Zataria multiflora and its constituent,carvacrol,counteract sepsis-induced aortic and cardiac toxicity in rat:Involvement of nitric oxide and oxidative stress

Background:Zataria multiflora and carvacrol showed various pharmacological prop-erties including anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects.However,up to now no studies have explored its potential benefits in ameliorating sepsis-induced aortic and cardiac injury.Thus,this study aimed to investigate the effects of Z.multiflora and carvacrol on nitric oxide(NO)and oxidative stress indicators in lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced aortic and cardiac injury.Methods:Adult male Wistar rats were assigned to:Control,lipopolysaccharide(LPS)(1 mg/kg,intraperitoneal(i.p.)),and Z.multiflora hydro-ethanolic extract(ZME,50–200 mg/kg,oral)-and carvacrol(25–100 mg/kg,oral)-treated groups.LPS was in-jected daily for 14 days.Treatment with ZME and carvacrol started 3 days before LPS administration and treatment continued during LPS administration.At the end of the study,the levels of malondialdehyde(MDA),NO,thiols,and antioxidant enzymes were evaluated.Results:Our findings showed a significant reduction in the levels of superoxide dis-mutase(SOD),catalase(CAT),and thiols in the LPS group,which were restored by ZME and carvacrol.Furthermore,ZME and carvacrol decreased MDA and NO in car-diac and aortic tissues of LPS-injected rats.Conclusions:The results suggest protective effects of ZME and carvacrol on LPS-induced cardiovascular injury via improved redox hemostasis and attenuated NO pro-duction.However,additional studies are needed to elucidate the effects of ZME and its constituents on inflammatory responses mediated by LPS.

In vitro antibacterial activity of thymol and carvacrol and their effects on broiler chickens challenged with Clostridium perfringens

Background： In the post-antibiotic era, essential oils （EO） are promising alternatives to growth-promoting antibiotics. The aim of the present study was to investigate the antibacterial activities of an EO product and its components thymol and carvacrol in vitro, and the efficacy of EO to control Clostridium perffingens challenge in broiler chickens. Results： The in vitro minimum inhibitory concentration assay showed strong antibacterial activity of the EO product, thymol, and carvacrol against pathogenic Escherichia col~, C. perffingens, and Salmonella strains, and weak activity towards beneficial Lactobacillus strains. Besides, an additive effect was observed between thymol and carvacrol. The in vivo study was carried out with 448 male broiler chicks following a 4 x 2 factorial arrangement to test the effects of EO supplementation （0, 60, 120, or 240 mg/kg EO in wheat-based diet）, pathogen challenge （with or without oral gavage of C. perfr/ngens from day 14 to day 20） and their interactions. Each treatment consisted of eight replicate pens （seven birds/pen）. The challenge led to macroscopic gut lesions, and resulted in a significant increase in ileal populations of C. perffingens and Eschefichia subgroup （P ≤ 0.05） on day 21. Dietary EO supplementation did not influence C. perfringens numbers, but linearly alleviated intestinal lesions on day 21 and 28 （P= 0.010 and 0.036, respectively）, and decreased Eschefichia populations in ileum with increased EO dosages （P = 0.027 and 0.071 for day 21 and 28, respectively）. For caecum, EO quadratically influenced Lactobacillus populations on day 21 （P = 0.002）, and linearly decreased the numbers of total bacteria and Eschefichio on day 28 （P = 0.026 and 0.060, respectively）. Mean thymol and carvacrol concentrations in the small intestine were 0.21 and 0.20 μg/g in intestinal digesta （wet weight）, respectively, for birds fed 60 mg/kg EO, and 0.80 and 0.71 μg/g, respectively, for birds fed 240 mg/kg EO. Conclusions： These results indicated that dietary EO supplementation could affect intestinal microbiota and alleviate intestinal lesions in broilers, which may contribute in controlling C. perffingens infection in broiler chickens.

