Joint Estimation of Carrier Frequency and Phase Offset Based on Pilot Symbols in Quasi-Constant Envelope OFDM Satellite Systems

Spectral efficiency and energy efficiency are two important performance indicators of satellite systems. The Quasi-Constant Envelope Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing(QCE-OFDM) technique can achieve both high spectral efficiency and low peak-to-average power ratio(PAPR). Therefore, the QCE-OFDM technique is considered as a promising candidate multi-carrier technique for satellite systems. However, the Doppler effect will cause the carrier frequency offset(CFO), and the non-ideal oscillator will cause the carrier phase offset(CPO) in satellite systems. The CFO and CPO will further result in the bit-error-rate(BER) performance degradation. Hence, it is important to estimate and compensate the CFO and CPO. This paper analyzes the effects of both CFO and CPO in QCE-OFDM satellite systems. Furthermore, we propose a joint CFO and CPO estimation method based on the pilot symbols in the frequency domain. In addition, the optimal pilot symbol structure with different pilot overheads is designed according to the minimum Cramer-Rao bound(CRB) criterion. Simulation results show that the estimation accuracy of the proposed method is close to the CRB.

THE PERFORMANCE OF MT-CDMA SYSTEM IN THE PRESENCE OF CARRIER FREQUENCY OFFSET

In this letter,the sensitivity of an uplink Multi-Tone Code-Division Multiple Access (MT-CDMA) system to the Carrier Frequency Offset (CFO) is investigated. The analytical expression for the Bit Error Rate (BER) of uplink MT-CDMA in the presence of CFO is derived in a multipath Rayleigh fading channel which is verified through simulations. Both Maximal Ratio Combining (MRC) and Equal Gain Combining (EGC) are considered in combining multipath signals in the analysis. It is found that the BER performance can be improved with the number of multipath increasing in the presence of CFO.

CARRIER FREQUENCY OFFSET ESTIMATION FOR INTERLEAVED OFDMA UPLINK BASED ON SUBSPACE PROCESSING

This paper investigates Carrier Frequency Offset (CFO) estimation in the uplink of the Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) systems with the interleaved subcarrier assignment. CFOs between the transmitters and the uplink receiver will destroy orthogonality among different subcarriers, hence resulting in inter-carrier interference and multiuser interference. A two-stage frequency offset estimation algorithm based on subspace processing is proposed. The main advantage of the proposed method is that it can obtain the CFOs of all users simultaneously using only one OFDMA block. Compared with the previously known methods, it not only has a relatively low implementation complexity but is also suitable for random subchannel assignment.

ESTIMATION OF CARRIER FREQUENCY OFFSETS FOR MIMO SYSTEMS WITH DISTRIBUTED TRANSMIT ANTENNAS

The problem of estimating the carrier frequency offsets in Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) systems with distributed transmit antennas is addressed. It is supposed that the transmit antennas are distributed while the receive antennas are still centralized, and the general case where both the time delays and the frequency offsets are possibly different for each transmit antenna is considered. The channel is supposed to be frequency flat, and the macroscopic fading is also taken into consideration. A carrier frequency offset estimator based on Maximum Likelihood (ML) is proposed, which can separately estimate the frequency offset for each transmit antenna and exploit the spatial diversity. The Cramer-Rao Bound (CRB) for synchronous MIMO (i.e., the time delays for each transmit antenna are all equal) is also derived. Simulation results are given to illustrate the per- formance of the estimator and compare it with the CRB. It is shown that the estimator can provide satisfactory frequency offset estimates and its performance is close to the CRB for the Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) below 20dB.

PROPAGATOR BASED CLOSED-FORM BLIND CARRIER FREQUENCY OFFSET ESTIMATION FOR OFDM SYSTEMS

Most of the blind Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) Carrier Frequency Offset (CFO) estimators necessitate large number of samples to ensure the estimation accuracy. However, the number of samples can not be selected too large because of the carrier offset drift. In this letter, a new closed form algorithm for blind OFDM CFO estimation in frequency-selective channel is proposed. This method utilizes the propagator obtained from data matrix and the diagonal loading technique, thus it has better performance even only using one or two OFDM blocks. Furthermore, the range of the CFO estimation which can be handled is overall transmission spectral. Simulation results confirm its effectiveness.

