Synchronization analysis on cascaded multilevel converters with distributed control

Cascaded multilevel converters built with integrated modules have many advantages such as increased power density,flexible distributed control,multi-functionality,increased reliability and short design cycles.However,the system performance will be affected due to the synchronization errors among each integrated modules.This paper analyzes the impact of the three kinds of synchronization errors on the whole system performance,as well as detailed synchronization implementation.Some valuable conclusions are derived from the theoretical analysis,simulations and experimental results.

A distributed VSG control method for a battery energy storage system with a cascaded H-bridge in a grid-connected mode

With the high penetration of renewable energy,new challenges,such as power fluctuation suppression and inertial support capability,have arisen in the power sector.Battery energy storage systems play an essential role in renewable energy integration.In this paper,a distributed virtual synchronous generator(VSG)control method for a battery energy storage system(BESS)with a cascaded H-bridge converter in a grid-connected mode is proposed.The VSG is developed without communication dependence,and state-of-charge(SOC)balancing control is achieved using the distributed average algorithm.Owing to the low varying speed of SOC,the bandwidth of the distributed communication networks is extremely slow,which decreases the cost.Therefore,the proposed method can simultaneously provide inertial support and accurate SOC balancing.The stability is also proved using root locus analysis.Finally,simulations under different conditions are carried out to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.

THD Analysis of Cascaded H-Bridge Inverter with Fuzzy Logic Controller

In recent days, the multilevel inverter technology is widely applied to domestic and industrial applications for medium voltage conversion. But, the power quality issues of the multilevel inverter limit the usage of much sensitive equipment like medical instruments. The lower distortion level of the output voltage and current can generate a quality sinusoidal output voltage in inverters and they can be used for many applications. The harmonics can cause major problems in equipments due to the nonlinear loads connected with the power system. So, it is necessary to minimize the losses to raise its overall efficiency. In this paper, a new topology of seven level asymmetrical cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter with a Fuzzy logic controller had been implemented to reduce the Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) and to improve the overall performance of the inverter. The proposed model is well suited for use with a solar PV application. In this topology, only six IGBT switches are used with three different voltage ratings of PV modules (1:2:4). The lower number of semiconductor switches leads to minimizing overall di/dt ratings and voltage stress on each switches and switching losses. The gate pulses generated by Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM) technique with a Fuzzy logic controller are also introduced. A buck-boost converter is used to maintain the constant PV voltage level integrated by an MPPT technique followed by Perturb and Observer algorithm is also implemented. The MPPT is used to harness the maximum power of solar radiations under its various climatic conditions. The new topology is evaluated by a Matlab/Simulink model and compared with a hardware model. The results proved that the THD achieved by this topology is 1.66% and realized that it meets the IEEE harmonic standards.

The General Technique of Selected Harmonics Elimination for Multilevel Converters

Forhigh power applications,multilevel converters have many advantages in comparison with other circuit topologies with output transformers. Cascaded inverters are one type of multilevel converters,they are easy to implement,very suitable for modularized layout and packaging.Their manufacturing cost is low.A multilevel PWM technique,called as General Technique of Selected Harmonics Elimination (GTSHE) ,is proposed in the paper. A general harmonic elimination equation for N cells,M pulses per half cycle,nth harmonic is derived,and verified by simulation results.

Capacitor Pattern H-Bridge Multilevel Inverter (CPHMLI) Using Phase Diposition Pulse Width Modulation for Grid Applications

This work presents an implementation of an innovative single phase multilevel inverter using capacitors with reduced switches. The proposed Capacitor pattern H-bridge Multilevel Inverter (CPHMLI) topology consists of a proper number of Capacitor connected with switches and power sources. The advanced switching control supplied by Pulse Width Modulation (PDPWM) to attain mixed staircase switching state. The charging and discharging mode are achieved by calculating the voltage error at the load. Furthermore, to accomplish the higher voltage levels at the output with less number of semiconductors switches and simple commutation designed using CPHMLI topology. To prove the performance and effectiveness of the proposed approach, a set of experiments performed under various load conditions using MATLAB tool.