Effects of different amino acid levels and a carvacrol-thymol blend on growth performance and intestinal health of weaned pigs

Background:Over the past years,antibiotic growth promoter had been restricted in animal husbandry production in many countries because of antimicrobial resistance and foodborne antibiotic residues.However,the problems of poor intestinal health and low growth efficiency of piglets have not been solved completely in an antibiotic-free diet,and it is urgent to explore alternatives to antimicrobial growth promoters.Methods:Here,a total of 532 weaned pigs were assigned to one of 4 treatments,the low amino acid(AA)level diet(d 1 to d 14 is 1.35%,d 15 to d 42 is 1.25%)(Low AA),the low AA level diet supplementation with a carvacrol-thymol blend(50 mg carvacrol and 50 mg thymol/kg of diet)(CB)(Low AA+CB),the high AA level diet(d 1 to d 14 is 1.50%,d 15 to d 42 is 1.40%)(High AA),and the high AA level diet supplementation with a CB(High AA+CB),respectively.Then we measured growth performance and intestinal health indicators of weaned pigs.Results:Results showed that high AA level significantly reduced plasma urea nitrogen,plasma Interleukin-6(IL-6)and fecal lipocalin-2 contents(P<0.05),significantly increased the relative abundance of fecal Lactobacillus and Enterococcus,and had a trend to increase the fecal secretory immunoglobulin A(sIgA)and mucin 2(MUC 2)contents(P<0.05)in piglets,thereby alleviating the diarrhea of piglets and reducing the feed conversion ratio(FCR)of piglets during d 1~14 after weaning.Dietary supplementation with CB significantly increased the activity of plasma antioxidant enzymes T-SOD and GSH-px(P<0.05),while significantly reduced plasma malondialdehyde(MDA),plasma interleukin-1β(IL-1β),plasma endotoxin and D-lactic acid contents(P<0.05).Meanwhile,CB significantly decreased fecal lipocalin-2 contents and the abundance of fecal Escherichia coli(P<0.05).Thus,we hypothesis that dietary supplementation with CB significantly increased the average daily gain(ADG)of piglets(P<0.05)during d 1~14 after weaning through promoting intestinal health.Conclusion:These results suggest that high AA level and dietary supplementation with CB improved the growth performance of weaned pigs in an antibiotic-free diet by improving AA metabolism and intestinal antioxidant capacity.

Carvacrol suppresses the expression of inflammatory marker genes in D-galactosamine-hepatotoxic rats

Objective:To unravel the mechanism of anti-inflammatory activity of carvacrol in D-galactosamine(D-GalN)-induced hepatotoxic rats.Methods:The mRNA and protein expression levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha(TNF-α).interleukin-6[IL-6).inducible nitric oxide synthase(iNOS),cyelooxy genase-2(COX-2) and nuclear faclor kappa-B(NF-κB) were assayed by semi-quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction(RTPCR) and western blot analysis.Results:We found that the mRNA and protein expressions of TNF-α. IL-6,iNOS,COX-2 and NF-κB were significanlly up-regulated in D-galactosamine induced hepatotoxic rats and treatment with carvacrol significantly down-regulated the expressions of these genes showing the mechanism behind the anti-inflammatory activity of carvacrol. Conclusions:All above results reveal that the carvacrol well known anti-inflammatory activities in D-galactosamine induced hepatotoxic rats.

Carvacrol抑制ADAM9在口腔鳞状细胞癌中的表达

目的:探讨carvacrol对口腔鳞状细胞癌中ADAM9表达的影响。方法:蛋白印记法分析carvacrol处理的口腔鳞状细胞癌中的去整合素金属蛋白酶9(ADAM9)蛋白表达。另外,提取40μmol/L carvacrol处理24小时的UM-SCC-23细胞系和Tca8113细胞系中总RNA进行反转录,利用实时定量PCR(real-time PCR)扩增检测ADAM9基因表达。结果:Carvacrol明显降低UM-SCC-23细胞系和Tca8113细胞系ADAM9的蛋白和基因表达。结论:研究揭示了carvacrol的重要机制,可能为口腔鳞状细胞癌治疗提供新的理论依据。

Hepato-and reno-protective effects of thymoquinone,crocin,and carvacrol:A comprehensive review

Medicinal plants are rich in nutrients and phytochemicals which prevent and treat a wide range of ailments.Accumulating experimental studies exhibit that some bioactive ingredients extracted from medicinal plants have suitable therapeutic effects on hepatic and renal injuries.This review focuses on the hepato-and reno-protective effects of thymoquinone,crocin,and carvacrol.The relevant literature was retrieved from PubMed,Scopus,Web of Science,and Google Scholar databases from the beginning of 2015 until the end of November 2021.According to the scientific evidence,the considered phytochemicals in this review have been applied with useful therapeutic effects on hepatic and renal damage.These therapeutic effects were mainly mediated through the amelioration of oxidative stress,suppression of inflammatory responses,and inhibition of apoptosis.Intracellular signaling pathways linked to nuclear factor kappa B(NF-κB),adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase,c-jun N-terminal kinase,and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and Toll-like receptors are the most important pathways targeted by these phytochemicals.Up-regulation of transcription factor Nrf2 and down-regulation of transforming growth factor-beta 1 by these natural compounds also contribute to the alleviation of hepatic and renal injuries.

