Preparation and Characterization of CeO_2-ZrO_2 Solid Solution Ultrafine Particles Using Reversed Microemulsion

Ce0.6Zr0.4O2 solid solution ultrafine particle was prepared in the cyclohexane/water/OP-10/n-hexanol reversed microemulsion. The quasi-ternary phase diagram investigations showed that the system has narrow W/O type microemulison region, so it is the proper system to prepare Ce0.6Zr0.4O2 solid solution ultrafine particle. Some physical-chemical techniques such as TG/DTA, XRD, BET, and HRTEM are used to characterize the resultant powders. The results show that the fluorite cubic Ce0.6Zr0.4O2 solid solution is obtained at 400 ℃. The surface area is （146.7 m^2·g^-1）, which is higher than the surface area for sol-gel prepared sample （59.5m^2·g^-1）. HRTEM images indicated that the Ce0.6Zr0.4O2 solid solution ultrafine particle is well-crystallized, narrow size distribution, less agglomeration, within mean size of 5 -7 nm.

Effect of Preparation Method on Surface Area and Crystalline Form of CeO_2-ZrO_2 Solid Solution

The CeO_2-ZrO_2 solid solutions were prepared by a reverse microemulsion method. The effect of preparation parameters on the surface area and crystalline form of the solid solutions were studied by the BET surface area and XRD analysis. The studies indicate that the separation of the microemulsion phase during the preparation procedure can decrease the specific surface area of sample, adding hydrogen peroxide in the matrix solution can increase the specific surface area and stability of sample. The surface area of sample calcined at 550 ℃ for 5 h is 149 m^2·g^(-1), and that calcined at 900 ℃ for 6 h is 88 m^2·g^(-1). The sample with tetragonal symmetry Ce_(0.5)Zr_(0.5)O_2 phase has a higher stability.

SnO_2-based solid solutions for CH_4 deep oxidation: Quantifying the lattice capacity of SnO_2 using an X-ray diffraction extrapolation method

A series of SnO2‐based catalysts modified by Mn, Zr, Ti and Pb oxides with a Sn/M （M=Mn, Zr, Ti and Pb） molar ratio of 9/1 were prepared by a co‐precipitation method and used for CH4 and CO oxidation. The Mn3＋, Zr4＋, Ti4＋and Pb4＋cations are incorporated into the lattice of tetragonal rutile SnO2 to form a solid solution structure. As a consequence, the surface area and thermal stability of the catalysts are improved. Moreover, the oxygen species of the modified catalysts become easier to be reduced. Therefore, the oxidation activity over the catalysts was improved, except for the one modified by Pb oxide. Manganese oxide demonstrates the best promotional effects for SnO2. Using an X‐ray diffraction extrapolation method, the lattice capacity of SnO2 for Mn2O3 was 0.135 g Mn2O3/g SnO2, which indicates that to form stable solid solution, only 21%Sn4＋cations in the lattice can be maximally replaced by Mn3＋. If the amount of Mn3＋cations is over the capacity, Mn2O3 will be formed, which is not favorable for the activity of the catalysts. The Sn rich samples with only Sn‐Mn solid solution phase show higher activity than the ones with excess Mn2O3 species.

Synthesis and thermoelectric properties of Mg_2Si_(1-x)Sn_x solid solutions by microwave irradiation

In order to reduce the oxidizing and volatilizing caused by Mg element in the traditional methods for synthesizing Mg2Sil-xSnx （x=0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8） solid solutions, microwave irradiation techniques were used in preparing them as thermoelectric materials. Structure and phase composition of the obtained materials were investigated by X-ray diffraction （XRD）. The electrical conductivity, Seebeck coefficient and thermal conductivity were measured as a function of temperature from 300 to 750 K. It is found that Mg2Si1-xSnx solid solutions are well formed with excessive content of 5% （molar fraction） Mg from the stoichiometric MgESil.xSnx under microwave irradiation. A maximum dimensionless figure of merit, ZT, of about 0.26 is obtained for Mg2Si1-xSnx solid solutions at about 500 K for x=0.6.

