Clinical Predictors for Reduced Long-Term Survival and Cause of Death after Curative Resection for Rectal Cancer

Purpose: To identify clinical predictors for reduced long-term survival and describe the cause of death after surgical treatment for rectal cancer. Methods: A retrospective follow-up study of 442 consecutive, unselected patients treated for rectal cancer at a tertiary centre from 1990 until 2000 and followed for 17 years or until death. Predictors for death were assessed by Cox regression analysis. The cause of death was obtained from the Norwegian Cause of Death Registry. Results: 254 men and 188 women with a median age of 71 years (21 - 95 years) were resected for rectal cancer with low anterior resection (n = 266), abdominoperineal resection (n = 125), Hartmann’s procedure (n = 19) or diverting stoma only (n = 32). Median follow-up was 5 years (0 - 17 years). The relative five-year survival rates for stages I, II, III and IV was 83.9%, 65.2%, 41.1% and 9.3%, respectively. The proportion of deaths due to recurrence from colorectal cancer in stages I, II, III and IV was 23.5%, 55.8%, 72.3% and 98.0%, respectively. Heart, lung and cerebrovascular disease and other malignancies were the cause of death in the other patients. Higher age, abdominoperineal resection compared to low anterior resection, lack of lymph node dissection compared to total mesorectal excision (TME), postoperative reoperations, TNM stages II and III compared to stage I and residual tumours after surgery were all significant independent predictors of reduced survival in the adjusted Cox regression model. Conclusions: Age, tumour stage, type of surgery, lymph node dissection, residual tumour after surgery and reoperations are predictors for survival after surgery for rectal cancer. In the patients who died, the cause of death was due to a condition other than colorectal cancer recurrence in 32.3% of the patients. The five-year relative survival rate was related to tumour stage.

The Effect of Coding Method on Cause-of-Death Rankings

Background: Cause-of-death rankings are often used for planning or evaluating health policy measures. In the European Union, some countries produce cause-of-death statistics by a manual coding of death certificates, while other countries use an automated coding system. The outcome of these two different methods in terms of the selected underlying cause of death for statistics may vary considerably. Therefore, this study explores the effect of coding method on the ranking of countries by major causes of death. Method: Age and sex standardized rates were extracted for 33 European (related) countries from the cause-of-death registry of the European Statistical Office (Eurostat). Wilcoxon’s rank sum test was applied to the ranking of countries by major causes of death. Results: Statistically significant differences due to coding method were identified for dementia, stroke and pneumonia. These differences could be explained by a different selection of dementia or pneumonia as underlying cause of death and by a different certification practice for stroke. Conclusion: Coding method should be taken into account when constructing or interpreting rankings of countries by cause of death.

Trends of Ten Leading Causes of Death in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Objective:An understanding of the leading causes of death in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma(HNSCC)would be helpful to inform doctors,patients,and healthcare providers on disease management.This study aimed to comprehensively study the leading causes of death in these survivors.

Extracting Leading Joint Causes of Death and Mining Associations between Them

The gains in analyzing death from a multiple cause perspective have been recognized for a very long time. Methods that have been adopted have sought to determine additional gains made by treating death as a multiple cause phenomenon as compared to analysis based on a single under-lying cause. This paper shows how association rules mining methodology can be adapted to determine joint morbid causes with strong and interesting associations. Results show that some causes of death that do not appear among the leading causes show strong associations with other causes that would otherwise remain unknown without the use of association rules methodology. Overall, the study found that the leading joint pair of causes of death in South Africa was metabolic disorders and intestinal infectious diseases which accounted for 18.9 deaths per 1000 in 2008, followed by cerebrovascular and hypertensive diseases which accounted for 18.3 deaths per 1000.

