Anatomical variation in the internal jugular vein:potential risk factors for central venous catheterization-a case report

Central venous catheterization(CVC)is an invasive medical procedure used to measure central venous pressure and provides a stable route for continuous drug administration.CVC is widely used in the emergency department and intensive care units.It is typically performed by inserting a catheter through the internal jugular vein(IJV)into the superior vena cava near the right atrium.[1,2]While catheterization is a fundamental skill proficiently performed by healthcare professionals,lethal complications may occasionally occur because of undesirable positioning,depth and diameter.

Central venous catheterization-related complications in a cohort of 100 hospitalized patients:An observational study

Objective:To evaluate the complications of central venous catheterization(CVC).Methods:A prospective,observational study was conducted at a tertiary care center in India from December 2018 to September 2020.Critically ill patients(aged≥18 years)in the intensive care unit undergoing CVC procedures were included in the study.Baseline demographics and detailed medical history were recorded.Chest X-rays and electrocardiography were performed on all the patients.Complications associated with CVC were recorded.Results:A total of 100 patients with the indication for central venous catheter insertion were included.The majority(81%)of the patients were inserted with CVC at the right internal jugular vein.Complications such as arterial puncture(2%),hematoma(4%),blood clot formation(4%),catheter kinking(3%),thoracic injury(1%),thrombophlebitis(6%),sepsis(9%)and nerve injury(1%)were reported.Conclusions:Though central venous access is preferred in management of critically ill patients,it has its risks.However,early recognition and prompt management of complications may reduce mortality and morbidity.Physicians and intensive care unit intensivists should be vigilant for central venous catheter-related complications.Suitable site selection,operator experience,and proper catheter maintenance are associated with optimal outcomes.

Comparison of intraosseous access and central venous catheterization in Chinese adult emergency patients: A prospective, multicenter, and randomized study

BACKGROUND: It is challenging to establish peripheral intravenous access in adult critically patients. This study aims to compare the success rate of the first attempt, procedure time, operator satisfaction with the used devices, pain score, and complications between intraosseous(IO) access and central venous catheterization(CVC) in critically ill Chinese patients.METHODS: In this prospective clustered randomized controlled trial, eight hospitals were randomly divided into either the IO group or the CVC group. Patients who needed emergency vascular access were included. From April 1, 2017 to December 31, 2018, each center included 12 patients. We recorded the data mentioned above.RESULTS: A total of 96 patients were enrolled in the study. There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups regarding sex, age, body mass index, or operator satisfaction with the used devices. The success rates of the first attempt and the procedure time were statistically significant between the IO group and the CVC group(91.7% vs. 50.0%, P<0.001;52.0 seconds vs. 900.0 seconds, P<0.001). During the study, 32 patients were conscious. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups regarding the pain score associated with insertion. There were statistically significant differences between the two groups regarding the pain score associated with IO or CVC infusion(1.5 vs. 0.0, P=0.044). Complications were not observed in the two groups.CONCLUSIONS: IO access is a safe, rapid, and effective technique for gaining vascular access in critically ill adults with inaccessible peripheral veins in the emergency departments.

Ultrasound-Guided Central Venous Catheterization: A Protocol to Be Followed in Pediatrics?

Objective: To investigate the effectiveness of ultrasound-guided central venous catheterization when compared to the conventional procedure. Method: A prospective cohort study was carried out over a 9-month period from February to October 2016 involving 144 inpatients at PICU of Irmandade da Santa Casa de Sao Paulo Hospital, undergoing central venous catheterization. The patients were matched in pairs of identical patients according to the levels of potentially intervening variables (age, nutritional status, puncture site, professional experience), differing only as to the CVC technique: ultrasound-guided (USG-CVC) or conventional (C-CVC). Discarding data from non-paired patients, the remaining did forming 47 pairs, matched as two related samples: USG-CVC and C-CVC groups. Success parameters: number of puncture attempts;time spent at CVC;success rate and complications. Results: In the USG-CVC group, the number of attempts (mean = 2.04) and the time spent at catheterization (mean = 11.89 minutes) were lower (t = 2.34, df = 46, t 0.95 = 2.02, p t = 3.07, df = 46, t 0.95 = 2.02, p < 0.05), respectively, when compared to the results obtained for the control group (C-GVC), (mean = 3.21) and (mean = 28.26 minutes), respectively. As to success, there was observed a significant difference (F (1, 46) = 16.6;Q (1) = 12.5, p < 005) when considering only one trial (USG -CVC = 27/47;C-CVC = 9/47), but no significant difference (F (1, 46) = 3.76;Q (1) = 3.56, p > 0.05) when considering several attempts. Complications were found less frequently in the USG-CVC group (3/47) than in the CVC-C (13/47), (F (1, 46) = 8.24;Q (1) = 7.14, p < 0.05). Conclusion: USG-CVC was found to be more effective than the conventional technique, especially regarding success at the first puncture attempt.