Thermal Stability and Reductive Property of Ce_xZr_(1-x)O_2 Solid Solution Doped Simultaneously by Fe, Mn or Fe, Cu

CexZr1-xO2 complex oxides doped by transition metal(Fe, Mn, Cu) were prepared by precipitation method. Thermal stability of samples was characterized by XRD, surface areas were measured by BET method and reductive property was characterized by TPR. The results show that MnO2 can be dispersed in solid solution after calcined at 1273 K, when the loading is 12%, while Fe and Cu is easy to separate from samples at this temperature. Samples doped simultaneously by Fe, Mn or Fe, Cu demonstrated high reactive property at low temperature. The starting reduction temperature are 413 and 373 K, respectively. TPR results also show a broad range of reductive temperature exists in these bi-metal doped samples.

Promoter of (Ce-Zr)O_2 Solid Solution Modified by Praseodymia in Three-Way Catalysts

The three way catalysts (TWCs) promoters (Ce Zr)O 2, (Pr Ce Zr)O 2 and (Pr Zr)O 2 were prepared by sol gel like method. They were characterized by XRD, EXAFS and BET surface area determination. The reduction features of the promoters were measured by temperature programmed reduction (TPR) of H 2 to access the potential for the promoters containing praseodymia as oxygen storage component in three way catalyst. The (Pr Zr)O 2 cubic solid solution is formed at high temperature up to 800 ℃, which makes it more reducible than the (Ce Zr)O 2 solid solution. For the (Pr Ce Zr)O 2 samples, the ternary solid solution plays an important role in the reduction process. The performance of the three way catalysts with fully formulated Pt, Pd and Rh is proceeded by using both light off temperature under a stoichiometric gas composition and the conversion of CO, C 3H 6 and NO under changing air/fuel ratio at a constant reaction temperature 400 ℃ . The results indicate that a small amount of praseodymia doping into (Ce Zr)O 2 favors the light off temperature of C 3H 6 and NO, and all the catalysts containing praseodymia obviously exhibits enhanced width of S value for NO conversion at lean region ( S ≥1.00).

Extending the solid solution range of sodium ferric pyrophosphate:Off‐stoichiometric Na_(3)Fe(2.5)(P_(2)O_(7))_(2)as a novel cathode for sodium‐ion batteries

Iron‐based pyrophosphates are attractive cathodes for sodium‐ion batteries due to their large framework,cost‐effectiveness,and high energy density.However,the understanding of the crystal structure is scarce and only a limited candidates have been reported so far.In this work,we found for the first time that a continuous solid solution,Na_(4−α)Fe_(2+α)_(2)(P_(2)O_(7))_(2)(0≤α≤1,could be obtained by mutual substitution of cations at center‐symmetric Na3 and Na4 sites while keeping the crystal building blocks of anionic P_(2)O_(7) unchanged.In particular,a novel off‐stoichiometric Na_(3)Fe(2.5)(P_(2)O_(7))_(2)is thus proposed,and its structure,energy storage mechanism,and electrochemical performance are extensively investigated to unveil the structure–function relationship.The as‐prepared off‐stoichiometric electrode delivers appealing performance with a reversible discharge capacity of 83 mAh g^(−1),a working voltage of 2.9 V(vs.Na^(+)/Na),the retention of 89.2%of the initial capacity after 500 cycles,and enhanced rate capability of 51 mAh g^(−1)at a current density of 1600 mA g^(−1).This research shows that sodium ferric pyrophosphate could form extended solid solution composition and promising phase is concealed in the range of Na_(4−α)Fe_(2+α)_(2)(P_(2)O_(7))_(2),offering more chances for exploration of new cathode materials for the construction of high‐performance SIBs.

添加水蒸气对CH_4-CO_2重整催化剂Ni/CeO_2-ZrO_2-Al_2O_3中Ni组分结构影响的EXAFS研究

采用水热合成法制备了Ni/CeO2 -ZrO2 -Al2 O3催化剂。进行了添加和不添加水蒸气的CH4 -CO2 催化重整反应 ,测量了积碳量 ,并用EXAFS手段测试了催化剂Ni的K吸收边。结果表明 ,反应前后最近邻Ni-Ni配位距离无明显变化 ,而配位数却变化明显。无水蒸气反应后Ni-Ni配位数有较大幅度的减少 ;而添加了水蒸气 ,Ni-Ni配位数比反应前减少幅度小。水蒸气的添加能减少积碳量 ,稳定催化剂中Ni的结构 。