Verbal Autopsy of Stillbirths and Neonatal Deaths in a Rural Area of Burkina Faso

Introduction: In developing countries, many neonatal deaths still occur at home and the causes of these deaths are not ascertained. Objective: To identify the causes of stillbirths and neonatal deaths that occur at home and the factors that have contributed to these deaths. Materials and Method: We have used the method of verbal autopsy to investigate the stillbirths and neonatal deaths in nine villages in the health area of Namsiguia, health district of Ouahigouya, Burkina Faso, during the period January 1, 2007 to December 8, 2012. Results: Over these six years, we have recorded 19 stillbirths and 36 neonatal deaths among 1507 live births, demonstrating a neonatal mortality rate of 28.8 per1000 and a rate of stillbirths of 12.6 per 1000. The average age of newborns at death was 5.6 days and the sex-ratio was 1.6. The major cause of stillbirths was antenatal hypoxia and birth asphyxia (42.1%). The direct causes of neonatal deaths were neonatal sepsis (41.7%), preterm birth (19.4%) and hypoxia and birth asphyxia (11.1%). There were 42.1% deliveries and 58.3% neonatal deaths, which occurred at home. We have noted 89.5% fresh stillbirths. Death occurred more often during the early neonatal period (55.5%). Factors significantly associated with neonatal death were, lack of school education of mothers (OR = 4), precocious marriage of the mother (OR = 8), poor follow-up of pregnancies (OR = 3), birth at home (OR = 4), low socioeconomic level (OR = 6), and low geographical access to the health facility (OR = 4). Conclusions: Strengthening of the health infrastructure and improving their accessibility, reinforcement of the staff for high quality care, and communication for a change in behavior in rural communities, will contribute toward reducing neonatal mortality in the area of health of Namsiguia.

An Autopsy and Histopathology-based Study to Ascertain the Cause of Death of Brought Dead Cases

Background and Objectives:The cases of apparent natural deaths are encountered in the hospital casualties who are noted dead at the time of the first medical attention and as such are labeled as“Brought Dead.”These include the cases of sudden death,unexplained death,and unattended death.The cause of such deaths is reported in the literature to emanate principally from the cardiovascular system,though there are some documented geographical,racial,and other variations.In the present study,we endeavored to detect the cause of such natural deaths in terms of the disease and the organ system involved,in the deceased individuals of the contemporary Bengali population,with cases due to obvious unnatural causes being excluded.Materials and Methods:An observational,cross-sectional study with 105(n=105,male:89,female:16)study subjects of age group of 20-80 years,selected by systemic random sampling,from the brought dead subjects coming to the mortuary of the NRS Medical College and Hospital for medicolegal autopsy from April 2011 to March 2012,excluding cases having a history of the obvious unnatural event.Organ system-wise gross examination was done,followed by tissue sampling for histopathological examination.The case-wise findings were tabulated and analyzed for descriptive statistics using SPSS software.Results:In the present study,89 cases were male(84.8%)and 16 cases were female(15.2%),which reflects a male:female ratio of 5.56:1.The dead bodies are mostly recovered from the footpaths(47 cases,44%).Sixty-four(61%)cases are of known identity.In 54 cases out of 105(51.4%),morbid pathology is detected in the respiratory system(RS),lobar pneumonia,and cavitary pulmonary tuberculosis being the most frequent disease entity,in both genders.Fifty-one years-sixty-five years is found to be the most commonly affected age group,in both genders.Interpretation and Conclusions:The present study shows that the most common organ system involved in brought dead cases is the RS,which is supported by a few Indian studies.

Mortality from chronic liver disease:Recent trends and impact of the COVID-19 pandemic

Prepandemic time trends in mortality from chronic liver disease(CLD)differed according to specific cause of death(decreasing for liver cirrhosis,stable or increasing for liver cancer),etiology(increasing for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease,generally decreasing for other etiologies),and world region(decreasing in areas with the highest burden of hepatitis B virus,increasing in Eastern Europe and other countries).The coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic affected mortality of patients with CLD both directly,with a higher risk for severe illness and death depending on age,stage and etiology of the disease,and indirectly,through social isolation and loss of support,harmful drinking,and difficulties in access to care.Nevertheless,only sparse data are available on variations in CLD as a cause of death during the pandemic.In the USA,in 2020-2021 a growth in mortality was registered for all liver diseases,more marked for alcoholic liver disease,especially among young people aged 25-44 years and in selected ethnic groups.COVID-19 related deaths accounted only for a minor part of the excess.Further data from mortality registers of other countries are warranted,preferably adopting the so-called multiple cause-of-death approach,and extended to deaths attributed to viral hepatitis and liver cancer.

