Analysis of the Application of Span-Bridge Technology for Building Highway Tunnels that Go Over Solutional Caves

This article presents a real engineering project showcasing the application of span-bridge construction technology for building a highway that goes over a solutional cave.An overview of the project and the details of applying this technology in highway construction are provided.Besides,strategies for enhancing its construction quality are also proposed.The objective of this analysis is to improve the safety and quality of similar projects.

MoS2 nanorods with inner caves through synchronous encapsulation of sulfur for high performance Li–S cathodes

Lithium–sulfur(Li–S)batteries have become one of the most promising candidates for next-generation batteries owing to their high specific capacity,low cost,and environment-friendliness.Many efforts have been made to mitigate the"shuttle effect"through physical adsorption and chemical bonding.MoS2 has been proposed as a cathode material to provide effective anchoring sites for lithium polysulfides(Li PSs),but is still limited by its layer structure.Herein,we designed novel MoS2 nanorods with inner caves based on our previous work,and performed synchronous encapsulation of sulfur during the synthesis process.The outer MoS2 tubular shells physically inhibit the outward diffusion of polysulfide species while the inner particles chemically anchor the polysulfides to prevent shuttling.As the cathode matrix in Li–S batteries,the electrochemical results deliver a high initial discharge capacity of 1213 mAhg^-1 for sulfur at 0.1 C.After cycling at 1 C for 300 cycles,the cells exhibit a capacity decay of only 0.076%per cycle and high average coulombic efficiency over 95%.The tubular MoS2 structure is an innovative and appealing design,which could be regarded as a prospective substrate for the improved performance of Li–S batteries.

A review of pressure transient analysis in reservoirs with natural fractures,vugs and/or caves

A review of the pressure transient analysis of flow in reservoirs having natural fractures,vugs and/or caves is presented to provide an insight into how much knowledge has been acquired about this phenomenon and to highlight the gaps still open for further research.A comparison-based approach is adopted which involved the review of works by several authors and identifying the limiting assumptions,model restrictions and applicability.Pressure transient analysis provides information to aid the identification of important features of reservoirs.It also provides an explanation to complex reservoir pressuredependent variations which have led to improved understanding and optimization of the reservoir dynamics.Pressure transient analysis techniques,however,have limitations as not all its models find application in naturally fractured and vuggy reservoirs as the flow dynamics differ considerably.Pollard’s model presented in 1953 provided the foundation for existing pressure transient analysis in these types of reservoirs,and since then,several authors have modified this basic model and come up with more accurate models to characterize the dynamic pressure behavior in reservoirs with natural fractures,vugs and/or caves,with most having inherent limitations.This paper summarizes what has been done,what knowledge is considered established and the gaps left to be researched on.

Preliminary Archaeoacoustic Study of Kanheri Caves in Mumbai(Maharashtra,India)

Here we report first ever study on acoustical evaluation of Kanheri Caves located in Sanjay Gandhi National Park,Mumbai(Maharashtra,India).These caves are dated to a period between 2nd century BCE to 7th century CE.In this study we used an ambisonic recorder to capture Impulse Response,which carries acoustic signature of the place.Out of total 109 caves 41 were surveyed in available time.Out of those reverberant environment was noted in 12 caves.Measurements were made only in 3 caves(Cave Nos.1,3,11)which are important.In the beginning we carried out an FFT analysis.We then studied room acoustic parameters like Reverberation Time,Early Decay Time,Clarity,Definition,etc.,based on the measurement of Impulse response.Cave No.3 have high value of reverberation time,compared to other.Therefore it also have lower clarity compared to others.It is properties needs to be compared with similar structures(chaityas)in Maharashtra(at Ajanta,Ellora,Nashik,Junnar,etc.)and elsewhere in India.It is worthwhile to carry out further research in Cave No.3 with more sophisticated instruments as well as 3D modeling.Since the experiment was performed with receiver at only one position,we also suggest to carry out experiment with receiver at multiple positions and then comparing them.