Inter-cluster Voltage Balancing Control of Modular Multilevel Cascaded Converter Under Unbalanced Grid Voltage

This paper presents a novel inter-cluster direct current(DC)capacitor voltage balancing control scheme for the single-star configured modular multilevel cascaded converter(MMCC)-based static synchronous compensator(STATCOM)under unbalanced grid voltage.The negative-sequence component of grid voltage at the point of common connection(PCC)causes unbalanced active power flow in the phase limbs of converter.This leads to the imbalance of DC voltages of the sub-module capacitors across the MMCC phases,and consequently,the malfunction of converter.The proposed solution is to inject both negative-sequence current(NSC)and zero-sequence voltage(ZSV)into the phase limbs of MMCC.A quantification factor Qf is used to achieve the sharing of inter-cluster active pow-er between the NSC and ZSV injection methods.Accurate determination of the quantification factor has been presented.In addition to maintaining the DC voltages of sub-module capacitor across the MMCC phases balanced,it also prevents the overcurrent and overvoltage of converter by injecting NSC and ZSV with the right proportion.The control scheme is validated on a 3.54 kV 1.2 MVA power system using MMCC-based STATCOM with 3-level bridge cells as sub-modules.The results show that the proposed scheme provides superior effectiveness in eliminating the voltage imbalance of DC capacitor in the phase limb while maintaining low voltage and current ratings.

混合级联换流站直流短路故障解析计算与快速限流方法

在高电压、大容量、远距离输电领域,混合换流器拓扑相比于单一换流器更具技术优势,其中为应对危害性极高的直流短路故障,换流器直流短路故障穿越能力需重点考虑。首先,提出一种基于电网换相换流器(line commutated converter,LCC)和模块化多电平换流器具备直流短路故障穿越能力的混合级联拓扑及其直流短路故障限流控制方法;其次,通过分析直流短路故障期间换流器动态特性,构建分阶段状态方程数学模型,实现对直流短路故障电流进行精确解析计算;再次,选取最严重直流短路故障工况,以最大允许电流变化量作为判据并结合所提出的直流短路故障电流计算方法,给出强制触发角参数动态优化计算机制;最后,以优化设计的强制触发角为基础提出快速限流控制策略,该策略能保证LCC在直流短路故障穿越时不发生换相失败且快速降低故障电流。

大规模风电并网后江苏电网柔直换流站与UPFC的有功功率协调控制方法

随着“双碳”战略的提出与实施,我国将着力建设以新能源为主的新型电力系统。然而,风电等新能源大规模并网将给具有交直流混联特征的新型电力系统带来威胁与挑战。通过以十四五规划末期的江苏电网为例进行分析,发现在大规模风电并网背景下,江苏电网中部分“南北向”500 kV交流输电线路N-1后负载过重的问题亟待解决。为此,基于综合灵敏度计算方法,提出了一种综合利用柔直换流站和统一潮流控制器的有功功率协调控制方法,用于改善系统潮流分布并消除潜在的线路过载。最后,以江苏电网为例进行了仿真分析,对苏州500 kV统一潮流控制器、白鹤滩-江苏直流和某规划中三端柔直换流站进行了有功协调控制。结果表明,所提协调控制方法应用于江苏电网时可有效解决交流输电通道N-1后负载过重问题,且相比于典型最优化方法在计算速度上具有优势。

混合级联多端直流暂态过电压机理及抑制措施

混合级联多端直流采用常规直流与柔性直流混合级联的新型拓扑结构,为我国远距离、大容量、多落点的能源传输提供了新模式,但常规直流与柔性直流之间的交互作用也引发了新问题。该文首先揭示实际受端电网交流电压恢复特性导致混合级联多端直流暂态过电压机理以及低端模块化多电平换流器(modular multilevel converter,MMC)闭锁风险;然后分别从送受端两个方面,提出降功率运行、改进送端移相策略和提升MMC有功功率传输极限等暂态过电压抑制措施。最后,基于PSD-PSModel软件,搭建送受端电网机电暂态和混合级联多端直流电磁暂态的混合仿真模型,仿真验证理论分析的准确性和抑制措施的有效性。