Maternal Death and Potential Years of Life Lost(PYLL)in Santa Catarina,Brazil,in 2000 and 2014

Introduction: Indicators of maternal health are often used to evaluate the social development and overall health of a population, as well as the accessibility of health services. Among these indicators, the Potential Years of Life Lost, which is associated with maternal deaths, is useful for the definition of priorities, monitoring, evaluation, and intervention, identifying the highest risk groups. Objective: To analyze the Potential Years of Life Lost by maternal death in Santa Catarina in 2000 and 2014. Method: An Ecological study with exploratory spatial analysis was conducted with data obtained from the Information System on Mortality and Live Births. Results: In the Information System, 35 maternal deaths in the year 2000 were identified and 24 in 2014. The total estimated years of life lost were 845 years in 2000 and 780 years in 2014, dominated by direct obstetric causes. In 2000, women who died lost, on average, 39.8 years of life;and 41.5 years in 2014. Conclusion: The spatial pattern observed in 2000 highlights areas of high risk in different regions of Santa Catarina. The greatest loss of years occurred in younger women, confirming the need to prevent and control maternal mortality and review strategies for compliance with public policies in the State.

Epidemiological characteristics and relative factor of hospital death cases with road traffic trauma

Objective: To investigate the epidemiological characteristics and relative factor about hospital death in patients with road traffic trauma. Methods: The age, sex, road-use category, sites of injury, injury severity scale of 159 hospital death cases in 2436 cases with road traffic trauma were observed, and the relation between the causes of death and time elapsed after injury was also studied with likelihood ratio Chi-square test.

Cancer situation in China:what does the China cancer map indicate fromthe first national death survey to the latest cancer registration?

Background:Over the past four decades,the Chinese government has conducted three surveys on the distribution of causes of death and built cancer registration.In order to shine a new light on better cancer prevention strategies in China,we evaluated the profile of cancer mortality over the forty years and analyzed the policies that have been implemented.Methods:We described spatial and temporal changes in both cancer mortality and the ranking of major cancer types in China based on the data collected from three national surveys during 1973-1975,1990-1992,2004-2005,and the latest cancer registration data published by National Central Cancer Registry of China.The mortality data were compared after conversion to age-standardized mortality rates based on the world standard population(Segi’s population).The geographical distribution characteristics were explored by marking hot spots of different cancers on the map of China.Results:From 1973 to 2016,China witnessed an evident decrease in mortality rate of stomach,esophageal,and cervical cancer,while a gradual increase was recorded in lung,colorectal,and female breast cancer.A slight decrease of mortality rate has been observed in liver cancer since 2004.Lung and liver cancer,however,have become the top two leading causes of cancer death for the last twenty years.From the three national surveys,similar profiles of leading causes of cancer death were observed among both urban and rural areas.Lowermortality rates from esophageal and stomach cancer,however,have been demonstrated in urban than in rural areas.Rural areas had similar mortality rates of the five leading causes of cancer death with the small urban areas in 1973-1975.Additionally,rural areas in 2016 also had approximate mortality rates of the five leading causes with urban areas in 2004-2005.Moreover,stomach,esophageal,and liver cancer showed specific geographical distributions.Althoughmortality rates have decreased atmost of the hotspots of these cancers,they were still higher than the national average levels during the same time periods.Conclusions:Building up a strong primary public health system especially among rural areas may be one critical step to reduce cancer burden in China.

The histopathological spectrum of myocardial inflammation in relation to circumstance of death:a retrospective cohort study in clinical and forensic autopsies

Interpreting a myocardial inflammation as causal,contributory or as of no significance at all in the cause of death can be challenging,especially in cases where other pathologic and/or medico-legal findings are also present.To further evaluate the significance of myocardial inflammation as a cause of death we performed a retrospective cohort study of forensic and clinical autopsy cases.We revised the spectrum of histological inflammatory parameters in the myocardium of 79 adult autopsy cases and related these to the reported cause of death.Myocardial slides were reviewed for the distribution and intensity of inflammatory cell infiltrations,the predominant inflammatory cell type,and the presence of inflammation-associated myocyte injury,fibrosis,edema and hemorrhage.Next,the cases were divided over three groups,based on the reported cause of death.Group 1(n=27)consisted of all individuals with an obvious unnatural cause of death.Group 2(n=29)included all individuals in which myocarditis was interpreted to be one out of more possible causes of death.Group 3(n=23)consisted of all individuals in which myocarditis was reported to be the only significant finding at autopsy,and no other cause of death was found.Systematic application of our histological parameters showed that only a diffuse increase of inflammatory cells could discriminate between an incidental presence of inflammation(Group 1)or a potentially significant one(Groups 2 and 3).No other histological parameter showed significant differences between the groups.Our results suggest that generally used histological parameters are often insufficient to differentiate an incidental myocarditis from a(potentially)significant one.