Venous Catheterization Experimental Model in Rabbits:Histological Alterations in the Catheter Region

Central venous access is one of the most common surgery procedures worldwide, especially in pediatric surgery. Local and regional complications as the result of venous catheter permanence time are frequently described as: thrombosis, infection, edema and local cellulite, movement and loss of the catheter. Other severe complications such as endocardiac and hemorrhagic lesions are also described and considered the cause of catheter early removal. In the literature few studies have addressed vascular and perivascular lesions and complications as the result of central venous access to peripheral veins, given the difficulty of setting up venous catheterization experimental models to study blood vessels and perivascular tissue alterations after catheterization. In the present venous catheterization experimental model, rabbits were divided into two groups based on the time that the venous catheters were maintained in their veins. Group a composed of 7 New Zealand male rabbits was submitted to a 15-day treatment;and the 6 New Zealand male rabbits of group B were treated during 90 days. Both groups presented similar inflammatory conditions since there was no significant difference between groups. Therefore, the results may well suggest that the endothelial inflammatory reaction could have developed at an early initial short period and by maintaining the catheter, the inflammatory reactions would have decreased or disappeared. Aimed at studying these vascular and perivascular alterations in venous catheterization, the present study proposes an experimental rabbit model that allows the analysis of differences in local vascular and perivascular histological variations and compares histological differences between both venous catheterization groups each of them with different periods of treatment.

Percutaneous transhepatic portal catheterization guided by ultrasound technology for islet transplantation in rhesus monkey

BACKGROUND:Pig islet xenotransplantation has the potential to overcome the shortage of donated human islets for islet cell transplantation in type 1 diabetes.Testing in nonhuman primate models is necessary before clinical application in humans.Intraportal islet transplantation in monkeys is usually performed by surgical infusion during laparotomy or laparoscopy.In this paper,we describe a new method of percutaneous transhepatic portal catheterization(PTPC) as an alternative to current methods of islet transplantation in rhesus monkeys.METHODS:We performed ultrasound-guided PTPC in five adult rhesus monkeys weighing 7-8 kg,with portal vein catheterization confirmed by digital subtraction angiography.We monitored for complications in the thoracic and abdominal cavity.To evaluate the safety of ultrasound-guided PTPC,we recorded the changes in portal pressure throughout the microbead transplantation procedure.RESULTS:Ultrasound-guided PTPC and infusion of 16 000 microbeads/kg body weight into the portal vein was successful in all five monkeys.Differences in the hepatobiliary anatomy of rhesus monkeys compared to humans led to a higher initial complication rate.The first monkey died of abdominal hemorrhage 10 hours post-transplantation.The second suffered from a mild pneumothorax but recovered fully after taking only conservative measures.After gaining experience with the first two monkeys,we decreased both the hepatic puncture time and the number of puncture attempts required,with the remaining three monkeys experiencing no complications.Portal pressures initially increased proportional to the number of transplanted microbeads but returned to preinfusion levels at 30 minutes post-transplantation.The changes in portal pressures occurring during the procedure were not significantly different.CONCLUSIONS:Ultrasound-guided PTPC is an effective,convenient,and minimally invasive method suitable for use in non-human primate models of islet cell transplantation provided that care is taken with hepatic puncture.Its advantages must be weighed against the risks of procedure-related complications.