JOINT ESTIMATION OF CARRIER FREQUENCY OFFSET AND POWER DELAY PROFILE FOR MIMO-OFDM SYSTEMS

This paper develops a Cyclic Prefix(CP)based joint Maximum-Likelihood(ML)estima-tion algorithm of Carrier Frequency Offset(CFO)and Power Delay Profile(PDP)for Multi-InputMulti-Output Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing(MIMO-OFDM)systems.However,theexact solution of the joint ML estimation is very complex since it needs a search over amulti-dimensional domain.Thus a simplified method is proposed to estimate the CFO and the PDPiteratively via the alternating-projection method which could induce the multidimensional searchproblem to a sequence of simple one-dimensional searches.Simulations show that the proposed algo-rithm is more accurate and robust than the existing algorithms.

Model-Free Adaptive Frequency Calibration for Voltage-Controlled Oscillators

The operating frequency accuracy of the local oscillators is critical for the overall system performance in the communication systems.However,the high-precision oscillators could be too expensive for civil applications.In this paper,we propose a model-free adaptive frequency calibration framework for a voltage-controlled crystal oscillator(VCO)equipped with a time to digital converter(TDC),which can significantly improve the frequency accuracy of the VCO thus calibrated.The idea is to utilize a high-precision TDC to directly measure the VCO period which is then passed to a model-free method for working frequency calibration.One advantage of this method is that the working frequency calibration employs the system history of input/output(I/O)data,instead of establishing an accurate VCO voltagecontrolled oscillator model.Another advantage is the lightweight calibration method with low complexity such that it can be implemented on an MCU with limited computation capabilities.Experimental results show that the proposed calibration method can improve the frequency accuracy of a VCO from±20 ppm to±10 ppb,which indicates the promise of the modelfree adaptive frequency calibrator for VCOs.

Frequency Offset Compensation for Satellite Communication System with CE-OFDM

Constant envelope orthogonal frequency division multiplexing(CE-OFDM) is a waveform that can achieve 0d B peak-to-average power ratio and avoid the signal distortion caused by the nonlinear power amplifi er. However, the carrier frequency offset(CFO) in CE-OFDM systems can cause errors at phase unwrapper module. In this paper, a CFO estimation scheme is proposed for CEOFDM in satellite communication system. As the null subcarrier is inherent in the conjugate symmetric symbol structure at the transmitter, the proposed scheme uses the null subcarrier as prior information to estimate the CFO at the receiver. The ideal estimation range of normalized CFO is obtained by mathematical analysis. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme can estimate the CFO accurately under additive white Gaussian noise(AWGN) channel and multipath fading channel, especially for moderate and high signal-to-noise ratio(SNR).

Joint frequency offset tracking and PAPR reduction algorithm in OFDM systems

This paper presents an algorithm that aims to reduce the peak-to-average power ratio（PAPR） of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing（OFDM） communication systems while maintaining frequency tracking.The algorithm achieves PAPR reduction by applying the complex conjugates of the data symbol obtained from the frequency domain to cancel the phase of the data symbol.A likelihood estimator is used to obtain the sub-carrier phase error due to the residual carrier frequency offset（RCFO） using the same complex conjugates as a pilot signal.Furthermore,a joint time and frequency domain multicarrier phase locked loop（MPLL） is developed to compensate additional frequency offset.Simulation results show that this algorithm is capable of reducing PAPR without impacting the frequency tracking performance.