Exosome Biomarkers in Cardiovascular Diseases and their Prospective Forensic Application in the Identification of Sudden Cardiac Death

Sudden cardiac death(SCD)is a common cause of death due to the high prevalence and mortality of cardiovascular disease(CVD).Currently,the forensic identification of SCD relies on traditional histomorphological examination,lacking stable biomarkers with high specificity and sensitivity.Previous studies have shown that exosomes(Exos)are ideal vectors and the application of Exos provides novel insight as the diagnostic biomarkers and treatment of CVD,and is hot research filed in biomedicine.This review briefly describes the biology of Exos,including the biogenesis of Exos and the mechanisms of action.The research progresses on Exos multi‑omics,i.e.,genomics,proteomics and metabolomics,and their roles in the diagnosis of different types of CVD,especially coronary heart disease and cardiomyopathy,are summarized.In addition,the current difficulties of applications of Exos in forensic identification of SCD and the prospective forensic applications in the future are highlighted.The aim of this review is to summarize the current advances of Exos in CVD in a disease‑oriented manner,and to provide a reference for future forensic pathological identification of SCD,as well as the early diagnosis of SCD in clinic.

Contributions by age and cause to life expectancy gap between China and South Korea,1990-2019:a decomposition analysis

In the past 30 years,the life expectancy in China continues to rise yet at a slower pace because of,in large part,the heavy burden of chronic diseases on older age groups.Based on data obtained from the United Nations World Population Prospects 2019 and the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019,this study applies Arriaga’s decomposition method to decompose the age/cause-specific contributions to life expectancy gap between China and South Korea during 1990-2019,which could provide understanding on mortality patterns and heavy burden by chronic disease resulting from an aging society.The study has found that the life expectancy gap between these two countries for females has remained constant,while that of males has been increasing during the same period.Another finding is that non-communicable diseases,like cardiovascular diseases among the elderly(aged 60+),explain a large and enlarging part of the life expectancy gap between China and South Korea,especially among males.In addition,maternal and neonatal disorders among children(age group 1-4ys)contribute less and less to life expectancy gap.Those observations suggest a convergence of mortality pattern among younger age groups as well as the continued existence of substantial gaps among older age groups.Additionally,given the precedent of South Korea,China should also take suicide as another issue with greater attention in the future.Finally,this study concludes by suggesting targeted public health policies to reduce mortality in certain age groups and save more lives from certain diseases.

Early Mortality (120 Days) amongst Incident Hemodialysis with End Stage Kidney Disease: A 5-Year Retrospective Study

Background: End stage kidney failure (ESKF) is a major public health problem worldwide. Haemodialysis is the principal method in its management, and is associated with high mortality mostly owing to cardiovascular disease (CVD). In Cameroon, data on its predictors is lacking. Objectives: This study aimed at determining the 120 day mortality, causes of death and its predictors and amongst incident haemodialysis patients with end stage kidney disease in Cameroon. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed medical records of patients admitted for ESKF who started haemodialysis between January 2016 and December 2020 (5 years) and who died within 120 days. For these patients, the variables collected were: age, gender, comorbidities, dialysis parameters, para-clinical parameters, cause of death. The causes of death were registered as stated by the attending physician. Data were analysed using SPSS 20. A p-value Results: Out of 1012 incident patients, 258 died giving a mortality rate of 25.5%. Of these, 59.7% were males. The mean age (SD) was 46.52 (15.6) years. The main causes of death included sepsis (45.61%), CVD (12.86%), and severe anaemia (9.94%);and were comparable between males and females except for anaemia which was more prevalent in females (p = 0.003). Catheters related infections (77.9%), and chest infections (9.0%) were the main sources of sepsis while sudden death (76.2%), myocardial infarction (9.5%), and heart failure (9.5%) were the main cardiovascular causes of death. Hypertension (65%), CVD (35.6%), and diabetes (9.19%) were the main comorbidities associated to death. The main vascular access was central venous catheter 96%. CVD (p = 0016, aOR;4.107), Albumin ≤ 3.5 g/dl (p = 0.015, aOR;23.083), and Creatinine > 20 mg/dl (p = 0.024, aOR;5.649) were independent predictors of mortality. Conclusion: One in four patients on haemodialysis died early. CVD, hypoalbuminemia and late initiation were predictors of mortality. Majority of patients die from preventable causes, with sepsis from catheter being the most frequent.

