hours. Stephenson and Bialas reported that red was only seen in those of one week or less. The accuracy with which clinicians correctly aged a bruise to within 24 hours of its occurrence was less than 40%. The accuracy with which they could identify fresh, intermediate, or old bruises was 55-63%. Intra-and inter-observer reliability was poor. Conclusion: A bruise cannot accurately be aged from clinical assessment in vivo or on a photograph. At this point in time the practice of estimating the age of a bruise from its colour has no scientific basis and should be avoided in child protection proceedings.展开更多
文摘《茶经》作为中国茶文化的开山之作,其有效译介对中国传统文化的国际化传播进程影响深远。在现有的两个《茶经》英译本中,美国学者Francis Ross Carpenter的译本副文本信息占比近半。杰拉德·热奈特的理论将副文本作为文本不可分割的研究对象,为译作的研究提供了新视角。对译本副文本的科学、史学价值和意义进行历史语境解读,旨在重新评估首部英译本的学术价值和社会作用,有利于从国际层面加强对中华茶文化丰富内涵的诠释和体认,以促进副文本视角下翻译研究的发展、推进中国茶文化的海外传播。
文摘AVQ(Adaptive Vector Quantizer)overcomes some shortcomings of traditional vectorquantizer with a fixed codebook trained and generated by the LBG or other algorithms by applyinga variab|e codebook.In this paper,we describe an effective and efficient implementation of AVQby modifying the CCN(Carpenter/Grossberg Net).The encoding process of AVQ is very similarto the learning process of the CGN.We study several different encoding schemes,includingwaveform AVQ,analysed parameter AVQ and so on,implemented by the CGN.And we simulatethe encoding performance of each scheme for encoding Gaussian process source,first order Gauss-Markov process source and practical speech signal.Our simulation results show that good qualityboth in subjective and objective tests can be obtained in a low or middle bit rate range.
文摘The venom apparatus in the large carpenter bees, Xylocopafenestrata （Fabricius） （Hymenoptera： Apidae） has been studied It consists of typical parts, i.e., the venom sac, free filament, Dufour gland, sting shaft and accessory sclerites. It is highly sclerotized and concealed by the 7th abdominal tergite and sternite. The venom sac serves as a reservoir for the venom which synthesized by the convoluted gland present in it, which is remarkably uniform to that of ants. The median duct extends from lower portion of venom sac, which measures 2.5 ±0.17 mm （mean ＋ SD） （n = 20） in length. The Dufour gland is a tube-like structure which is inserted in the sting-bulb. The triangular plate is attached at terminal portion of rami, which is in turn attached with lancets. The gonostyli are paired long and tubular structure with 5.29 ± 0.23 mm （n = 20） in length. The sting length is 5.29 ±0.23 mm （n = 20）. The fulcral arm is well-developed with an inverse Y-shaped structure present beneath the sting-bulb. Barbs on the sting shaft are weakly developed in X fenestrata but well developed in ants. The venom apparatus ofX. fenestrata when compared is similar to the bees but differs from that of the wasps and ants.
文摘Aims: To investigate whether it is possible to determine the age of a bruise in a child in clinical practice by means of a systematic review. Methods: An all language literature search up to 2004. Included studies assessed the age of bruises in live children less than 18 years old. Excluded: review articles, expert opinion, and single case reports. Standardised data extraction and critical appraisal forms were used. Two reviewers independently reviewed studies. Results: Of 167 studies reviewed, three were included: two studies described colour assessment in vivo and one from photographs. Although the Bariciak et al study showed a significant association between red/blue/purple colour and recent bruising and yellow/brown and green with older bruising, both this study and Stephenson and Bialas reported that any colour could be present in fresh, intermediate, and old bruises. Results on yellow colouration were conflicting. Stephenson and Bialas showed yellow colour in 10 bruises only after 24 hours, Carpenter after 48 hours, and Bariciak et al noted yellow/green/brown within 48 hours. Stephenson and Bialas reported that red was only seen in those of one week or less. The accuracy with which clinicians correctly aged a bruise to within 24 hours of its occurrence was less than 40%. The accuracy with which they could identify fresh, intermediate, or old bruises was 55-63%. Intra-and inter-observer reliability was poor. Conclusion: A bruise cannot accurately be aged from clinical assessment in vivo or on a photograph. At this point in time the practice of estimating the age of a bruise from its colour has no scientific basis and should be avoided in child protection proceedings.
