Promotional roles of ZrO_2 and WO_3 in V_2O_5-WO_3/TiO_2-ZrO_2 catalysts for NO_x reduction by NH_3:Catalytic performance,morphology,and reaction mechanism

V2O5/TiO2-ZrO2 catalysts containing various amounts of WO3 were synthesized.The catalyst morphologies,catalytic performances,and reaction mechanisms in the selective catalytic reduction of NOx by NH3 were investigated using in situ diffuse-reflectance infrared Fourier-transform spectroscopy,temperature-programmed reduction（TPR）,X-ray diffraction,and the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller（BET） method.The BET surface area of the triple oxides increased with increasing ZrO2 doping but gradually decreased with increasing WO3 loading.Addition of sufficient WO3 helped to stabilize the pore structure and the combination of WO3 and ZrO2 improved dispersion of all the metal oxides.The mechanisms of reactions using V2O5-9%WO3/TiO2-ZrO2 and V2O5-9%WO3/TiO2were compared by using either a single or mixed gas feed and various pretreatments.The results suggest that both reactions followed the Eley-Ridel mechanism;however,the dominant acid sites,which depended on the addition of WO3 or ZrO2,determined the pathways for NOx reduction,and involved[NH4^＋-NO-Bronsted acid site]^＊ and[NH2-NO-Lewis acid site]^＊ intermediates,respectively.NH3-TPR and H2-TPR showed that the metal oxides in the catalysts were not reduced by NH3 and O2did not reoxidize the catalyst surfaces but participated in the formation of H2O and NO2.

Ammonia borane-enabled hydrogen transfer processes:Insights into catalytic strategies and mechanisms

Transfer hydrogenation(TH) with in situ generated hydrogen donor is of great importance in reduction reactions, and an alternative strategy to traditional hydrogenation processes involving pressurized molecular hydrogen. Ammonia borane(NH3BH3, AB) is a promising material of hydrogen storage, and it has attracted much attention in reductive organic transformations owing to its high activity, good atom economy, nontoxicity, sustainability, and ease of transport and storage. This review focuses on summarizing the recent progress of AB-mediated TH reactions of diverse substrates including nitro compounds, nitriles, imines, alkenes, alkynes, carbonyl compounds(ketones and aldehydes), carbon dioxide,and N-and O-heterocycles. Syntheses protocols(metal-containing and metal-free), the effect of reaction parameters, product distribution, and variation of reactivity are surveyed, and the mechanism of each reaction involving the action mode of AB as well as structure-activity relationships is discussed in detail. Finally, perspectives are presented to highlight the challenges and opportunities for AB-enabled TH reactions of unsaturated compounds.

Recent progress and challenges in structural construction strategy of metal-based catalysts for nitrate electroreduction to ammonia

Ammonia plays an essential role in human production and life as a raw material for chemical fertilizers.The nitrate electroreduction to ammonia reaction(NO_(3)RR)has garnered attention due to its advantages over the Haber-Bosch process and electrochemical nitrogen reduction reaction.Therefore,it represents a promising approach to safeguard the ecological environment by enabling the cycling of nitrogen species.This review begins by discussing the theoretical insights of the NO_(3)RR.It then summarizes recent advances in catalyst design and construction strategies,including alloying,structure engineering,surface engineering,and heterostructure engineering.Finally,the challenges and prospects in this field are presented.This review aims to guide for enhancing the efficiency of electrocatalysts in the NO_(3)RR,and offers insights for converting NO_(3)-to NH_(3).