New Sulfonamides Derived from Carvacrol: Compounds with High Antibacterial Activity against Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Strains

Nine new sulfonamides derived from carvacrol were prepared through a reaction between 4-hydroxy-2-isopropyl-5-methyl benzene sulfonyl chloride with various amines in excellent yields (76% - 92%). The sulfonamides were characterized using spectrometric and spectroscopic methods. Among these compounds, three derivatives showed excellent results in antibacterial activity against resistant S. aureus strains, with MIC values ranging from 3.9 to 62.50 ppm. The sulfonamide derivative of 4-methylaniline (SULF-1) had the best performance for all tested strains of bacteria (MIC = 3.9 to 15.62 ppm). Furthermore, the sulfonamide derivative of 4-fluoro aniline (SULF-3), which also presented promising results, was found to have a synergistic effect when combined with tetracycline and partial synergistic effect when combined with ampicillin, exhibiting an FIC index between 0.50 and 0.75. The sulfonamide derivative of 4-methylaniline had a synergistic effect in combination with erythromycin exhibiting an FIC index of 0.37. Carvacrol in association with the antibiotics tested did not have a synergistic effect.

Antimicrobial Oil-in-Water Nanoemulsions： Synergistic Effect of Nisin and Carvacrol against Bacillus subtilis

The aim of this study was to elucidate the mode of action of two antimicrobial compounds, nisin, which is hydrophilic, and the lipophilic compound carvacrol. For that purpose, both antimicrobials were loaded into Oil-in-/Water nanoemulsions, and their antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis was investigated. The experimental results indicated that the O/W nanoemulsions loaded with both, nisin and carvacrol, having Sauter mean diameter （d3,2） of around 120 nm, were considerably stable under the conditions investigated （up to 1 week storage at room temperature）. The interfacial tension between nisin aqueous solutions and soybean oil could be reduced up to 12 mN/m, as compared to that of pure water and soybean oil （21 mN/m）, so that demonstrating the potential of nisin to be used as emulsifier. The results obtained for O/W nanoemulsions loaded with both antimicrobial compounds indicated a reduction of nearly two log cycles （around 100 times） on B. subtilis population upon incubation for 24 h, compared to the blank （10 mM phosphate buffer）.

Effect of Oregano Carvacrol on Growth Performance of Broiler

The product of plant essential oil, oregano carvacrol, was added in the diet of broiler, to study the effect of oregano carvacrol on growth performance of broilers. Using single factor test, 190 663 individuals of healthy AA broilers at 0 day old were randomly divided into two groups, eight repeats in control group and four repeats in experimental group. The broilers in control group were fed with basal diet （containing 10 mg/kg cnramycin and 60 mg/kg salinomycin sodium）, and those in experimental groups were fed with the basal diet adding with 100 mg/kg oregano carvacrol. Compared with control group, the daily gain of broilers in exper- imental group was increased noticeably by 3.41 g/broiler （P 〈 0. 05） ; the slaughter quality was increased remarkably by 143 g/broiler （P 〈 0.05 ） ; the survival rate was increased significantly by 3.01% （ P 〈 0.05 ） ; and the feed gain ratio was reduced markedly by 0.08 （ P 〈 0.05 ）. The paper provided a theoretical basis for application of oregano carvacrol in broiler production.