Three-dimensionally ordered macroporous SnO_2-based solid solution catalysts for effective soot oxidation

A series of three‐dimensionally ordered macroporous(3DOM)SnO2‐based catalysts modified by the cations Ce4+,Mn3+,and Cu2+have been prepared by using a colloidal crystal templating method and tested for soot combustion under loose contact condition.XRD and STEM mapping results confirm that all the secondary metal cations have entered the lattice matrix of tetragonal rutile SnO2 to form non‐continuous solid solutions,thus impeding crystallization and improving the surface areas and pore volumes of the modified catalysts.In comparison with regular SnO2 nanoparticles,the 3DOM SnO2 displays evidently improved activity,testifying that the formation of the 3DOM structure can anchor the soot particulates in the macro‐pores,which ensures that the contact of the soot particles with the active sites on the 3DOM skeleton is more easily formed,thus benefiting the target reaction.With the incorporation of the secondary metal cations,the activity of the catalyst can be further improved due to the formation of more abundant mobile oxygen species.In summary,these effects are believed to be the major factors responsible for the activity of the catalyst.

Preparation and Characterization of Ce_x Th_(1-x)O_2 Solid Solutions Prepared by Sol-Gel Method

The Ce_xTh_(1-x)O_2 solid solutions were prepared by citrate sol-gel method,and their structure and reduction properties were studied. XRD shows that solid solution with cubicphase formed in all the solid solutions (x = 0.2, 0.5, 0.8) Ce_xTh_(1-x)O_2. Raman spectrum showsthat Ce-Th complex oxides can promote the formation of oxygen vacancies. Two reduction peaks appearin the TPR profiles of Ce_xTh_(1-x)O_2 solid solution. The a peak is attributed to the reduction ofCe^(4+) on the surface, and the β peak is attributed to the reduction of bulk CeO_2. Theincorporation of Th atom into CeO_2 improves the reduction of CeO_2. Ce_xTh_(1-x)O_2 mixed oxidesare promising materials for oxygen vacancies produced, as well as catalysts for many reactionsinvolved oxygen, such as the catalysts for three-way reactions for reducing the releasing pollutantsor combustion of VOCs.

金属负载量对CuO/NiO-CeO_(2)催化CO-Prox性能的影响

为深度去除富氢气中的CO,制备CO-Prox催化性能较好的催化剂是目前的研究热点。采用分步浸渍法制备了CuO/NiO-CeO_(2)催化剂,通过XRD、BET、H_(2)-TPR、HR-TEM等手段对催化剂进行表征,探究了金属Cu+Ni的负载量(金属负载量)对催化剂结构、还原性能及其CO-Prox性能的影响。结果表明,CuO/NiO-CeO_(2)催化剂中均形成了Cu/Ni-O-Ce固溶体;催化活性主要与高度分散在载体表面的Cu物种和固溶体的浓度有关;当金属负载量为8%时,高度分散在载体表面的Cu物种和固溶体的浓度较高,催化剂表现出较好的催化活性;在CO/H_(2)/CO_(2)/O_(2)/Ar气氛下、反应温度为130℃、氧过量系数为1.2、质量空速为20266 mL/(g·h)的条件下,CO转化率为95.9%,CO氧化选择性为86.3%。

纳米结构Y_(2)O_(3)-Sc_(2)O_(3)-ZrO_(2)固溶体透明陶瓷的热压烧结和性能研究

笔者通过溶胶-凝胶燃烧法成功合成了Y_(2)O_(3)-Sc_(2)O_(3)-ZrO_(2)纳米粉体,研究了ZrO_(2)与热压烧结工艺对Y_(2)O_(3)-Sc_(2)O_(3)-ZrO_(2)固溶体透明陶瓷组织与性能的影响。结果表明,Y_(2)O_(3)-Sc_(2)O_(3)-ZrO_(2)粉体晶粒尺寸随ZrO_(2)掺入量的增加而减小。热压过程中,ZrO_(2)可以有效抑制晶界迁移,提高陶瓷致密度、透过率及强度和韧性。在优化的1300℃,30 min,40 MPa工艺下烧结,Y_(2)O_(3)-Sc_(2)O_(3)-10 mol%ZrO_(2)固溶体透明陶瓷的综合性能最好,其平均晶粒尺寸仅94 nm、致密度98.5%、硬度10.44 GPa,断裂韧性1.42 MPa·m^(1/2)、在3~6μm红外波段最大透过率达到72%。