Discovery of Large Bubble-Like Caves in the Laoshan Granites and Its Significance

Objective In recent years, the dispute regarding the Quatemary glacier of eastem China has become a research focus again, and one of the important focuses is the ＂glacial pothole＂. In fact, the micro-topographic genesis of the rocky surface mortar may be interpreted differently in different places, including pothole, weathering pit, sea cave and wind-eroding pot. It is very controversial to determine this ＂glacial pothole＂.

The Great Caves of Kuqa

CAPTIVATING Kuqa in the heart of Chinese Turkestan has stolen my heart. Luck has found me twice heading for this small county located in Aksu Prefecture on the rail line that connects Urumqi to Kashgar. Halfway between the oases of Kashgar and Turpan, Kuqa county seat has been a considerable trading center since ancient times.

思维导图在高中英语新知识教学中的实践应用——以Unit 5 A Visit to the Zhoukoudian Caves为例

传统"灌输式"教学模式下,大部分学生采取"死记硬背"的学习方式,且学习效果不甚理想,严重影响了学生学习的积极性,而在基础教育改革深入开展的今天,思维导图现身于高中英语课堂,并取得理想的教学效果。英语作为一门语言学科,要想提高学习效率,就要帮助学生形成合理的知识体系,这样既能够降低学生学习的枯燥性,又能够提高学生学习的效率与质量。为此,笔者以"Unit 5 A Visit to the Zhoukoudian Caves"为例,探究了思维导图在高中英语新知识教学中的实践应用。

Mogao Caves

Listed as a World Heritage Site in 1987 Location： Dunhuang City, 6ansu Province, northwest China Best Time to Visit： Anytime, but autumn is the peak tourist season

Stable Carbon Isotope Variations in Cave Percolation Waters and their Implications in Four Caves of Guizhou, China

Monitoring and sampling of main plants, soil CO2, soil water, bedrock, spring water, drip water and its corresponding speleothem were performed at four cave systems of Guizhou, Southwest China, from April 2003 to May 2004, in order to understand stable carbon isotope ratios variations of dissolved inorganic Carbon （DIC） in cave percolation waters （δ13CDIC） and their implications for paleoclimate. Stable carbon isotopic compositions and ions （Ca, Mg, Sr, SO4, CI etc.） were measured for all samples. The results indicate that there are significant differences among the δ13CDIC values from inter-cave, even inter-drip of intra-cave in the four caves. The δ13CDIC values from the Liangfeng Cave （LFC） is lightest among the four caves, where vegetation type overlying the cave is primary forest dominated by tall trees with lighter average δ13C value （-29.9‰）. And there are remarkable differences in δ13CDIC values of different drip waters in the Qixing Cave （QXC） and Jiangjun Cave （JJC）, up to 6.9‰ and 7.8‰, respectively. Further analyses show that the δ13CDIC values in cave drip waters are not only controlled by vegetation biomass overlying the cave, but also hydro-geochemical processes. Therefore, accurate interpreting of δ13C recorded in speleothems cannot be guaranteed if these effects of the above mentioned factors are not taken into consideration.

Genetic Bottlenecks of the Wild Chinese Giant Salamander in Karst Caves

The rarity of limestone cave species due to habitat degradation makes them of special interest in conservation biology.The wild Chinese Giant Salamander Andrias davidianus,an evolutionarily distinct and globally endangered species,are nearly all obligate into living in inaccessible mountain caves now.We detected that only 14-29 breeders,with the effective population size of 9-25（5-44 of 95% confidence interval）,were in each of three caves,through genotyping 20 microsatellite loci on larvae that were flushed out of caves.Both heterzygosity excess and M（ratios of allele number to allele size range） tests indicated severe genetic bottlenecks among populations.Both mitochondrial,with only one or two haplotypes of D-loop region（770-771bp） in each population,and nuclear genetic structure showed clear divergence between populations.Considering the long life history,small population size,and genetic differentiationof the Chinese Giant Salamander,putting an end to poaching and recovering the karst ecosystem instead of releasing may be the sole measures to save this severely threated species.