Massive hemothorax following internal jugular vein catheterization under ultrasound guidance:A case report

BACKGROUND Hemothorax is a rare but life-threatening complication of central venous catheterization.Recent reports suggest that ultrasound guidance may reduce complications however,it does not guarantee safety CASE SUMMARY A 75-year-old male patient was admitted for laparoscopic radical nephrectomy.Under ultrasound guidance,right internal jugular vein catheterization was successfully achieved after failure to aspirate blood from the catheter in the first attempt.Sudden hypotension developed after surgical positioning and persisted until the end of the operation,lasting for about 4 h.In the recovery room,a massive hemothorax was identified on chest radiography and computed tomography.The patient recovered following chest tube drainage of 1.6 L blood.CONCLUSION Hemothorax must be suspected when unexplained hemodynamic instability develops after central venous catheterization despite ultrasound guidance.So the proper use of ultrasound is important.

Current Research Progress of Central Venous Catheter-Associated Fibrin Sheath Prevention and Nursing Care

With the popularization of central venous catheterization in recent years,the problems arising from intravenous therapy have gradually increased.Fibrin sheath is the complication with the highest incidence rate in central venous catheterization,which has always been a major problem in intravenous therapy.So the prevention and treatment of fibrin sheath has become a hot spot of research in recent years.Hence,this paper summarizes the research on fibrin sheath in recent years.

Clues for diagnosing misplaced central venous catheter in the right ascending lumbar vein during right femoral venous access

The right ascending lumbar vein is difficult to detect on anteroposterior abdominalradiographs because it overlaps with the inferior vena cava on anteroposteriorradiographs.Intensive observation by medical providers may be a cue fordiagnosis.However,knowledge of catheter misplacement of the right ascendinglumbar vein is also necessary,because misplacement cannot be suspected withoutthat awareness.

Multiple paradoxical embolisms caused by central venous catheter thrombus passing through a patent foramen ovale: A case report

BACKGROUND To date,this is the first case of a paradoxical embolism(PDE)that concurrently manifested in the coronary and lower limb arteries and was secondary to a central venous catheter(CVC)thrombus via a patent foramen ovale(PFO).CASE SUMMARY Here,we report a case of simultaneous coronary and lower limb artery embolism in a PFO patient carrier of a CVC.The patient presented to the hospital with acute chest pain and lower limb fatigue.Doppler ultrasound showed a large thrombus in the right internal jugular vein,precisely at the tip of the CVC.Transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography confirmed the existence of a PFO,with inducible right-to-left shunting by the Valsalva maneuver.The patient was administered an extended course of anticoagulation therapy,and then the CVC was successfully removed.Percutaneous PFO closure was not undertaken.There was no recurrence during follow-up.CONCLUSION Thus,CVC-associated thrombosis is a potential source for multiple PDE in PFO patients.

A review in emergency central venous catheterization

Central venous catheterization is widely used in the emergency setting. This review aims to assess central venous catheterization from the perspectives of types of catheters, sites of insertion, and tech- niques. In emergency conditions, non-tunneled catheters are preferred because the technique for its insertion is not complicated and less time-consuming. The size of catheter depends on the purpose of catheterization. For example, a large bore catheter is needed for rapid infusion. The ideal catheterization site should bear fewer thromboses, lower infectious rate, and fewer mechanical complications. Thus the femoral vein should be avoided due to a high rate of colonization and thrombosis while the subclavian vein seems to exhibit fewer infectious complications compared with other sites. The ultrasound-guided technique increases the success rate of insertion while decreases the mechanical complications rate,

Portal venous gas resulting from umbilical vein catheterization in a very-low-birth-weight infant with no interruption in early feeding

Introduction Portal venous gas(PVG)is common in necrotizing enterocolitis and occasionally occurs in neonates after umbilical vein catheterization(UVC).Therefore,determining the cause of PVG requires further clinical evaluation in these cases.Case presentation We report the case of a very-low-birth-weight infant who underwent UVC after birth.PVG was an unexpected finding on ultrasound following catheterization.The UVC was immediately removed and replaced with a peripherally inserted central catheter.The infant’s physical examination was unremarkable.Bedside X-ray revealed neither PVG nor pneumatosis intestinalis,which would indicate the onset of necrotizing enterocolitis.After full evaluation,breastfeeding was started on the same day.The infant did not develop feeding intolerance,necrotizing enterocolitis,or other disorders.Conclusion PVG occasionally occurs in neonates who undergo UVC and is considered to be caused by exogenous gases.PVG is more easily detected with ultrasound than with X-ray and does not affect early feeding in premature infants.