Synthesis and evaluation as CO2 chemisorbent of the Li5(Al1-xFex)O4 solid solution materials:Effect of oxygen addition

Pentalithium aluminate（β-LiAlO） and the corresponding iron-containing solid solution(Li(AlFe)O)were synthetized by solid-state reaction. All the samples were characterized structural and microstructurally by X-ray diffraction, solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance, scanning electron microscopy, Nadsorption-desorption and temperature-programmed desorption of CO. Results showed that 30 mol% of iron can be incorporated into the β-LiAlOcrystalline structure at aluminum positions. Moreover, iron addition induced morphological and superficial reactivity variations. Li(AlFe)Osamples chemisorbed CObetween 200 and 700 °C, where the superficial chemisorption presented the highest enhancement,in comparison to β-LiAlO. Additionally, Li(AlFe)Osamples sintered at higher temperatures thanβ-LiAlO. Isothermal COchemisorption experiments of β-LiAlOand Li(AlFe)Owere fitted to a first order reaction model, corroborating that iron enhances the COchemisorption, kinetically. When oxygen was added to the gas flow, COchemisorption process was mainly enhanced between 400 and 600 °C for the Li(AlFe)Osample in comparison to β-LiAlO. Hence, Li(AlFe)Osolid solution presented an enhanced COchemisorption process, in the presence and absence of oxygen, in comparison to β-LiAlO.

Investigation of lattice capacity effect on Cu2+-doped SnO2 solid solution catalysts to promote reaction performance toward NOx-SCR with NH3

To understand the effect of the doping amount of Cu^2+ on the structure and reactivity of SnO2 in NOx-SCR with NH3, a series of Sn-Cu-O binary oxide catalysts with different Sn/Cu ratios have been prepared and thoroughly characterized. Using the XRD extrapolation method, the SnO2 lattice capacity for Cu^2+ cations is determined at 0.10 g Cu O per g of SnO2, equaling a Sn/Cu molar ratio of 84/16. Therefore, in a tetragonal rutile SnO2 lattice, only a maximum of 16% of the Sn4+ cations can be replaced by Cu^2+ to form a stable solid solution structure. If the Cu content is higher, Cu O will form on the catalyst surface, which has a negative effect on the reaction performance. For samples in a pure solid solution phase, the number of surface defects increase with increasing Cu content until it reaches the lattice capacity, as confirmed by Raman spectroscopy. As a result, the amounts of both active oxygen species and acidic sites on the surface, which critically determine the reaction performance, also increase and reach the maximum level for the catalyst with a Cu content close to the lattice capacity. A distinct lattice capacity threshold effect on the structure and reactivity of Sn-Cu binary oxide catalysts has been observed. A Sn-Cu catalyst with the best reaction performance can be obtained by doping the SnO2 matrix with the lattice capacity amount of Cu^2+.

Solid Solution Sm_(1+x)Ba_(2-x)Cu_3O_y and Effect of Quench Temperature on SmBa_2Cu_3O_y

By X-ray powder diffraction technique and oxygen content analysis, a solid solution Sm1+xBa2-xCu3Oy has been determined in the range 0≤x≤0.4. When x<0.25. the Sm1+xBa2-xCu3Oy presents orthorhombic symmetry, and the orthorhombic-tetragonaJ transition ocCurs at x = 0.25. With the increase of x, TC decreases and finally breaks. The correlation between ox ygen content and phase structure at different quench temperatures related to Sm Ba2Cu3Oy has been investigated as well

Role of Microstructure and Spectrum Features on the Catalysis Effect of Ce1-x(Nd0.5Eu0.5)xO2-δSolid Solutions