Influence of Carvacrol on the Growth Performance,Hematological,Non-Specific Immune and Serum Biochemistry Parameters in Rainbow Trout(Oncorhynchus mykiss)

The present study investigated the effects of phytoadditive carvacrol on growth performance, feed utilization, hematological, non-specific immune and serum biochemical parameters in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). In trial, 240 rainbow trout which had average weight of 10.79 ± 0.57 was used. Fish were divided into four groups before being fed for 60 days with 0, 1 (C1), 3 (C3) or 5 (C5) g/kg of carvacrol. There were no particular differences in the growth performance, feed utilization, whole body composition, hematological parameters between the experimental group and the control group. However, as compared to control group, a significant increase of serum lysozyme activity was seen in groups receiving feed containing C3 and C5 groups after 30 days. The myeloperoxidase activity in groups (C1 and C3) was significantly higher on the 30th day of sampling. Myeloperoxidase activity of C5 treated group was significantly higher on the 60th day in comparison with the control group. Serum glucose levels significantly decreased on 60th day for C1, C3 and C5 treated groups. The serum total protein, globulin and triglyceride levels of C3 treated groups was significantly higher on the 60th day in comparison with the control and other carvacrol treated groups. The level of serum cholesterol in C5 treated groups was significantly lower on the 30th day in comparison with the control and other carvacrol treated groups. The results of the present study indicated that dietary supplementation of 3 g/kg of carvacrol in commercial diets could improve some non-specific and biochemical status in rainbow trout.

香芹酚对肠炎沙门氏菌的抗菌活性及机制研究

为探讨香芹酚对肠炎沙门氏菌的抗菌活性及抗菌机制,试验以天然植物精油香芹酚为研究对象,以肠炎沙门氏菌作为指示菌,通过测定肠炎沙门氏菌的抑菌圈直径、最小抑菌浓度(MIC)、最小杀菌浓度(MBC)和生长情况以评价香芹酚的抗菌活性;研究不同浓度香芹酚对肠炎沙门氏菌菌液电导率、胞外蛋白质和核酸浓度、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活性及细菌结构变化的影响。结果表明:香芹酚对肠炎沙门氏菌的抑菌圈直径、MIC、MBC分别为(22.5±2.6)mm、0.125μg/mL、0.25μg/mL,肠炎沙门氏菌在1 MIC和2 MIC香芹酚作用下生长受到了明显抑制;随着香芹酚浓度增大,菌液电导率呈现增长的趋势;培养至第3,6小时时,胞外蛋白质和核酸浓度随香芹酚浓度升高显著升高(P<0.05);培养至第6小时时,AKP活性随香芹酚浓度升高显著升高(P<0.05);0.5MIC~2MIC香芹酚能够破坏菌体结构,使菌体出现形态改变、皱缩、溶解等结构变化。说明香芹酚可以通过破坏肠炎沙门氏菌菌体细胞壁或细胞膜通透性及完整性,致使菌体内容物泄露,对肠炎沙门氏菌表现出良好的抗菌活性。

香芹酚纳米乳液制备及其对腐败希瓦氏菌的抑制作用

【目的】探究使用超声波乳化法制备香芹酚纳米乳液(Carvacrol nanoemulsion,CNE)的最佳条件,并分析CNE抑制腐败希瓦氏菌(Shewanella putrefaciens)的作用机制。【方法】通过正交实验优化CNE制备条件,分析乳化剂吐温-80用量、油相占比与超声时间对CNE平均粒径影响,对优化后的CNE进行平均粒径、多分散指数、形态、稳定性与抗菌活性表征,并初步探究其对腐败希瓦氏菌的作用机制。【结果】乳化剂吐温-80体积分数为11%、油相香芹酚体积分数为5%、超声时间为5 min时,CNE平均粒径最小,为(145.83±4.77)nm。优化后制备的CNE在热处理(25~100℃)条件下维持稳定,在pH接近中性时的Zeta电位绝对值较高,且在4℃下最适合贮藏。制备的CNE对腐败希瓦氏菌的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)为15.63μL/mL。腐败希瓦氏菌在CNE的处理下,其碱性磷酸酶活性上升,琥珀酸脱氢酶活性下降,蛋白质、核酸泄露量增加。推测CNE是通过破坏细胞壁完整性、细胞膜通透性和能量代谢途径抑制腐败希瓦氏菌生长。【结论】以香芹酚为原料制备的CNE对腐败希瓦氏菌具有较好抑制效果,具备作为鱼类保鲜抗菌剂的潜力。