Electrocatalysts with atomic-level site for nitrate reduction to ammonia

Ammonia(NH_(3))is an important raw material for modern agriculture and industry,being widely demanded to sustain the sustainable development of modern society.Currently,the industrial production methods of NH_(3),such as the traditional Haber-Bosch process,have drawbacks including high energy consumption and significant carbon dioxide emissions.In recent years,the electrocatalytic nitrate reduction reaction(NO_(3)RR)powered by intermittent renewable energy sources has gradually become a multidisciplinary research hotspot,as it allows for the efficient synthesis of NH_(3)under mild conditions.In this review,we focus on the research of electrocatalysts with atomic-level site,which have attracted attention due to their extremely high atomic utilization efficiency and unique structural characteristics in the field of NO_(3)RR.Firstly,we introduce the mechanism of nitrate reduction for ammonia synthesis and discuss the in-situ characterization techniques related to the mechanism study.Secondly,we review the progress of the electrocatalysts with atomic-level site for nitrate reduction and explore the structure-activity relationship to guide the rational design of efficient catalysts.Lastly,the conclusions of this review and the challenges and prospective of this promising field are presented.

Advances in selective catalytic oxidation of ammonia (NH_(3)-SCO): A review of catalyst structure-activity relationship and design principles

NH_(3) in ambient air directly leads to an increase in the aerosol content in the air. These substances lead to the formation of haze to various environmental problems after atmospheric circulation and diffusion. Controlling NH_(3) emissions caused by ammonia escaping from mobile and industrial sources can effectively reduce the NH_(3) content in ambient air. Among the various NH_(3) removal methods, the selective catalytic oxygen method (NH_(3)-SCO) is committed to oxidizing NH_(3) to environmentally harmless H_(2)O and N_(2);therefore, it is the most valuable and ideal ammonia removal method. In this review, the characteristics of loaded and core-shell catalysts in NH_(3)-SCO have been reviewed in the context of catalyst structure-activity relationships, and the H_(2)O resistance and SO2 resistance of the catalysts are discussed in the context of practical application conditions. Then the effects of the valence state of the active center, oxygen species on the catalyst surface, dispersion of the active center and acidic sites on the catalyst performance are discussed comprehensively. Finally, the shortcomings of the existing catalysts are summarized and the catalyst development is discussed based on the existing studies.

Nitridation of chromium powder in ammonia atmosphere

CrN powder was synthesized by nitriding Cr metal in ammonia gas flow, and its chemical reaction mechanism and nitridation process were studied. Through thermodynamic calculations, the Cr-N-O predominance diagrams were constructed for different tempera- tures. Chromium nitride formed at 700-1200℃ under relatively higher nitrogen and lower oxygen partial pressures. Phases in the products were then investigated using X-ray diffraction （XRD）, and the Cr2N content varied with reaction temperature and holding time. The results indicate that the Cr metal powder nitridation process can be explained by a diffusion model. Further, Cr2N formed as an intermediate product because of an incomplete reaction, which was observed by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy （HRTEM）. After nitriding at 1000℃ for 20 h, CrN powder with an average grain size of 63 nm was obtained, and the obtained sample was analyzed by using a scanning electron microscope （SEM）.

金属纳米晶体电催化剂的电化学合成:原理、应用与挑战

金属纳米晶体催化剂由于其独特的电子性质,在电化学能源转化反应中表现出优异的催化性能。为了提升催化剂的活性和耐久性,需要精确调控其晶体结构和形貌。然而,传统的制备方法往往需要严苛的条件,如高温、高压和特定的有机物,以控制晶体的生成和生长过程。这限制了能够合成的金属基催化剂的种类,并导致清洗复杂和有机物残留的问题。电化学方法通过电化学响应获取体系过程信息,并可以通过调控参数来调节晶体的生长。特别是非水体系的电化学方法为活泼的过渡金属催化剂提供了可行的途径。然而,电化学方法自身对体系变化的敏感性使得从小面积电极制备催化剂扩展到电极级别的催化层制备面临挑战。这涉及许多机理和方法上的变化,对相关研究提出了较大的挑战。本文基于晶体生长机理,探讨了电化学制备金属晶体的可行性,并综述了电化学沉积制备纳米级金属电催化剂的研究。最后,对电化学制备纳米级金属晶体催化剂面临的挑战进行了分析,并提出了实现更广泛应用的建议。通过电化学方法制备金属纳米晶体催化剂在提高制备的可控性、减少有机物残留等方面具有潜在的优势,但也需要克服相关技术和方法上的难题,以实现其在能源转化等领域的应用。