基于级联式多电平变换器的静止无功补偿器拓扑研究

电力系统实时无功补偿对提升电能质量至关重要,传统的无功功率补偿常采用大容量的电抗器、电容器,体积大、重量大、效率低。静止无功补偿器采用全控开关器件构成,具有可控,动态响应速度快,损耗低,效率高的优点。以单相H桥为级联单位串联而成的级联式多电平变换器可通过对各个H桥进行移相控制,输出多电平波形,提高输出电压正弦度,降低谐波含量,减小滤波器的体积,且具有扩展性强,适应性强,实现容易等优点。介绍了级联式多电平变换器的拓扑与工作原理及适用于该变换器的基于三角载波移相技术的PWM调制策略,通过降低开关管的开关频率,提高系统的效率。最后搭建了仿真模型验证了该拓扑与调制策略的有效性。

混合级联特高压直流系统解/闭锁问题分析及对策

与常规特高压直流输电系统相比,逆变站采用电网换相换流器(LCC)和模块化多电平换流器(MMC)混合级联结构的特高压直流输电系统,在解/闭锁过程中存在诸多新问题。文中分析了一极运行时,另一全压热备用极的LCC因过电压保护动作跳闸的原因,提出了优化的准备运行就绪联锁逻辑,并以此为基础设计了整流站和逆变站之间的协调解锁时序;研究了故障闭锁过程中逆变站MMC出现过电流和LCC出现过电压的原因,提出了LCC优先投入旁通对、再在MMC交流电源切除后投入旁通开关的联合闭锁策略。最后,通过实时数字仿真和工程现场试验,验证了所提优化策略的可行性和有效性。

Finite-time robust control for transformerless H-bridge cascaded STATCOM with star configuration

This article presents a finite-time robust control(FTRC)of a transformerless STATCOM based on a cascaded multilevel H-bridge converter(CMHC)with star configuration.The FTRC is first proposed for the current loop control of a CMHC-based transformerless STATCOM by using the finite time robust control theory.Taking the parameters,perturbations and external disturbances into account and using coordinate transformation method,the nonlinear dynamic model of the CMHC-based transformerless STATCOM is transformed into a standard nonlinear port-controlled dissipative Hamiltonian(PCDH)structure.Based on the PCDH structure,an FTRC is designed for the CMHC-based transformerless STATCOM to improve the transient stability and oscillation damping of power system.Finally,the simulation results demonstrate that the FTRC has better dynamic performance and strong robustness in comparison with the passivity-based control of the CMHC-based transformerless STATCOM.

基于级联多电平换流器的两级式储能系统控制策略

储能技术是构建以新能源为主体的新型电力系统的关键技术和维持微网可靠稳定运行的重要保证。国内外现有理论研究及示范工程主要集中于单级式链式储能系统,功率模块与电池系统之间无源连接,结构简单但控制自由度不高。同时,针对基于链式储能的电池荷电状态(state of charge,SOC)不均衡问题,现有的相内SOC均衡控制策略存在不同负载率适应性不足、极度不均衡时可能过调制等缺点,为此,文中基于两级式链式储能系统,研究其总体控制策略,对相间、相内SOC均衡策略进行分析,并提出一种自适应的相内SOC均衡策略,详细说明均衡控制参数的设计原则。该策略能有效地改善链式储能系统在轻载、重载等不同工况下的适应性和均衡效果。最终通过仿真验证了所提控制策略的可行性和有效性,从而为工程实施提供理论储备和技术支撑。

一种改进的CHB多电平变换器PWM调制策略

级联H桥CHB(cascaded H-bridge)多电平变换器是中压大功率电机驱动系统最广泛采用的拓扑,传统LS-PWM和PS-PWM不能很好地兼顾输入、输出电流的谐波性能,对比了CHB多电平变换器在这两种调制策略下的输入和输出THD,分析了两种方法下输入、输出波形产生区别的本质原因,进而探讨了一种局部载波移相PWM调制方法。该方法吸收了两种调制方法的优点,发挥PS-PWM调制时模块功率均衡和网侧输入电流谐波低的特点以及LS-PWM输出电能质量好的特点。最后,搭建了三相七电平CHB变换器实验平台,对局部载波移相PWM调制策略进行了验证。