香芹酚乳液的稳定性和抑菌性研究

为了改善精油乳液的稳定性和抑菌性,使用吐温80、十二烷基硫酸钠(sodium dodecyl sulfate,SDS)作为乳化剂制备不同的香芹酚乳液,探究不同乳液的粒径、多分散指数(polydispersity index,PDI)、Zeta电位、抑菌性和贮藏稳定性的变化,并研究了香芹酚(carvacrol,CA)与香芹酚乳液的最小抑菌浓度(minimum inhibitory concentration,MIC)和抗氧化活性差异。结果表明,与只使用吐温80制备的香芹酚乳液相比,SDS的加入可以显著降低香芹酚乳液的粒径和PDI值,增强乳液的Zeta电位值,并将香芹酚乙醇混合液[carvacrol-ethanol solution,CES,m(香芹酚)∶m(无水乙醇)=3∶1]含量由200 g/L提高到了400 g/L,同时抑菌性也有了明显的增强,并且以吐温80和SDS作为复合乳化剂制备的香芹酚乳液分别在4℃和25℃下贮藏45 d粒径均无明显变化。香芹酚对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌和枯草芽孢杆菌的MIC分别为0.3125、0.6250、1.2500、0.6250 mg/mL,而香芹酚乳液对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌和枯草芽孢杆菌的MIC均为0.3125 mg/mL。当香芹酚含量为5 mg/mL时,香芹酚和香芹酚乳液的DPPH自由基清除率分别为76.50%、82.54%,乳化体系增强了香芹酚的抗氧化活性。该研究为精油的广泛应用提供参考依据。

香芹酚的生理功能及其在家禽生产中的应用研究进展

香芹酚是一种在芳香植物中普遍存在的生物学活性物质,具有抗炎、抗氧化、改善肠道健康等生理功能,被广泛应用于家禽饲料添加剂,以改善家禽肠道健康,提高畜禽产品品质。在全球禁抗的大背景下,深入研究和解析香芹酚等产品的功能特性对其在家禽生产中的应用十分重要。本文主要围绕香芹酚的结构特征、生理功能及其在家禽养殖中的应用进行阐述,旨为香芹酚在家禽生产中的科学应用提供理论依据和技术支持。

基于TMT技术的香芹酚和丁香酚杀螨机制分析

为了探究香芹酚和丁香酚的杀螨机制,试验首先设置香芹酚组、丁香酚组和阴性对照组共3组,每组3个重复,香芹酚组、丁香酚组和阴性对照组分别用0.15%丁香酚、0.05%香芹酚和液体石蜡处理疥螨4 h后提取疥螨蛋白质,蛋白质经还原烷基化、酶解及串联质谱标记(tandem mass tag, TMT)后进行高效液相色谱分离和液相色谱串联质谱分析;然后对香芹酚组/阴性对照组及丁香酚组/阴性对照组的差异表达蛋白进行分析,并对差异表达蛋白进行GO功能富集分析和KEGG信号通路富集分析;最后筛选与香芹酚、丁香酚杀螨相关的差异表达蛋白。结果表明:香芹酚组/阴性对照组共有蛋白4 692个,其中差异表达蛋白235个(上调蛋白113个,下调蛋白122个);丁香酚组/阴性对照组共有蛋白4 824个,其中差异表达蛋白103个(上调蛋白43个,下调蛋白60个)。香芹酚组/阴性对照组差异表达蛋白极显著富集(P<0.01)的GO二级条目包括平滑信号通路、从细胞核输出的蛋白质调节、氧化磷酸化等;显著富集(P<0.05)的GO二级条目包括核质转运的调节、细胞内蛋白质运输的调节、甘油酯生物合成过程等。丁香酚组/阴性对照组差异表达蛋白极显著富集(P<0.01)的GO二级条目包括tRNA修饰、ncRNA处理;显著富集(P<0.05)的GO二级条目包括细胞酰胺代谢过程、正向调节蛋白定位到细胞核、含蝶啶化合物分解代谢过程等。香芹酚组/阴性对照组差异表达蛋白显著富集(P<0.05)的KEGG信号通路包括α-亚麻酸代谢、卟啉与叶绿素代谢、癌症蛋白聚糖等。丁香酚组/阴性对照组差异表达蛋白显著富集(P<0.05)的KEGG信号通路包括核糖体、军团杆菌病。与香芹酚杀螨机制相关的GO二级条目为氧化磷酸化,磷脂酰甘油磷酸合成酶和细胞色素C氧化酶亚基1注释到这一过程中;与阴性对照组比较,香芹酚组的磷脂酰甘油磷酸合成酶显著上调(P<0.05),细胞色素C氧化酶亚基1显著下调(P<0.05)。与丁香酚杀螨机制相关的KEGG信号通路为核糖体,核糖体L23蛋白60S亚基、核糖体L32蛋白39S亚基、核糖体L3蛋白39S亚基、核糖体S16蛋白28S亚基、核糖体L1蛋白39S亚基注释到这一KEGG信号通路中;与阴性对照组比较,丁香酚组的上述蛋白均显著下调(P<0.05)。说明香芹酚杀螨机制与氧化磷酸化这一过程相关,丁香酚杀螨机制与核糖体蛋白表达相关。