制备方法对SSZ-13负载Cu催化剂NH_(3)-SCO性能的影响

分别采用离子交换和浸渍法制备了Cu-SSZ-13和CuO/SSZ-13催化剂,考察了催化剂选择性催化NH_(3)氧化(NH_(3)-SCO)的性能,以提高低温(≤200℃)下NH_(3)转化率和N_(2)选择性为目标,优选出离子交换2次制备的Cu-SSZ-13(2)催化剂,考察了O_(2)含量和空速对Cu-SSZ-13(2)催化NH_(3)氧化性能的影响,并采用N_(2)吸脱附、XRD、NH_(3)-TPD和NH_(3)-TPSR等手段对催化剂理化特性及表面反应过程进行了表征.结果表明,采用Cu-SSZ-13(2)催化剂200℃时NH_(3)转化率为98.5%,N_(2)选择性为92.2%;O_(2)含量增加时低温下NH_(3)转化率提高,但N_(2)选择性降低;空速增大时低温下NH_(3)转化率降低,而N_(2)选择性受空速影响不大.N_(2)O副产物的生成是Cu-SSZ-13和CuO/SSZ-13低温(≤200℃)下催化NH_(3)氧化时N_(2)选择性较低的主要原因.与CuO/SSZ-13相比,Cu-SSZ-13(2)的比表面积、孔容和孔径更大,表面CuO较少而Lewis和Brønsted酸位点更多,这些可能是导致Cu-SSZ-13(2)具有较好的低温催化NH_(3)氧化活性和N_(2)选择性的原因.除N_(2)O外,Cu-SSZ-13(2)表面NH_(3)-TPSR过程中也检测到NO和NO_(2)副产物,结合低温下NH_(3)氧化时NO和NO_(2)选择性随空速升高而增大的结果,推测Cu-SSZ-13(2)表面NH_(3)-SCO遵循内部选择性催化还原(iSCR)机理.

4,4′-二(羟甲基)联苯的合成、表征与机理探究

4,4′-二(羟甲基)联苯是一种重要的化工原料,可用于合成高附加值的有机化合物或新型功能性材料。由于其特殊的结构和性质,4,4′-二(羟甲基)联苯在许多领域都具有广泛的应用和重要性。以4,4′-二(氯甲基)联苯为原料,经水解生成苄醇类化合物4,4′-二(羟甲基)联苯。采用1 H NMR,IR和HPLC对产物进行了表征,讨论了溶剂、水解剂、配料比、反应温度、反应时间和催化剂种类对产物含量和收率的影响。优化了4,4′-二(羟甲基)联苯的合成工艺,提出了可能的催化合成反应机理。结果表明:聚乙二醇作为催化剂,可与溶液中的阳离子发生络合,增强了亲核试剂的反应活性,提高了反应速率。在以PEG-600为催化剂,乙腈为溶剂,KOH为水解剂,配料比n(BCMBP)∶n(KOH)=1.0∶3.0,V(乙腈)∶V(H 2 O)=10∶1,78℃反应12 h的优化工艺下,粗产品HPLC含量可达97.2%(质量分数,下同),收率为93.9%。

单原子催化剂在电化学合成氨中的理论研究进展

传统Haber-Bosch工艺合成氨需要大量的能源消耗和复杂的工厂基础设备。在可再生能源的推动下,将氮气电化学还原为氨被认为是替代Haber-Bosch工艺最有效的方法,这在科学界引起了极大的关注。然而,这个过程受到氨产量和法拉第效率低的影响,因此开发更有效的电催化剂对其实际应用至关重要。在之前报告的催化剂中,单原子催化剂(SACs)在高效利用原子和不饱和配位方面表现出显著优势,这为优化催化剂性能提供了巨大的空间。文章综述了单原子催化剂在电化学合成氨中的理论研究,详细分析了贵金属催化剂、非贵金属催化剂和非金属催化剂这3类单原子催化剂的性能表现,旨在为电化学合成氨技术的发展提供理论参考。