适用于混合级联直流输电系统的柔直换流器直流侧控制方法

针对高低阀级联组成的特高压混合直流输电系统,提出一种适用于柔直换流器的直流电压控制方法。在选取单个柔直换流器作为定直流电压控制模式的基础上,其余定功率控制换流器加入分级辅助电压控制,稳态时精准控制直流功率,动态时针对不同电压波动,分级投入电压辅助控制,快速平抑直流过电压、欠电压和长时振荡问题。在此基础上,级联结构中的多柔直换流器直流侧不经平波电抗而直接并联,为避免多换流器间振荡,加入直流阻尼控制方法。最后利用实时数字仿真(RTDS)系统搭建级联直流系统仿真模型,仿真结果验证了所提方法的正确性和有效性。

矿用级联多电平变换器输出谐波特性研究

级联多电平变换器能够提高电网稳定性、改善电能质量,并且具有功耗低的优点,因而广泛应用于煤矿电网的谐波抑制和无功补偿。然而,由于脉宽调制策略不同,级联多电平变换器输出电压谐波、电流纹波等不同,导致级联多电平有源电力滤波器谐波抑制能力降低。针对此问题,分别采用载波相移和交替反向载波层叠脉宽调制策略研究变换器输出电气特性。研究表明,基于载波相移的多电平变换器输出电气性能优于载波层叠。在MATLAB/Simulink平台上搭建级联多电平有源电力滤波器模型,仿真表明抑制后的3、5、7次等谐波的谐波含量远低于IEEE519谐波标准。

基于模型预测控制的级联式模块化多电平换流器控制策略

针对传统的模块化多电平换流器控制策略过于依赖控制器参数整定,以及传统的模型预测控制中存在权重因子选取困难等问题,提出一种基于模型预测控制的模块化多电平换流器多目标级联式控制策略,对多个控制目标逐级独立优化实现输出电流控制、桥臂环流控制以及子模块均压控制。控制策略在避免权重因子选取的同时还兼顾良好的控制效果。在MATLAB/Simulink中搭建仿真模型,验证了所提策略的有效性。

基于有源耦合单元的级联光伏系统直流电压传感器故障穿越策略

级联H桥具有模块化、多端口和直挂中压电网等优势,是大规模光伏并网的理想电力电子变换器之一。然而,过多元器件会增加系统故障率。直流环节电压传感器故障作为常见故障之一,会引起控制环路误跟踪、端口功率不匹配等问题,进一步导致直流链路电压不均衡甚至引起系统失稳。因此,该文提出一种基于有源耦合单元的直流电压传感器故障穿越运行策略。通过开关模态推导、分析直流电压自均衡模态及其等效电路,根据不同故障情况优化模态组合并形成直流电压传感器故障穿越调制策略。最后,搭建实验硬件平台,验证理论分析的正确性与所提策略的可行性。

Research on cascaded multilevel inverter and its application in STATCOM

Because of the broad application of multilevel converters in the high-power area,a cascaded multilevel voltage-source inverter with phase-shifted SPWM(PS-SPWM)switching scheme is proposed as a static syn-chronous compensator(STATCOM).This can eliminate the bulky and weighty transformers and reduce power loss.In addition,the equivalent carrier frequency can be doubled and the output harmonics will be reduced compared with the STATCOM being put into operation.The operating principle and control methods are analyzed in detail and the feasibility is validated by simulation with MATLAB.

基于相移级联多电平逆变器的STATCOM研究

针对目前静态同步补偿器(STATCOM)存在的问题,提出了将级联多电平逆变器作为STATCOM的主拓扑,运用相移SPWM(PSSPWM)调制的解决方案,详细阐述了其工作原理和控制方法。MATLAB的仿真结果表明,它既能省去庞大笨重的变压器,减小功耗;还可以成倍提高等效载波频率,降低输出谐波含量,使级联逆变器拓扑成为STATCOM的首选。