Expert consensus on the clinical application of totally implantable venous access devices in the upper arm(2022 Edition)

With the widespread adoption of ultrasound guidance,Seldinger puncture techniques,and intracardiac electrical positioning technology for the placement of peripherally inserted central catheters in recent years,an increasing number of medical staff and patients now accept peripheral placement of totally implantable venous access devices(TIVADs)in the upper arm.This approach has the advantage of completely avoiding the risks of hemothorax,pneumothorax,and neck and chest scarring.Medical specialties presently engaged in this study in China include internal medicine,surgery,anesthesiology,and interventional departments.However,command over implantation techniques,treatment of complications,and proper use and maintenance of TIVAD remain uneven among different medical units.Moreover,currently,there are no established quality control standards for implantation techniques or specifications for handling complications.Thus,this expert consensus is proposed to improve the success rate of TIVAD implantation via the upper-arm approach,reduce complication rates,and ensure patient safety.This consensus elaborates on the technical indications and contraindications,procedures and technical points,treatment of complications,and the use and maintenance of upper-arm TIVAD,thus providing a practical reference for medical staff.

Emphysematous thrombophlebitis caused by a misplaced central venous catheter: A case report

BACKGROUND Central venous catheters(CVCs)often cause life-threatening complications,especially CVC-related bloodstream infection(CVC-BSI)and catheter-related thrombosis(CRT).Here,we report an unusual case of misplaced CVC-induced emphysematous thrombophlebitis,a rare but potentially lethal form of CRT and CVC-BSI characterized by both thrombosis and gas formation.CASE SUMMARY A 48-year-old male presented to the emergency room of a local hospital with sudden-onset headache and coma for 4 h.Computed tomography(CT)revealed right basal ganglia hemorrhage,so emergency decompressive craniotomy was performed and a CVC was inserted through the right subclavian vein for fluid resuscitation during anesthesia.Two days later,the patient was transferred to the intensive care unit of our hospital for further critical care.On day 9 after CVC insertion,the patient suddenly developed fever and hypotension.Point-of-care ultrasound(POCUS)demonstrated thrombosis and dilatation of the right internal jugular vein(IJV)filled with thrombosis.Ultrasonography also revealed that the CVC tip had been misplaced into the IJV and was surrounded by gas bubbles,which manifested as hyperechoic lines with dirty shadowing and comet-tail artifacts.Further CT scan confirmed air bubbles surrounding the CVC in the right neck.The final diagnosis was septic emphysematous thrombophlebitis induced by a misplaced CVC and ensuing septic shock.The responsible CVC was removed immediately.The patient received fluid resuscitation,intravenous noradrenaline,and a 10-d ultra-broad spectrum antibiotic treatment to combat septic shock.Both CVC and peripheral venous blood cultures yielded methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus cohnii.The patient was gradually weaned off vasopressors and the symptoms of redness and swelling in the right neck subsided within 7 d.CONCLUSION Emphysematous thrombophlebitis is a fulminant and life-threatening CVC-BSI associated with thrombosis and gas formation in the vein.A misplaced CVC may facilitate the development of emphysematous thrombophlebitis.POCUS can easily identify the artifacts produced by gas and thrombosis,facilitating rapid diagnosis at the bedside.

Study on the Risk Factors of Central Venous-Related Bloodstream Infection in Outpatients

Objective:To analyze the risk factors of catheter-related bloodstream infection in outpatients and propose feasible prevention and control measures.Methods:The medical records of outpatients with peripherally inserted central catheter(PICC)from January 2020 to December 2021 were selected for retrospective analysis,and the factors that may be related to the occurrence of catheter-related bloodstream infection were analyzed by logistic multivariate analysis.Results:The incidence rate of catheter-related bloodstream infection among the enrolled patients was 4.78%.It was found that age,duration of catheterization,catheter site,number of punctures,and diabetes were all risk factors for catheter-associated bloodstream infection,and the differences were statistically significant.Conclusion:Age,duration of catheterization,catheterization site,and diabetes are all risk factors for catheter-related bloodstream infection,and medical personnel should fully understand and learn more about these risk factors and actively develop countermeasures to reduce the risk of catheter-related bloodstream infection.