腈水解酶反应机制与催化性能调控研究进展

腈水解酶是一类能够催化腈类化合物水解生成相应羧酸和氨的酶。因其独特的化学、区域和立体选择性,腈水解酶生物催化在高附加值羧酸等化学品的制备中具有重要应用,代表了原子经济和绿色化学的发展方向,成为生物有机合成中最为活跃的分支之一。本文综述了腈水解酶的来源、催化机制及基于结构功能构效关系的催化性能调控等方面研究进展,展望了腈水解酶的工业应用潜力,为发展腈水解酶设计改造方法、拓展其应用范围奠定基础。

磷钨酸季铵盐催化异辛醇选择性氧化反应合成异辛酸

异辛酸是一种高附加值精细化学品,在有机合成和化工生产等领域有着广泛应用。本文以季铵盐负载的磷钨酸为催化剂,H_(2)O_(2)(30%,质量分数,下同)溶液为氧化剂,催化异辛醇选择性氧化合成异辛酸,产物结构经^(1)H NMR、^(13)C NMR和MS确证。研究讨论了季铵盐种类、反应温度、催化剂用量、H_(2)O_(2)与异辛醇物质的量之比和反应时间对反应的影响,提出了可能的催化反应机理。结果表明:四聚型磷钨酸季铵盐作为该反应的催化剂表现出最好的催化活性,在最佳反应条件下(反应温度为90℃,催化剂用量为异辛醇质量的2.5%,H_(2)O_(2)与异辛醇物质的量之比为2∶1,反应时间为10 h),异辛醇转化率为90.2%,异辛酸选择性为82.8%,催化剂可回收使用4次。

氨合成催化剂及其催化反应机理研究进展

本文综述了氨合成这一最重要的工业多相催化过程８０ 多年来的研究进展。介绍了氨合成熔铁催化剂、氨合成钌催化剂的发展以及对氨合成催化反应机理的不同看法。

盐酸-三氯化铁催化芝麻素差向异构化合成细辛素及机理探讨

分别以盐酸、三氯化铁、盐酸-三氯化铁作为催化剂,研究芝麻素差向异构化合成细辛素的条件并探讨差向异构化机理,采用NMR、MS方法对合成物进行结构鉴定。结果显示:单独使用盐酸作为催化剂,盐酸体积分数为20%时催化反应达到平衡;单独使用三氯化铁作为催化剂,会发生水解反应,致使催化反应终止;以盐酸-三氯化铁作为联合催化剂,使用较少的量(质量分数0.05%~0.5%),反应温度控制在体系中乙醇沸点之上,10min内就能够达到很好的催化效果。联合催化剂可降低反应体系的活化能,加快了芝麻素异构化为细辛素的进程。

钌基氨合成催化剂作用机理及氧化物负载钌催化体系研究

介绍了钌基氨合成催化剂的最新研究进展,结合密度泛函理论计算综述了钌基氨合成催化剂的作用机理,包括钌表面对氮分子的吸附活化以及钌基氨合成催化剂上的氨合成反应动力学模型方面的研究成果。对氧化物载体的制备方法、修饰和复合手段、助剂种类及其在催化反应中的作用机理等进行了总结,探讨了钌基氨合成催化剂理论研究以及氧化物催化剂体系目前存在的问题。

相转移催化反应机理及应用

综述了在不同催化剂结构下所遵循的相转移催化反应机理 ,包括季铵盐类、聚乙二醇类及冠醚类催化机理 ,以及相转移催化在有机合成中的应用 ,如亲核取代反应、加成反应、缩合反应。