Pseudo-noise preamble based joint frame and frequency synchronization algorithm in OFDM communication systems

Frame and frequency synchronization are essential for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing （OFDM） systems. The frame offset owing to incorrect start point position of the fast Fourier transform （FFT） window, and the carrier frequency offset （CFO） due to Doppler frequency shift or the frequency mismatch between the transmitter and receiver oscil ators, can bring severe inter-symbol interference （ISI） and inter-carrier interference （ICI） for the OFDM system. Relying on the relatively good correlation charac-teristic of the pseudo-noise （PN） sequence, a joint frame offset and normalized CFO estimation algorithm based on PN preamble in time domain is developed to realize the frame and frequency synchronization in the OFDM system. By comparison, the perfor-mances of the traditional algorithm and the improved algorithm are simulated under different conditions. The results indicate that the PN preamble based algorithm both in frame offset estimation and CFO estimation is more accurate, resource-saving and robust even under poor channel condition, such as low signal-to-noise ratio （SNR） and large normalized CFO.

Monolithic CEO-stabilization scheme-based frequency comb from an octave-spanning laser

We demonstrate a carder-envelope phase-stabilized octave-spanning oscillator based on the monolithic scheme. A wide output spectrum extending from 480 nm to 1050 nm was generated directly from an all-chirped mirror Ti：sapphire laser. After several improvements, the carder-envelope offset （CEO） beat frequency accessed nearly 60 dB under a reso- lution of 100 kHz. Using a feedback system with 50-kHz bandwidth, we compressed the residual phase noise to 55 mrad （integrated from 1 Hz to 1 MHz） for the stabilized CEO, corresponding to 23-as timing jitter at the central wavelength of 790 nm. This is, to the best of our knowledge, the smallest timing jitter achieved among the existing octave-spanning laser based frequency combs.

Complexity Effective Frequency and Sidelink Synchronization Algorithm for LTE Device-to-Device Communication Systems

Device-to-device(D2D)communication is considered as a major challenge in the long term evolution(LTE)network wherein devices directly communicate with each other.One of the key challenges in D2D sidelink is reliable and reduced-complexity synchronization.To address this issue,a computationally efficient sequential detection scheme for integer carrier frequency offset and sidelink identity is proposed in the LTE-D2D system.To perform the frequency offset detection without retrieving the sidelink identity,the conjugate relation between two primary sidelink synchronization sequences is exploited,which facilitates the detection tasks of frequency offset and sidelink identity to be decoupled.It is demonstrated from simulation results that the inherent property of the sidelink synchronization sequences is effectively used for joint detection of frequency offset and sidelink identity with significantly reduced complexity,compared to existing estimation schemes.

Frequency Synchronization in OFDM System

An accurate frequency synchronization method using the zadoff-chu (ZC) constant envelop preamble is analyzed, and a new preamble weighted by pseudo-noise sequence is used for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. Using this method, frequency offset estimator range is greatly enlarged with no loss in accuracy. The range of the frequency estimation is ±30 of subcarrier spacing using ZC sequence as preamble. Simulations in the MATLAB for an AWGN channel show that the proposed method achieves superior performance to existing techniques in terms of frequency accuracy and range.

基于立方Farrow结构的插值细搜频偏估计算法

在高动态通信环境中,由相对运动引起的多普勒频移会在接收机下变频所得的基带信号中引入残留频偏,致使基带信号的相位发生偏离。对频偏进行精确估计是提升高动态环境通信质量的重要途径。传统方法通常通过对快速傅里叶变换(Fast Fourier Transform,FFT)后所得频谱进行一维搜索来估计载波频偏值,只能估计整数倍频点。为了进一步提高频偏估计的精度,本文提出了一种基于立方Farrow结构的插值细搜(Interpolation Detail Search, IDS)算法。仿真结果表明,此算法仅在16倍插值条件下就得到了逼近克拉美罗界(Cramer-Rao Bounds,CRB)的频偏估计性能,信噪比精度损失仅为1.2 dB,具有良好的估计性能。

Performance evaluation for PCC-OFDM systems impaired by carrier frequency offset over AWGN channels