香芹酚抑制高毒力肺炎克雷伯菌生物被膜形成机制的研究

目的探究香芹酚抑制高毒力肺炎克雷伯菌生物被膜形成的潜在作用机制。方法通过检测香芹酚对高毒力肺炎克雷伯菌生物被膜形成和形态学的影响、胞外多糖及荚膜多糖含量的改变,以及生物被膜相关基因rmp A2、mag A、mrk A、mrk B、tre C表达量的变化,分析其作用的可能机制。结果香芹酚对高毒力肺炎克雷伯菌的最低抑菌浓度为512μg/mL,且对该菌生物被膜形成有明显的抑制作用,其效应呈浓度依赖性;扫描电镜观察显示,香芹酚干预状态下,生物被膜结构松散,细胞之间连接不致密;刚果红吸附试验与间羟基联苯比色法测定表明,香芹酚可降低高毒力肺炎克雷伯菌荚膜多糖含量而不影响胞外多糖总含量;荧光定量PCR显示,在亚抑菌浓度香芹酚作用下,有关荚膜多糖合成、糖转运系统及菌毛黏附相关基因表达量降低均超过50%。结论香芹酚对高毒力肺炎克雷伯菌生物被膜形成具有明显的抑制作用,其机制可能与降低细菌荚膜多糖合成、糖转运系统及菌毛黏附等生物被膜相关基因的表达有关。

壬醛与香芹酚复合抑菌微胶囊的制备及其对蓝莓的保鲜作用

为开发适合蓝莓采后贮藏保鲜的非接触式抑菌型天然固体缓释保鲜剂,以蓝莓采后主要病害病原菌灰霉菌为目标菌种,首先采用棋盘法从10种抑菌精油中筛选出具有协同抑菌作用的精油组合,再以包埋率为指标,通过响应面实验优化复合精油-β-环糊精微胶囊最佳制备工艺条件,并对其结构及功能特性进行表征,最后研究了微胶囊对蓝莓的保鲜效果。结果表明,壬醛与香芹酚具有协同抑制灰霉菌生长的效果;最佳制备工艺为β-环糊精/复合精油比8.75∶1(g/mL),包埋温度50.3℃,包埋时间2.0 h,微胶囊包埋率可达78.23%;扫描电镜观察微胶囊形态为规则晶体结构,平均粒径为16.86μm;抑菌实验表明,随着微胶囊用量增加,其对灰霉菌的抑制作用也提高;经过26 d释放后,在4℃和20℃微胶囊中复合精油最大累积释放率分别为50.52%和57.78%,具备缓释特性。在蓝莓保鲜实验中,贮藏至2周+8 d,相较空白对照(CK),6%(以果实质量分数计)微胶囊组蓝莓的商品率提高了39.73%、霉菌总数降低了61.39%,延缓了硬度、可溶性固形物、可滴定酸与抗坏血酸含量的下降,有效保持了蓝莓的品质。

香芹酚对恶臭假单胞菌的抑制作用

以恶臭假单胞菌(Pseudomonas putida)为对象,通过测定恶臭假单胞菌生长曲线、群集性、泳动性、核酸泄漏情况及产胞外蛋白酶和生物被膜能力等指标,考察不同体积分数香芹酚对恶臭假单胞菌的抑菌效果。结果表明:当香芹酚体积分数≥0.015%时,对恶臭假单胞菌的生长、运动能力、产胞外蛋白酶和生物被膜能力具有极显著抑制作用(P<0.01);当香芹酚体积分数为0.025%时,恶臭假单胞菌所产生物被膜含量比空白组极显著减少86.35%(P<0.01)。香芹酚可通过抑制生长、产生物被膜能力及运动能力破环细胞膜通透性,导致大量细胞内容物泄漏,从而对恶臭假单胞菌产生抑菌作用。