Nanosized Ce^1-x）（Nd^0.5）Eu^0.5））xO^2-δ） solid solutions（x = 0.00-0.20） were synthesized by means of hydrothermal method.Then the solid solutions were ball milled with Mg2Ni and Ni powders for 20 h to get the Mg2Ni–Ni–5 mol% Ce^1-x）（Nd^0.5）Eu^0.5））xO^2-δ） composites.The structures and spectrum characteristics of the Ce^1-x）（Nd^0.5）Eu^0.5））xO^2-δ） solid solutions catalysts were analyzed systemically.XRD results showed that the doped samples exhibited single phase of CeO2 fluorite structure.The cell parameters and cell volumes were increased with increasing the doped content.Raman spectrum revealed that the peak position of F^2g mode shift to higher wavenumbers and the peak corresponding to oxygen vacancies were observed distinctly for the doped samples.UV-Vis technique indicated that the absorption peaks of Eu^3＋ and Nd^3＋ ions appeared; the bandgap energy was decreased linearly.The electrochemical and kinetic properties of the Mg2Ni–Ni–5 mol% Ce1-x（Nd0.5Eu0.5xO2-δ composites were measured.The maximum discharge capacity was increased from 722.3 mA h/g for x = 0.00 to 819.7 mA h/g for x = 0.16,and the cycle stability S20 increased from 25.0%（x = 0.00） to 42.2%（x = 0.20）.The kinetic measurement proved that the catalytic activity of composite surfaces and the hydrogen diffusion rate were improved for the composites with doped catalysts,especially for the composites with x = 0.16 and x = 0.20.The catalysis mechanism was analyzed from the point of microstructure and spectrum features of the Ce1-x（Nd0.5Eu0.5）xO2-δ solid solutions.

A rationale for the development of thermally stable nanostructured CeO_2-ZrO_2-containing mixed oxides

CeO2-ZeO2 solid solutions are extensively used as oxygen storage promoters in the current automotive three-way catalysts. High thermal stability of the textural properties is one of the most important requirements for practical application since temperatures up to 1273 K are easily experienced by these materials under real working conditions. In the present paper, we investigated how hydrothermal treatments applied to cakes of doped and undoped ZrO2-rich CeO2-ZrO2 precursors might improve the thermal stability of the final CeO2-ZrO2 solid solution. A rationale was developed that allowed to correlate the morphology of the hydrothermaUy treated cake with the thermal stability at 1273 K of the final product, which did not depend on the composition of the mixed oxides.

Catalytic reduction of SO_2 by CO over CeO_2-TiO_2 mixed oxides

The structure and catalytic desulfurization characteristics of CeO2-TiO2 mixed oxides were investigated by means ofX-ray diffraction （XRD）, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy （XPS） and catalytic activity tests. According to the results, a CeO2-TiO2solid solution is formed when the mole ratio of cerium to titanium n（Ce）：n（Ti） is 5：5 or greater, and the most suitable n（Ce）：n（Ti） isdetermined as 7：3, over which the conversion rate of SO2 and the yield of sulfur at 500℃ reach 93% and 99%, respectively.According to the activity testing curve, Ce0.7Ti0.3O2 （n（Ce）：n（Ti）=7：3） without any pretreatment can be gradually activated by reagentgas after about 10 min, and reaches a steady activation status 60 min later. The XPS results of Ce0.7Ti0.3O2 after different time ofSO2＋CO reaction show that CeO2 is the active component that offers the redox couple Ce4＋/Ce3＋ and the labile oxygen vacancies, andTiO2 only functions as a catalyst structure stabilizer during the catalytic reaction process. After 48 h of catalytic reaction at 500℃,Ce0.7Ti0.3O2 still maintains a stable structure without being vulcanized, demonstrating its good anti-sulfur poisoning performance.