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing （OFDM） is sensitive to carrier frequency offset （CFO）, which destroys the orthogonality and causes inter-carrier interference （ICI）. ICI self-cancellation schemes based on polynomial cancellation coding （PCC-OFDM） can evidently reduce the sensitivity to CFO. In this paper, we analyze the performance of PCC-OFDM systems impaired by CFO over additive white gaussian noise （AWGN） channels. Two criteria are used to evaluate the effect of CFO on performance degradations. Firstly, the closed-form expressions of the average carrier-to-interference power ratio （CIR） and the statistical average ICI power, both of which reflect the desired power loss, are presented. Simulation and analytical results show that the theoretical expressions depend crucially on the normalized frequency offset and are hardly relevant to the number of subcarriers. Secondly, by exploiting the properties of the Beaulieu series, the effect of CFO on symbol error rate （SER） and bit error rate （BER） performance for PCC-OFDM systems are exactly expressed as the sum of an infinite series in terms of the charac- teristic function （CHF） of ICI. We consider the systems modulated with binary phase shift keying （BPSK）, quadrature PSK （QPSK）, 8-ary PSK （8-PSK）, and 16-ary quadrature amplitude modulation （16-QAM）, and all above modulation schemes are mapped with Gray codes for the evaluations of BER.

基于STBC的MIMO OFDM系统中的I/Q不平衡及CFO的联合均衡策略

基于STBC方案,针对MIMO OFDM通信系统中同时存在发射机和接收机I/Q不平衡、前端滤波器失配、CFO和频率选择性信道失真的组合影响进行了深入研究,并提出了一种适用的联合均衡策略;具体实现是首先通过对MIMO OFDM系统中只存在发射机I/Q不平衡和多径信道干扰的分析,得到一种频域均衡器;然后再考虑同时存在接收机I/Q不平衡和CFO的情况,得到了2个时域均衡器;最后把2个时域均衡器变换到频域,并结合消除发射机I/Q不平衡和多径信道干扰的频域均衡技术,提出了一种全面的联合均衡技术即频域子载波均衡器。仿真结果表明,针对MIMO OFDM系统提出的频域子载波均衡技术不仅能扩展到其他高阶STBC系统,而且使均衡后的系统BER性能得到了明显的提高。

Blind CFO estimation algorithm for OFDM systems by using generalized precoding and trilinear model

This paper discusses the blind carrier frequency offset （CFO） estimation for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing （OFDM） systems by utilizing trilinear decomposition and genera- lized preceding. Firstly, the generalized precoding is employed to obtain multiple covariance matrices which are requisite for the trilinear model, and then a novel CFO estimation algorithm is proposed for the OFDM system. Compared with both the joint diagonalizer and estimation of signal parameters via rotational invariant technique （ESPRIT）, the proposed algorithm enjoys a better CFO estimation performance. Furthermore, the proposed algorithm can work well without virtual carriers. Simulation results illustrate the performance of this algorithm,

一种带有CFO补偿的OFDMA上行链路Turbo接收机

提出了一种带有多用户载波频率偏移(CFO)联合补偿功能的迭代(Turbo)接收机,用于频率非同步环境下的正交频分多址(OFDMA)上行信号接收处理。基于频域Turbo均衡原理,该接收机实现了带有软干扰消除(SIC)的CFO补偿、最小均方误差(MMSE)频域均衡和最大后验(MAP)信道译码的联合迭代处理。理论分析和仿真结果均表明:与传统的非迭代接收机相比,文中所提Turbo接收机利用MAP译码器的软判决反馈信息实现了干扰重构和消除,在迭代中获得了更优的频率同步性能和误比特率性能;与现有几种典型的迭代接收机相比,文中所提Turbo接收机具有更优的误比特率性能和更低的实现复杂度。

空频码异步协作通信中的多CFO补偿

在协作通信中为了对抗同步误差,可基于OFDM技术在中继节点采用空频码实现协作分集和多径分集。OFDM可以抗定时误差,但对载波频率偏移非常敏感,对于协作通信,多个载波频率偏移的存在使得频率补偿很难实现。利用空频码结构和载波间干扰能量分布特点,提出在发射端调整空频码相对位置,在接收端进行多次频率搬移和相应的FFT变换,能有效对抗多个载波频率偏移。在此基础上采用Q抽头滤波算法,以较低的算法复杂度实现了接近于最小均方误差的性能。