Speleogenesis of Selected Caves beneath the Lunan Shilin and Caves of Fenglin Karst in Qiubei, Yunnan

Yunnan is famous for its attractive karst landscapes especially shilins, fengcong and fenglin. The development of caves beneath the shilins in the vicinity of Lunan is closely connected with the formation of shilins. Most of the waters percolating through shilins run through the caves beneath them and are responsible for their formation. The study of cave speleogenesis deepens knowledge about both the development of shilins and karst structure. In the vicinity of the Lunan Shilin, speleological, morphological and structural geological studies of four karst caves have been accomplished. At Puzhehei, Qiubei, which is characterised by numerous fenglin, fengcong and caves, speleological and morphological studies have been performed. Cave sediments for paleomagnetic analyses have been taken from all studied areas (samples CH 1-9). Karst caves in SE Yunnan are probably much older than the age of the cave sediments (<780,000 years B.P.). The studied areas are located in the vicinity of the Xiaojiang fault (N-S direction I and the Red River fault (NW-SE direction). The general directions of both active faults are assumed to influence the direction of the most frequent fissures as well as the cave passages near the Lunan Shilin. The Xiaojiang fault more strongly influences cave passage orientation, while the more distant Red River fault most strongly influences fissure orientation.

Influence of CO_(2)/HCO_(3)^(-) on Microbial Communities in Two Karst Caves with High CO_(2)

There is limited knowledge about microbial communities and their ecological functions in karst caves with high CO_(2)concentrations.Here,we studied the microbial community compositions and functions in Shuiming Cave( "SMC",CO_(2)concentration 3 303 ppm) and Xueyu Cave( "XYC",CO_(2)concentration 8 753 ppm) using Illumina MiSeq high-throughput sequencing in combination with BIOLOG test.The results showed that Proteobacteria,Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes were dominant phyla in these two caves,and Thaumarchaeota was the most abundant in the rock wall samples of SMC.The microbial diversity in the water samples decreased with increasing HCO_(3)^(-)concentration,and it was higher in XYC than that in SMC.The microbial community structures in the sediment and rock wall samples were quite different between the two caves.High concentrations of CO_(2)can reduce the microbial diversity on the rock walls in karst caves,probably through changing microbial preference for different types of carbon sources and decreasing the microbial utilization rate of carbon sources.These results expanded our understanding of microbial community and its response to environments in karst caves with high CO_(2).

Stability analysis of longwall top-coal caving face in extra-thick coal seams based on an innovative numerical hydraulic support model

The relationship between support and surrounding rock is of great significance to the control of surrounding rock in mining process.In view of the fact that most of the existing numerical simulation methods construct virtual elements and stress servo control to approximately replace the hydraulic support problem,this paper establishes a new numerical model of hydraulic support with the same working characteristics as the actual hydraulic support by integrating numerical simulation software Rhino,Griddle and FLAC3D,which can realize the simulation of different working conditions.Based on this model,the influence mechanism of the supporting strength of hydraulic support on surrounding rock stress regulation and coal stability in front of the top coal caving face in extra thick coal seam were researched.Firstly,under different support intensity,the abutment pressure of the bearing coal and the coal in front of it presents the “three-stage”evolution characteristics.The influence range of support intensity is 15%–30%.Secondly,1.5 MPa is the upper limit of impact that the support strength can have on the front coal failure area.Thirdly,within a displacement range of 2.76 m from the coal wall,a support strength of1.5 MPa provides optimal control of the horizontal displacement of the coal.

沉浸式技术CAVE在宋韵文化及历史复现上的应用

在有关政策引导下,以CAVE(洞穴状自动虚拟环境)为代表的各类沉浸式技术逐渐进入公共文化教育空间,改进原有单一、单向的展陈模式,辅助传统文化和历史复现。以宋韵文化为例,CAVE系统的应用影响了人们对历史及当下的空间感知和文化认同。人们通过集体观看,在熟悉的现代性“酷”的技术视觉与文化中,认识到个体在历史中的血脉延续性,从而获得沉浸式的文化认同,维续了中华民族这一身份的连贯一致。进而,这一共享的文化认同通过创意产业带动经济发展,将文化价值转化为经济价值。

