Recent advances in optical techniques for dynamically probing cellular mechanobiology

Cellular mechanotransduction characterized by the transformation of mechanical stimuli into biochemical signals,represents a pivotal and complex process underpinning a multitude of cellular functionalities.This process is integral to diverse biological phenomena,including embryonic development,cell migration,tissue regeneration,and disease pathology,particularly in the context of cancer metastasis and cardiovascular diseases.Despite the profound biological and clinical significance of mechanotransduction,our understanding of this complex process remains incomplete.The recent development of advanced optical techniques enables in-situ force measurement and subcellular manipulation from the outer cell membrane to the organelles inside a cell.In this review,we delved into the current state-of-the-art techniques utilized to probe cellular mechanobiology,their principles,applications,and limitations.We mainly examined optical methodologies to quantitatively measure the mechanical properties of cells during intracellular transport,cell adhesion,and migration.We provided an introductory overview of various conventional and optical-based techniques for probing cellular mechanics.These techniques have provided into the dynamics of mechanobiology,their potential to unravel mechanistic intricacies and implications for therapeutic intervention.

Optimal Allocation of a Hybrid Wind Energy-Fuel Cell System Using Different Optimization Techniques in the Egyptian Distribution Network

This paper presents an optimal proposed allocating procedure for hybrid wind energy combined with proton exchange membrane fuel cell (WE/PEMFC) system to improve the operation performance of the electrical distribution system (EDS). Egypt has an excellent wind regime with wind speeds of about 10 m/s at many areas. The disadvantage of wind energy is its seasonal variations. So, if wind power is to supply a significant portion of the demand, either backup power or electrical energy storage (EES) system is needed to ensure that loads will be supplied in reliable way. So, the hybrid WE/PEMFC system is designed to completely supply a part of the Egyptian distribution system, in attempt to isolate it from the grid. However, the optimal allocation of the hybrid units is obtained, in order to enhance their benefits in the distribution networks. The critical buses that are necessary to install the hybrid WE/ PEMFC system, are chosen using sensitivity analysis. Then, the binary Crow search algorithm (BCSA), discrete Jaya algorithm (DJA) and binary particle swarm optimization (BPSO) techniques are proposed to determine the optimal operation of power systems using single and multi-objective functions (SOF/MOF). Then, the results of the three optimization techniques are compared with each other. Three sensitivity factors are employed in this paper, which are voltage sensitivity factor (VSF), active losses sensitivity factor (ALSF) and reactive losses sensitivity factor (RLSF). The effects of the sensitivity factors (SFs) on the SOF/MOF are studied. The improvement of voltage profile and minimizing active and reactive power losses of the EDS are considered as objective functions. Backward/forward sweep (BFS) method is used for the load flow calculations. The system load demand is predicted up to year 2022 for Mersi-Matrouh City as a part of Egyptian distribution network, and the design of the hybrid WE/PEMFC system is applied. The PEMFC system is designed considering simplified mathematical expressions. The economics of operation of both WE and PEMFC system are also presented. The results prove the capability of the proposed procedure to find the optimal allocation for the hybrid WE/PEMFC system to improve the system voltage profile and to minimize both active and reactive power losses for the EDS of Mersi-Matrough City.

Detection of circulating tumour cells in colorectal cancer:Emerging techniques and clinical implications

Despite several advances in oncological management of colorectal cancer,morbidity and mortality are still high and devastating.The diagnostic evaluation by endoscopy is cumbersome,which is uncomfortable to many.Because of the intra-and inter-tumour heterogeneity and changing tumour dynamics,which is continuous in nature,the diagnostic biopsy and assessment of the pathological sample are difficult and also not adequate.Late manifestation of the disease and delayed diagnosis may lead to relapse or metastases.One of the keys to improving the outcome is early detection of cancer,ease of technology to detect with uniformity,and its therapeutic implications,which are yet to come."Liquid biopsy"is currently the most recent area of interest in oncology,which may provide important tools regarding the characterization of the primary tumour and its metastasis as cancer cells shed into the bloodstream even at the early stages of the disease.By using this approach,clinicians may be able to find out information about the tumour at a given time.Any of the following three types of sampling of biological material can be used in the"liquid biopsy".These are circulating tumour cells(CTCs),circulating tumour DNA,and exosomes.The most commonly studied amongst the three is CTCs.CTCs with their different applications and prognostic value has been found useful in colorectal cancer detection and therapeutics.In this review,we will discuss various markers for CTCs,the core tools/techniques for detection,and also important findings of clinical studies in colorectal cancer and its clinical implications.