牛至香酚和枯草芽孢杆菌对育成期乌苏里貉生长性能、营养物质消化代谢和抗氧化能力的影响

本试验旨在探究不同添加水平的牛至香酚和枯草芽孢杆菌对乌苏里貉生长性能、营养物质消化代谢及抗氧化能力的影响。试验采用3×3双因素随机试验设计,选取160只健康的(70±5)日龄乌苏里貉仔貉,随机分为10组,每组4个重复,每个重复4只(公母比例为1∶1)。对照组为基础饲粮+抗生素(100 mg/kg喹烯酮+500 mg/kg金霉素);试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ组为基础饲粮+100 mg/kg牛至香酚,并在此基础上分别添加150、300和450 mg/kg枯草芽孢杆菌;试验Ⅳ、Ⅴ和Ⅵ组为基础饲粮+200 mg/kg牛至香酚,并在此基础上分别添加150、300和450 mg/kg枯草芽孢杆菌;试验Ⅶ、Ⅷ和Ⅸ组为基础饲粮+300 mg/kg牛至香酚,并在此基础上分别添加150、300和450 mg/kg枯草芽孢杆菌。预试期7 d,正试期82 d。结果显示:1)各试验组的初重、末重、平均日增重、平均日采食量及料重比与对照组相比均无显著差异(P>0.05),但以试验Ⅲ组的末重及料重比最优。2)试验Ⅰ、Ⅲ组的干物质表观消化率显著高于对照组(P<0.05);试验Ⅳ、Ⅷ及Ⅸ组的粗蛋白质表观消化率显著高于对照组(P<0.05);各试验组的粗脂肪表观消化率与对照组相比无显著差异(P>0.05)。3)试验Ⅳ组的氮沉积、净蛋白质利用率及蛋白质生物学价值均显著低于对照组(P<0.05),其余试验组与对照组相比无显著差异(P>0.05)。4)试验Ⅷ组的血清谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性最高,与对照组及试验Ⅳ、Ⅸ组相比差异不显著(P>0.05),但显著高于其余各组(P<0.05);各试验组血清丙二醛(MDA)含量与对照组相比均无显著差异(P>0.05),但试验Ⅱ、Ⅶ组的血清MDA含量显著高于试验Ⅳ、Ⅵ及Ⅸ组(P<0.05)。综上所述,适量的牛至香酚和枯草芽孢杆菌添加到饲粮中对育成期乌苏里貉生长性能、营养物质消化代谢以及抗氧化能力的改善效果优于抗生素。在本试验条件下,育成期乌苏里貉饲粮中添加牛至香酚和枯草芽孢杆菌的适宜水平分别为100和450 mg/kg。

负载香芹酚的小麦醇溶蛋白/果胶纳米颗粒的构建及性质表征

香芹酚作为天然高效的抗氧化剂,却由于其水溶性较差导致其生物活性较低。研究借助小麦醇溶蛋白的自组装特性包埋香芹酚,复合果胶做稳定剂,运用反溶剂法制备负载香芹酚的纳米颗粒。借助粒径仪及光学照片考察小麦醇溶蛋白与果胶不同质量比、小麦醇溶蛋白与香芹酚不同质量比、pH值、盐离子浓度及储藏时间对复合纳米颗粒稳定性的影响。结果表明:当m(小麦醇溶蛋白)∶m(果胶)=1∶1.5时,复合纳米颗粒粒径为179.23 nm,多分散指数(PDI)达0.21,电位达-36.42 mV。在该条件下,当m(小麦醇溶蛋白)∶m(香芹酚)=10∶1时,包封率达85.23%;当pH=3.0~9.0,盐离子浓度不高于50 mmol/L时,负载香芹酚的复合纳米颗粒稳定性较好,且储藏实验表明28天内体系均一稳定。透射电镜结果也显示果胶与小麦醇溶蛋白借助相互作用力形成稳定球型结构。此外,抗氧化实验显示负载香芹酚的复合纳米颗粒可有效实现对自由基的清除,且对DPPH自由基清除率的IC_(50)值为(13.21±0.81)μg/mL,可预防食物氧化,在食品保鲜与包装领域有较好的应用前景。