Effects of Zinc on Physiologic Characterization and Cadmium Accumulation and Chemical Forms in Different Varieties of Pepper

The effects of zinc （Zn） at different spray concentra- tions （0, 500, and 1 000 μmol · L-1 ） on the plant growth, the ac- tivities of antioxidant enzymes chemical forms of cadmium （Cd）, and the accumulation of Cd were studied and compared between two varieties, Shijichaotianjiao （SJCTJ） and Yanjiao425 （YJ425） of pepper （Capsicum annuum L.） in Cd-contaminated soil （Cd 10 mg @ kg-1 ）. The activities of catalase （CAT） and peroxidase （POD） were generally enhanced by Zn. However, superoxide dismutase （SOD） decreased. Addition of Zn decreased the ethanol-extract- able Cd, NaCl-extractable Cd, and acetic acid-extractable Cd in the fruit by 34.6%- 55.3%, 2.0%-17.7% and 0.4%-32.9%, and reduced the accumulation of Cd in fruit and plant total Cd by 12.8%- 68.6% and 9.0%-29.3% in both varieties, respectively.

Efficiency of KOH-modified rice straw-derived biochar for reducing cadmium mobility, bioaccessibility and bioavailability risk index in red soil

Cadmium(Cd)pollution in agricultural soils has exerted a serious threat due to continuous application of pesticides,fertilizers,and wastewater irrigation.The present study aimed to test the efficiency of KOH-modified and non-modified rice straw-derived biochar(KBC and BC,respectively)for reducing Cd solubility and bioavailability in Cd-contaminated soil.Cadmium-contaminated soil was incubated for 60 d with 15 and 30 g kg-1 BC and KBC.At the end of incubation,Cd mobility was estimated by the European Community Bureau of Reference sequential extraction and toxicity characteristic leaching procedure(TCLP),while bioavailability was determined using 1 molL-1 NH4NO3 extraction.The bioavailability risk index and bioaccessibility,assessed by a simple bioaccessibility extraction test,of Cd were used to examine the potential effects of Cd on living organisms.The results indicated that application of both KBC and BC significantly increased soil p H,cation exchange capacity,nutrients,and organic carbon.The soluble fraction of Cd was significantly decreased by 30.3%and 27.4%,respectively,with the addition of KBC and BC at 30 g kg-1 compared to the control(without biochar addition).Similarly,the bioaccessible Cd was significantly decreased by 32.4%and 25.2%,respectively,with the addition of KBC and BC at 30 g kg-1 compared to the control.In addition,both KBC and BC significantly reduced Cd leaching in the TCLP and NH4NO3-extractable Cd in the amended soil compared to the control.The reduction in Cd solubility and bioaccessibility by KBC and BC may be due to significant increases in soil pH and surface complexation.Overall,KBC at an application rate of 30 g kg-1 demonstrated positive results as soil amendment for Cd immobilization,and reduced bioaccessible Cd in contaminated soil.

Analytical behavior of weakly dispersive surface and internal waves in the ocean

The(2+1)-dimensional interaction of a Riemann wave propagating along the y-axis with a long wave along the x-axis is described by the space-time fractional Calogero-Degasperis(CD)and fractional poten-tial Kadomstev-Petviashvili(PKP)equation.It can be modeled according to the Hamiltonian structure,the lax pair with the non-isospectral problem,and the pain level property.The proposed equations are widely used in beachfront ocean and coastal engineering to describe the propagation of shallow-water waves,demonstrate the propagation of waves in dissipative and nonlinear media,and reveal the propagation of waves in dissipative and nonlinear media.In this paper,we have established further exact solutions to the nonlinear fractional partial differential equation(NLFPDEs),namely the space-time fractional CD and fractional PKP equations using the modified Rieman-Liouville fractional derivative of Jumarie through the two variable(G/G,1/G)-expansion method.As far as trigonometric,hyperbolic,and rational function so-lutions containing parameters are concerned,solutions are acquired when unique characteristics are as-signed to the parameters.Subsequently,the solitary wave solutions are generated from the solutions of the traveling wave.It is important to observe that this method is a realistic,convenient,well-organized,and ground-breaking strategy for solving various types of NLFPDEs.