The microtine distribution and its environmental significance since the Middle Pleistocene in Zhangping Caves of the Qinling Mountains

Three microtine species are recovered from the Zhangping Caves of the Qingling Mountains, namely Microtus oeconomus, Caryomys inez and Caryomys eva. They are climate-sensitive ones with different ecological habits, therefore their distribution well corresponds to environmental variations. Statistical comparison of the distribution of fossil microtines and their counterparts nowadays displays that the climate variation of the studied area and its contiguity since the middle Pleistocene are: warm and humid at 493 ka ago, cool and humid at 259 ka ago―cold and humid at 205 ka ago―cool and humid at 28 ka ago, and warm and dry at present.

Mogao Caves—A Treasure in the Desert

The Yueya (Crescent Moon) Spring in the Mingsha Mountain in the suburbs of Dunhuang City never dries up. The Mogao Caves lie south of the spring.

Dunhuang Mogao Caves

AS the 20th century approached, a Taoist discovered a cave on the desolate Gobi in Northwest China. Within this cave were hidden more than 40,000 pieces of Buddhist scripture, embroideries, paintings and books on various subjects, such as religion, history,

Culturable mycobiota from Karst caves in China II,with descriptions of 33 new species

Karst caves are characterized by darkness,low temperature,high humidity,and oligotrophic organisms due to its relatively closed and strongly zonal environments.Up to now,1626 species in 644 genera of fungi have been reported from caves and mines worldwide.In this study,we investigated the culturable mycobiota in karst caves in southwest China.In total,251 samples from thirteen caves were collected and 2344 fungal strains were isolated using dilution plate method.Preliminary ITS analyses showed that these strains belonged to 610 species in 253 genera.Among these species,88.0%belonged to Ascomy-cota,8.0%Basidiomycota,1.9%Mortierellomycota,1.9%Mucoromycota,and 0.2%Glomeromycota.The majority of these species have been previously known from other environments,and some of them are known as mycorrhizal or pathogenic fungi.About 52.8%of these species were discovered for the first time in karst caves.Based on morphological and phyloge-netic distinctions,33 new species were identified and described in this paper.Meanwhile,one new genus of Cordycipitaceae,Gamszarea,and five new combinations are established.This work further demonstrated that Karst caves encompass a high fungal diversity,including a number of previously unknown species.Taxonomic novelties:New genus:Gamszarea Z.F.Zhang&L.Cai;Novel species:Amphichorda cavernicola,Aspergillus limoniformis,Aspergillus phialiformis,Aspergillus phialosimplex,Auxarthron chinense,Auxarthron guangxiense,Auxarthronopsis globiasca,Auxarthronopsis pedicellaris,Auxarthronopsis pulverea,Auxarthronopsis stercicola,Chrysosporium pallidum,Gamszarea humicola,Gamszarea lunata,Gamszarea microspora,Gymnoascus flavus,Jattaea reniformis,Lecanicillium magnisporum,Microascus collaris,Microas-cus levis,Microascus sparsimycelialis,Microascus superficialis,Microascus trigonus,Nigrospora globosa,Paracremonium apiculatum,Paracremonium ellipsoideum,Paraphaeosphaeria hydei,Pseudoscopulariopsis asperispora,Setophaeosphaeria microspora,Simplicillium album,Simplicillium humicola,Wardomycopsis dolichi,Wardomycopsis ellipsoconidiophora,Wardomycopsis fusca;New combinations:Gamszarea indonesiaca(Kurihara&Sukarno)Z.F.Zhang&L.Cai,Gamszarea kalimantanensis(Kurihara&Sukarno)Z.F.Zhang&L.Cai,Gamszarea restricta(Hubka,Kubátová,Nonaka,Čmoková&Řehulka)Z.F.Zhang&L.Cai,Gamszarea testudinea(Hubka,Kubátová,Nonaka,Čmoková&Řehulka)Z.F.Zhang&L.Cai,Gamszarea wallacei(H.C.Evans)Z.F.Zhang&L.Cai.