成人PICC/上臂输液港原发性导管异位管理的最佳证据总结

目的评价、总结国内外成人PICC/上臂输液港原发性导管异位管理的最佳证据,为临床医护人员识别、预防和处理成人PICC/上臂输液港原发性导管异位提供参考。方法系统检索中英文数据库、指南相关网站和专业学会网站中有关成人PICC/上臂输液港原发性导管异位管理的证据,包括临床决策、最佳实践、临床实践指南、系统评价、证据总结和专家共识。检索时限为建库至2023年12月31日。2名研究者独立对纳入文献进行质量评价,并结合专业判断进行标准化的资料提取和证据分级。结果该研究共纳入13篇文献,包括6篇临床实践指南、2篇证据总结和5篇专家共识。最终从识别、预防及处理3个方面总结了39条最佳证据。结论该研究为临床医护人员管理成人PICC/上臂输液港原发性导管异位提供循证依据。在临床应用时,需要充分考虑临床情景,结合专业人士的判断及患者的意愿,遵循个体化原则,审慎地将证据应用于临床实践中。

上臂输液港置入患者行心腔内电图定位失败的处理和原因分析

目的总结4例上臂输液港置入患者行心腔内电图定位失败的处理及原因,提出防范对策。方法4例妇科肿瘤患者在输液港置入术中行心腔内电图定位,2例术中见特征性高尖P波,1例术中P波振幅增高,未出现双向P波,1例术中P波振幅不变,术后胸部X线片均示导管尖端异位。分别根据胸部X线片或心腔内电图P波外撤导管,采用生理盐水推注、颈内静脉阻断、前端导丝回撤、呼吸配合等送管方法。结果4例均复位成功。结论外撤导管后重新送管不当、未有效识别异常心腔内电图P波变化特点是IC-ECG定位失败的主要原因。上臂输液港置入术中心腔内电图定位导管尖端位置,应密切观察P波振幅和形态,警惕导管打折或异位。

Pitfalls in internal jugular vein cannulation

Central venous catheter insertion in the internal jugular vein(IJV)is frequently performed in acute care settings,facilitated by its easy availability and increased use of ultrasound in healthcare settings.Despite the increased safety profile and insertion convenience,it has complications.Herein,we aim to inform readers about the existing literature on the plethora of complications with potentially disastrous consequences for patients undergoing IJV cannulation.

胃肠外科行PICC置管化疗胃癌患者实施思维导图导向的FFC干预效果评价

目的:探究实施思维导图导向的前馈控制(FFC)干预对行经外周导入中心静脉置管(PICC)化疗胃癌患者的效果情况。方法:选取2022年1月至2023年12月厦门大学附属中山医院胃肠外科收治的行PICC置管化疗胃癌患者252例,按照入院先后顺序将其分为对照组(2022年1月至2022年12月)与研究组(2023年1月至2023年12月),各126例。对照组给予常规护理,研究组在对照组基础上给予思维导图导向的FFC干预,比较两组心理状态[采用汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)及汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAMA)评估]、并发症发生率及护理满意度。结果:干预第30 d,与对照组比较,研究组HAMD、HAMA评分偏低(t_(1)=44.154,t_(2)=27.970,P均<0.05)。干预30 d内,研究组并发症发生率较对照组偏低(χ^(2)值校正=4.288,P<0.05)。干预第30 d,研究组护理满意度较对照组偏高(χ^(2)=7.504,P<0.05)。结论:在行PICC置管化疗胃癌患者中实施思维导图导向的FFC干预,可有效改善其心理状态、并发症发生率及护理满意度。

基于失效模式-效应分析模式的护理干预对宫颈癌经外周静脉穿刺中心静脉置管化疗患者的护理效果

目的探讨基于失效模式-效应分析(HFMEA)模式的护理干预在宫颈癌患者接受外周静脉穿刺中心静脉置管(PICC)化疗中的应用效果。方法采用前瞻性随机对照研究设计,选取2023年1月-12月于南京医科大学附属妇产医院接受PICC化疗的120例宫颈癌患者,随机分为观察组和对照组,每组60例。对照组接受常规护理,观察组在此基础上采用基于HFMEA模式的护理干预。比较两组患者PICC相关并发症发生率、化疗期间舒适度及护理满意度。结果观察组PICC相关并发症发生率显著低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组化疗期间VAS评分显著低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组患者护理满意度显著高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论基于HFMEA模式的护理干预可有效降低宫颈癌患者在接受PICC化疗过程中相关并发症发生率,提高患者舒适度及护理满意度,是一种值得推广的护理模式。