Corrosion Inhibition Mechanism of Rare Earth Metal on LC4 Al Alloy with Spilt Cell Technique

A new method of studying the corrosion inhibition mechanism of rare earth metal（REM） on LC4 Al alloy with the spilt cell technique was studied. The principle and experimental method of the spilt cell technique were analyzed. By measuring the change of net-electric current between the two electrodes caused by the change of the amount of oxygen in the solution and the addition of CeCl3, the influence of corrosive performance of CeCl3 on LC4 super-power aluminum ＂alloy in the 0.1 mol· L^-1 NaCl solution was investigated. Meanwhile, the conditional changes of pH values, CeCl3 solution, additire and time of performance were also studied. Finally, the features of electrode surface were revealed by using SEM and X-ray energy-dispersive spectrometry （EDS）. By combining these with other electric chemical techniques, such as potential-time curve, polarization curve et al.

Uniform stable conformal convolutional perfectly matched layer for enlarged cell technique conformal finite-difference time-domain method

Based on conformal construction of physical model in a three-dimensional Cartesian grid,an integral-based conformal convolutional perfectly matched layer（CPML） is given for solving the truncation problem of the open port when the enlarged cell technique conformal finite-difference time-domain（ECT-CFDTD） method is used to simulate the wave propagation inside a perfect electric conductor（PEC） waveguide.The algorithm has the same numerical stability as the ECT-CFDTD method.For the long-time propagation problems of an evanescent wave in a waveguide,several numerical simulations are performed to analyze the reflection error by sweeping the constitutive parameters of the integral-based conformal CPML.Our numerical results show that the integral-based conformal CPML can be used to efficiently truncate the open port of the waveguide.

Measuring Ca^(2+) influxes of TRPC1-dependent Ca^(2+) channels in HL-7702 cells with Non-invasive Micro-test Technique

AIM： To explore the possibility of using the Noninvasive Micro-test Technique （NMT） to investigate the role of Transient Receptor Potential Canonical 1 （TRPC1） in regulating Ca^2＋ influxes in HL-7702 cells, a normal human liver cell line.METHODS： Net Ca^2＋ fluxes were measured with NMT, a technology that can obtain dynamic information of specific/selective ionic/molecular activities on material surfaces, non-invasively. The expression levels of TRPCl were increased by liposomal transfection, whose effectiveness was evaluated by Western-blotting and single cell reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction.RESULTS： Ca^2＋ influxes could be elicited by adding 1 mmol/L CaCl2 to the test solution of HL-7702 cells. They were enhanced by addition of 20 μmol/L noradrenalin and inhibited by 100 μmol/L LaCl3 （a non-selective Ca^2＋ channel blocker）; 5 μmol/L nifedipine did not induce any change. Overexpression of TRPCl caused increased Ca^2＋ influx. Five micromoles per liter nifedipine did not inhibit this elevation, whereas 100 μmol/L LaCI3 did.CONCLUSION： In HL-7702 cells, there is a type of TRPCl-dependent Ca^2＋ channel, which could be detected v/a NMT and inhibited by La^3＋.

Measurement of Ca^(2+) Flow in Cochlear Cells Using Non-Invasive Micro-Test Technique

Objective To test Calcium ion(Ca2+) flow at the head and end of outer hair cells(OHCs) in resting state and in response to Nimodipine treatment.Methods Non-invasive micro-test techniques were used to study Ca2+ in isolated OHCs in adult guinea pigs.Results Four types of Ca2+ transport were identified in OHCs on basilar membrane tissue fragments:influx at the head of with efflux at the bottom(type 1):efflux at the head of OHCs with influx at the bottom(type 2);influx at the both head and bottom(type 3);and efflux at the both head and bottom(type 4).However,only type 1 and type 3 of Ca2+ ion transport were detected in the cochlea.We propose that Ca2+ ion transport exists in adult guinea pig cochlear OHCs in resting state and is variable.Ca2 + flow in OHC can be inhibited by Nimodipine in resting state.