Global trends and regional differences in non-transport unintentional injuries mortality among children and adolescents, 1990 to 2019: results from the Global Burden of Disease 2019 study

Background::Non-transport unintentional injuries(NTUIs)are major public concerns,especially among children and adolescents in low-and middle-income countries.With environmental and cognitive changes,a recent systematic description of global trends and regional differences concerning NTUIs is urgently needed for the global agenda of relevant policy-making and intervention target findings.Methods::We used mortality,population,and socio-demographic-index(SDI)data from Global Burden of Disease 2019 to analyze the trends of NTUIs mortality.We applied the slope index of inequality(SII)and relative index of inequality(RII)to measure the absolute and relative inequality between countries and territories.The concentration curve and concentration index(CI)were also used to measure the inequality.We conducted a sensitivity analysis to make our findings credible.Results::In 2019,there were 205,000 deaths due to NTUIs among children and adolescents aged 5 to 24 years,which decreased from 375,000 in 1990.In 2019,the age-standardized mortality rate(ASMR)was 8.13 per 100,000,ranging from the lowest in the Netherlands(0.90 per 100,000)to the highest in the Solomon Islands(29.34 per 100,000).The low-middle SDI group had the highest ASMR of NTUIs,while the low SDI group had the slowest decrease.After excluding the death caused by"exposure to forces of nature"and"other unintentional injuries",drowning accounted for the most deaths in almost every SDI group,gender,and age group,but the major causes of death varied in different subgroups.For example,animal contact was a major cause in low and low-middle SDI groups but less in high SDI groups,while high and high-middle SDI groups had a higher proportion of deaths for foreign body and poisonings.The SII showed a declining trend,but the RII and CI did not,which might indicate that inequality was persistent.Similar results were found in the sensitivity analysis.Conclusions::Despite the declining trend of the mortality rate and the narrowing gap between countries,there were still a large number of children and adolescents dying from NTUIs,and those experiencing social-economic disadvantages remained at high mortality.Embedding the prevention of NTUIs into sustainable development goals might contribute to the progress of reducing death and inequalities,which ensures that no one is left behind.

Forensic Significance of Messenger RNA and Protein Expression of Genes Downstream of Hypoxia Inducible Factor 2 in Myocardial Tissue for Death Discrimination

Background: As a heterodimeric transcription factor, hypoxia-inducible factor 2 alpha subunit (HIF2A), is an important member of the HIF family. It plays a significant role in the hypoxia adaptation process by regulating the different types of downstream transcription factors and auxiliary regulatory factors. HIF2A-related factors are believed to participate in the progression of myocardial injury or myocardial ischemia, support the protection of ischemic myocardium, and provide guiding significance for the diagnosis and discrimination of sudden cardiac death in forensic pathology. Aim and Objectives: This study aimed to explore the discriminability and applicability of HIF2A-related factors in myocardial infarction cases compared with other causes of death, provide further insights for the forensic diagnosis of heart failure (HF) cases with myocardial infarction, and support the clinical treatment of patients with HF after myocardial infarction. Materials and Methods: The relative expression levels of HIF2A, amphiregulin (AREG), potassium large conductance calcium-activated channel subfamily M β1 (KCNMB1), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARA), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and VEGFR2 messenger RNAs (mRNAs) in myocardial tissue samples were performed using quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. A partial least squares-discriminant analysis model was constructed to select the indicators with better identification effects for myocardial infarction cases. The protein levels of HIF2A, AREG, KCNMB1, and PPARA were further detected by immunohistochemistry. The forensic autopsy cases (27 cases in total, postmortem interval <72 h) included seven cases of acute myocardial infarction and ten cases of myocardial ischemia. There were ten cases in the control group, including four cases of traffic injury, one case of injury by fall from height, and five cases of blunt force injury. Results: Characteristic results were observed in the myocardial ischemia/infarction samples. Compared with the control group, the relative mRNA expression levels of AREG, KCNMB1, and PPARA were significantly increased during the progression of myocardial ischemia, but this was not observed for HIF2A, VEGF, or VEGFR2 mRNA. Immunohistochemistry assays further verified the expression levels of the related factors at the protein level, and H and E staining showed signs of angiogenesis and inflammation in the ischemia/infarction group. Conclusions: By controlling the expression of downstream target genes (AREG, KCNMB1, and PPARA) during myocardial cell hypoxia adaptation, HIF2A has a potential significance in the diagnosis of myocardial infarction in forensic medicine. We believe that HIF2A, AREG, KCNMB1, and PPARA can be used as molecular pathological biomarkers for the discrimination of causes of death in myocardial infarction cases.