纳米Ce_(1-4x)(FeAlCoLa)_(x)O_(2-δ)固溶体微观光谱特征及氧化还原性能研究

采用水热法合成Fe^(3+)、Al^(3+)、Co^(2+)及La^(3+)共掺杂纳米Ce_(1-4x)(FeAlCoLa)_(x)O_(2-δ)(x=0.00~0.05)固溶体,利用X射线衍射(XRD)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、紫外吸收光谱(UV)、荧光光谱(PL)、拉曼光谱(Raman)以及与H2的程序升温还原反应(TPR)等方法对固溶体的微观结构、形貌、光谱特征和氧化还原活性进行系统表征及分析。XRD结果表明,Ce_(1-4x)(FeAlCoLa)_(x)O_(2-δ)固溶体均呈CeO_(2)立方萤石结构,当掺杂量增加到x=0.04时,在36.6°处出现了微弱的Co_(3)O_(4)杂相,可以确定掺杂离子在CeO_(2)晶格中的固溶度x<0.04。样品的(111)衍射峰位向高角度偏移,表明掺杂离子引起晶格发生畸变。TEM及SEM结果显示样品为球形纳米颗粒,掺杂离子引起晶面间距变小。紫外吸收光谱表明,与纯CeO_(2)相比,掺杂样品的吸收边逐渐红移,在560~780 nm范围观察到掺杂离子的紫外吸收峰。掺杂引起样品能隙降低,从2.84 eV(纯CeO_(2))逐渐降低至2.10 eV(x=0.05)。其原因可归结为掺杂离子在CeO_(2)的价带和导带之间形成新的杂质能级,允许电子从价带跃迁到较低的杂质能级上,继而降低了跃迁能隙。由于掺杂离子引起晶格内部发生畸变以及氧空位比例增大,阻碍了电子的高能跃迁,也可引起能隙减小。荧光光谱证明,掺杂样品的发射峰强度明显降低。Raman光谱表明,掺杂引起F_(2g)峰位发生偏移,峰强减小,峰宽变大。同时,对应于氧空位峰的相对强度逐渐提高。荧光光谱及Raman光谱均证明掺杂离子引起固溶体晶格畸变程度增加,氧空位浓度提高。H_(2)-TPR测试表明,掺杂可以有效降低CeO_(2)的氧化还原反应温度,提高氧化还原活性,当x=0.03的样品表面还原温度最低,还原峰的面积最大,即氧化还原反应活性最佳,表明样品的氧化还原性能与晶粒尺寸、晶格缺陷及氧空位浓度密切相关。通过以上研究证明,四种离子共掺杂CeO_(2)能够有效修饰微观晶体结构,在较低掺杂浓度下即可显著改善样品的催化活性。

Zn_(3)(As_(1-x)P_(x))_(2)纳米结构制备及光谱特性研究

Zn_(3)As_(2)与Zn_(3)P_(2)具有相同的伪立方晶格结构,它们具有较高的电子迁移率、较窄的直接带隙和良好的空气稳定性,在光电器件领域呈现出广泛的应用前景。目前关于Zn_(3)As2-Zn_(3)P_(2)固溶体纳米结构的研究相对较少,采用高气压烧结技术得到Zn_(3)(As_(1-x)P_(x))_(2)(x=0、0.05、0.1)母合金,再利用化学气相沉积方法合成出多种形态的Zn_(3)(As_(1-x)P_(x))_(2)纳米结构,包括宏观尺寸的纳米带(长度3~10 mm;宽度1~4 mm;厚度约20μm)、纳米帆、纳米棒及纳米银簪等。系统的研究了P掺杂对相组成、元素含量、微结构以及光谱特性的影响。X射线衍射(XRD)结果表明,Zn_(3)(As_(1-x)P_(x))_(2)宏观纳米带样品的主相为α′相,随着P掺杂含量的增加,(224)衍射峰向右发生偏移,表明晶格常数减小。电子能谱分析显示P理论值(光致发光光谱)掺杂含量值x=0.05和x=0.1的Zn_(3)(As_(1-x)P_(x))_(2)母合金纳米带中P的实际含量分别为x=0.026及x=0.062。微结构分析表明,Zn_(3)As_(2)宏观纳米带的生长模式为沿〈221〉晶面菱形层状生长,P掺杂使纳米带的宏观尺寸减小,生长模式由菱形层状生长转变为纳米颗粒堆积层状生长。纳米带样品的拉曼光谱在79、97、198、320、428和1107 cm^(-1)出现特征峰,P掺杂导致拉曼光谱中1107 cm^(-1)特征峰发生蓝移,傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)中1101和1599 cm^(-1)特征峰与PL谱中的300、422和635 nm特征峰也发生蓝移。Zn_(3)As_(2)与Zn_(3)(As_(0.974)P_(0.026))_(2)纳米带光电流与电压的线性关系良好,存在较好的欧姆特性,P掺杂后的Zn_(3)(As_(0.974)P_(0.026))2纳米带在900 nm条件下的光响应最为敏感。