4-戊基(4′-丙基环己基)三联苯液晶的合成

在相转移催化剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵的助催化作用下 ,用PdCl2 催化芳基硼酸与溴代芳烃偶联反应合成了液晶化合物 4 戊基 (4′ 丙基环己基 )三联苯 ,反应转化率达到 93% ,反式产物选择性 86 %。结构经IR ,1HNMR和MS确证 ,并用DSC测定了此液晶的相变数据。考察了加料顺序和相转移催化剂对偶联反应的影响。提出了相转移条件下可能的催化循环机理 ,认为芳基硼酸是以ArB(OH)

氨合成铁催化剂上化学吸附物种的in－situ FTIR谱

应用原位傅里哀变换红外光谱方法，分别在４００～４５０℃、常压、高空速（１２０００～１４４００ｈ．ｓ．ｖ．ｇ．）的Ｈ２、Ｎ２／３Ｈ２或Ｎ２气氛的动态条件下，检测了双促进氨合成铁催化剂上的化学吸附物种，并分别在Ｄ２、Ｎ２／３Ｄ２或１５ＮＨ３／Ｈ２气氛中，进行了常规同位素验证实验．结果表明，催化剂表面的主要含氮化学吸附物种是分子态的Ｎ２．ａｄ，其ｕ（Ｎ－Ｎ）＝２０３６ｃｍ－１（ｓ），２０１２ｃｍ－１（ｗ）和１９３５ｃｍ－１（ｗ），而不是原子态的Ｎａｄ，其ｕ（Ｆｅ－Ｎ）＝１０８７ｃｍ－１（ｖｗ），和ＮＨａｄ其ｕ（Ｆｅ－Ｎ）＝８８６ｃｍ－１（ｖｗ），表面有相当量的化学吸附氢存在，其ｖ（Ｆｅ－Ｈ）＝２０５６ｃｍ－１（ｓ），１９５０ｃｍ－１（ｍｓ），１９３１ｃｍ－１（ｍ），１９０２ｃｍ－１（ｗ），９１５ｃｍ－１（ｓ，桥式）等．作为与报道过的激光拉曼光谱的互补研究，本结果支持了以缔合式途径为主、解离式途径为次的平行竞争缔合式合成氨催化反应机理．

氮气电化学合成氨催化剂研究进展

氮气是储量丰富且廉价易得的氮源,但无法被人类或动植物直接吸收利用,只有通过化学或生物方法将空气中游离的氮气转化为含氮化合物才能被人类应用于食品或其他工业生产中,因此氮气的固定及转化已经逐渐成为新的研究热点。而氨是一种非常重要的无机化工产品,其在农业、医药、储能等行业中有着重要的作用,且需求量随着社会日益发展和人口的不断增加而不断增加。首先简单介绍了现有的氮气固定合成氨方法及其作用机理,随后重点综述了氮气电化学合成氨催化剂的研究现状,最后对氮气电化学合成氨催化剂的未来发展趋势进行了展望。

常温常压电催化氮还原合成氨的研究进展

电催化氮还原反应(NRR)可以在环境条件下将N 2和H 2O转化为NH 3,是一种很有前途的固氮催化体系。然而,由于缺乏高效的催化剂,将电催化氮气还原合成氨工业化还难以实现。为此,深入了解NRR过程至关重要。笔者介绍了NRR的反应机理,阐述了NRR电催化剂的分类、特点及研究现状,分析了NRR电催化剂催化活性的影响因素。研究表明,孔结构发达、活性中心分散良好的材料具有较好的催化活性,杂原子掺杂、创造空位、界面修饰等是提高催化剂活性的有效手段。最后对电催化氮气还原技术的发展趋势进行了展望,研发高活性、高性价比、稳定性好的新型催化剂是未来发展的主要方向。通过对不同催化体系的论述,为后续NRR电催化剂的开发与改进提供思路。