Areas with evidence of equity and their progress on mortality from tuberculosis in an endemic municipality of southeast Brazil

Background:In Brazil,people still fall ill and die from tuberculosis(TB),and this can be explained by the significant impasse in the equity of distribution of therapeutic resources to the population as a whole.The aim was to identify geographical areas which have shown progress in terms of equity(of income,schooling and urban occupancy)and test its effect on mortality from TB in a municipality of southeast Brazil.Methods:It is an ecological study considering TB as the basic cause for deaths registered between 2006 and 2013 on the Mortality Information System and other variables obtained through the Demographic Census of the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics(2010).The geographical area for analysis comprised the areas of coverage of the health services.Social indicators have been constructed through the Principal Component Analysis(PCA).The cases were geocoded and the annual mortality rate from TB was calculated with smoothing using the local empirical Bayesian method.Multiple linear regression was then performed.There was confirmation of the existence of spatial dependence of residue through the application of the Global Moran I test,and application of the Models with Global Spatial Effects,to identify the best standard of spatial regression.Results:The mortality rates ranged from 0.00 to 2.8 deaths per 100,000 people,per year.In the PCA,three indicators were constructed,and designated as indicators of income,social inequality,and social equity.In multiple linear regression,the indicator of social equity was statistically significant(P<0.0001)but had a negative association,an adjusted R^(2)of 28.36%and with spatial dependence(Moran I=0.21,P=0.003455).The best model to deal with existing spatial dependence was the Spatial Lag Model.Conclusions:The better social conditions have shown progress in reducing mortality from TB,thereby reinforcing the achievement of Sustainable Development Goals.In addition,cartography was also applied,which can be replicated in other scenarios throughout the world,using a scope distinct from that of works traditionally produced in that it places the emphasis on social equity.

Sudden Natural Deaths in Ontario,Canada:A Retrospective Autopsy Analysis(2012-2016)

This study was performed to identify the categories and distribution of sudden natural deaths(SNDs)in Ontario(ON)from January 2012 to December 2016 as no such reports have been published in ON,and the authors sought to find out the distribution of SND across ON by organ system,age,and sex.Three medicolegal databases were searched,and eight major categories of SND were identified and evaluated using multinomial logistic regression.During the 5-year period,10,880 autopsies were performed on individuals aged 1–100,who died of sudden and natural causes.Over 800 causes of SNDs were recorded from January 2012 to December 2016.The largest category of SND was attributed to diseases and complications of the cardiovascular system(64.1%)followed by the respiratory system(9.1%),gastrointestinal system(6.9%),central nervous system(6.0%),metabolic diseases(3.8%),chronic alcoholism(3.5%),other(2.4%),infectious diseases(2.2%),and cancer(1.8%).The five most common causes of SND were also cardiovascular in origin,which included atherosclerotic heart disease(n=2127,19.5%),atherosclerotic and hypertensive heart disease(n=711,6.5%),myocardial infarction(n=723,6.6%),hypertensive heart disease(n=518,4.8%),and pulmonary embolism(n=377,3.5%).Determination of cause of death in natural deaths is an important part in death investigation,which can provide crucial information in the interest of public health by identifying public health risks and monitoring disease trends.

Application of Virtopsy in the Police Activities in China

This review summarizes the mode of application of virtual anatomy technology in the construction of a police system.Local public security organizations have explored the application modes of virtual anatomy construction,such as the multiparty co-construction mode,cooperation mode,and individual construction mode,and reviewed(l)the understanding of public security and application process of virtual anatomy;(2)the problems faced in the construction and application processes,such as those associated with support ofhuman resources,equipment supplies and financial expenditure,the limitations of the technology itself legal issues with application,shrinkage of the identification business,and appraiser-related problems;and(3)the prospect of application of virtopsy in public security systems.