Kinetic parameter estimation for cooling crystallization process based on cell average technique and automatic differentiation

In this paper,a cell average technique(CAT)based parameter estimation method is proposed for cooling crystallization involved with particle growth,aggregation and breakage,by establishing a more efficient and accurate solution in terms of the automatic differentiation(AD)algorithm.To overcome the deficiency of CAT that demands high computation cost for implementation,a set of ordinary differential equations(ODEs)entailed from CAT based discretized population balance equation(PBE)are solved by using the AD based high-order Taylor expansion.Moreover,an AD based trust-region reflective(TRR)algorithm and another interior-point(IP)algorithm are established for estimating the kinetic parameters associated with particle growth,aggregation and breakage.As a result,the estimation accuracy can be further improved while the computation cost can be significantly reduced,compared to the existing algorithms.Benchmark examples from the literature are used to illustrate the accuracy and efficiency of the AD-based CAT,TRR and IP algorithms in comparison with the existing algorithms.Moreover,seeded batch cooling crystallization experiments ofβform L-glutamic acid are performed to validate the proposed method.

New Approach to Modeling a Solar Cell in Relation to Its Efficiency—Laplace Transform Technique

Heating a solar cell subjected to incident solar irradiance is studied. Laplace Integral Transform technique is applied to get the temperature field within the cell. The efficiency as a function of the cell temperature is estimated, and its variation with the local day time is thus clarified. Different cooling levels are considered. An illustrative example is given. The results show that the diurnal temperature variation of the cell is significant, while the efficiency is revealed to be a slowly varying function of temperature along the day time. It is revealed that as the temperature of the cell increases the efficiency decreases. Thus shading and cooling conditions may be useful to increase its efficiency.

Evaluation of Various Extraction Techniques for Efficient Lipid Recovery from Thermo-Resistant Microalgae, Hindakia, Scenedesmus and Micractinium Species—Comparison of Lipid Extraction Methods from Microalgae

In recent years, photosynthetic microalgae regained attention for biodiesel production. For efficient utilization of microalgae, a number of criteria including a strain with high biomass and lipid productivities and employment of effective and reliable methods for oil extraction from the obtained biomass should be met. Recently, we have isolated and identified three thermo-resistant green microalgae strains, namely;Scenedesmus sp. ME02, Hindakia tetrachotoma ME03 and Mic-ractinium sp. ME05. In this study, we compared percent lipid content of thermos-tolerant mic-roalgal strains using the following solvent extraction methods: Soxhlet, Bligh and Dyer and Folch methods with or without assisted cell disruption techniques including lyophilization, homogenization, ultrasonication, bead and microwave-assisted. The highest increase in lipid yield was obtained with a combination of lyophilization and ultrasonication techniques together with Soxhlet method: 27% of total dry weight for Micractinium sp. ME05. We conclude that lyophilization and ultrasonication are effective assistance methods for lipid extraction from thermo-resistant microalgae.

Temperature Effects on the Electrical Performance of Large Area Multicrystalline Silicon Solar Cells Using the Current Shunt Measuring Technique

The temperature effects on the electrical performance of a large area multicrystalline silicon solar cell with back-contact technology have been studied in a desert area under ambient conditions using the current shunt measuring technique. Therefore, most of the problems encountered with traditional measuring techniques are avoided. The temperature dependency of the current shunt from 5oC up to 50oC has been investigated. Its temperature coefficient proves to be negligible which means that the temperature dependency of the solar cell is completely independent of the current shunt. The solar module installed in a tilted position at the optimum angle of the location, has been tested in two different seasons (winter and summer). The obtained solar cell short circuit current, open circuit voltage and output power are correlated with the measured incident radiation in both seasons and all results are discussed.

An effective technique for isolating adult activated Schwann cells

BACKGROUND： Schwann cells （SCs） are neuroglial cells of peripheral nerve and play a key role in repairing peripheral nerve injury; therefore, it provides an important evidence for transplantation of SCs which are characterized by active proliferation and adult high-purity in vitro after nerve injury in clinic, and also develops a new therapeutic way for nerve injury.OBJECTEVE： To investigate an effective technique for isolating adult activated Schwann cells,DESIGN： Controlled observational study.SETTING： Mudanjiang Medical College.MATERIALS： The experiment was completed at the Department of Medical Genetics of Harbin Medical University from March 2003 to April 2005. Health female Wistar rats, aged 2 months, weighting 150-160 g, were randomly divided into 3 groups with 5 in each group.METHODS： The right sciatic nerves from 15 Wistar rats were exposed and transected at the mid thigh under pentobarbital anesthesia （4 mg/kg, Lp）. Seven days later, the distal segments of the predegenerated nerves were removed and used to produce adult Schwann cell cultures. The distal segment of the predegenerated nerve, 20 mm in length, was resected. The nerve was cut into pieces 1 mm in length and incubated for 3 hours under CO2 at 37 ℃ with an enzyme mixture of 0.05% collagenase/dispase. Rats were divided into 3 groups： ① Group 1： The nerve fragments were explanted in poly-L-lysine and laminin-coated dishes with BS medium from the 1st to the 6th day, On the 6^th day, the fragments were removed into a new poly-L-lysine-laminin-coated dish and the BS medium was changed to BS with 10% FBS, The nerve fragments were replaced repeatedly in the same way in new dishes on the 12^th and the 18th days. ② Group 2： For the first 3 days, the nerve fragments were fed with BS with 10% FBS. This medium was changed to BS medium on the third day. The nerve fragments were removed to another dish on day 6 and BS medium was changed to BS with 25 mI.JL FBS. Hereafter the culture method was the same as for group 1. ③ Group 3： For the first 6 days, nerve fragments were incubated in a dish not coated with poly-L-lysine and laminin, in BS medium supplemented with 8×10^7 U/L of penicillin-streptomycin. On the 6th day, the nerve fragments were removed to a poly-L-lysine-laminin-coated dish and cultured in BS with 25 mI.JL FBS, On the 12th day, the nerve fragments were explanted a second dish and fed with BS containing 100 mL/L FBS. On the 18^th day, they were explanted to a third poly-L-lysine-laminin-coated dish, SCs were obtained from all 3 dishes on the 21st day, Finally, purity and density of SCs were identified and proliferation index was calculated at the same time.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES ： Purity and density of SCs cultured with various methods in the three groups for 21 days.RESULTS ： ① Isolation and proliferation of SCs： In the group 1, they increased in number after 4 days and both purity and density of cultured SCs were significantly higher than those from group 2. In the group 2, there were few fibroblasts. In the group 3, both purity and density of cultured SCs were remarkably higher than in those from groups 1 or 2. Then optimal proliferation was soon seen and the rapid expansion of SC populations suppressed the development of contaminating fibroblasts. On the 21st day, SCs proliferated to achieve maximal density and were too crowded to be counted. With Chi-square test, the data of the purity and the density were analyzed from groups 1 to 3, the result indicated X^2=430.47, P 〈 0.05. ② Characterization and proliferation rate of SCs： Immunostaining for S100 protein was evident in the cell soma and the processes of all three groups in cultures of SCs. SCs in vitro demonstrated typical bior tri-polar morphology, had oval nuclei, and stained brightly for $100. The proliferation rate of SCs was assessed with double fluorescence staining for BrdU and S100 on the 21^st day of all three groups in cultures. About 40%-50% of the total SCs in the each group showed BrdU incorporation.CONCLUSION： The method is to use predegeneration in vivo, differential speed culture supplemented with the penicillin-streptomycin in low concentration, and changing of the concentration of FBS in the BS medium from 0 to 100 mL/L. This method allows remarkable suppression of fibroblast growth and attainment of SC proliferation and purity, in a short time, from adult nerves.

Resonance Raman spectroscopy of red blood cells using lie algebraic technique

Raman spectra of oxygenated and deoxygenated functional erythrocytes are calculated by using Lie algebraic technique. The results are obtained by this method is accuracy with the experimental data. So, the algebraic techniques are appropriate to the Raman spectra of red blood cells.

Non-enzymatic methods for isolation of stromal vascular fraction and adipose-derived stem cells:A systematic review

BACKGROUND Adipose-derived stem cells(ADSCs)and the stromal vascular fraction(SVF)have garnered substantial interest in regenerative medicine due to their potential to treat a wide range of conditions.Traditional enzymatic methods for isolating these cells face challenges such as high costs,lengthy processing time,and regulatory complexities.AIM This systematic review aimed to assess the efficacy and practicality of nonenzymatic,mechanical methods for isolating SVF and ADSCs,comparing these to conventional enzymatic approaches.METHODS Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines,a comprehensive literature search was conducted across multiple databases.Studies were selected based on inclusion criteria focused on non-enzymatic isolation methods for SVF and ADSCs from adipose tissue.The risk of bias was assessed,and a qualitative synthesis of findings was performed due to the methodological heterogeneity of the included studies.RESULTS Nineteen studies met the inclusion criteria,highlighting various mechanical techniques such as centrifugation,vortexing,and ultrasonic cavitation.The review identified significant variability in cell yield and viability,and the integrity of isolated cells across different non-enzymatic methods compared to enzymatic procedures.Despite some advantages of mechanical methods,including reduced processing time and avoidance of enzymatic reagents,the evidence suggests a need for optimization to match the cell quality and therapeutic efficacy achievable with enzymatic isolation.CONCLUSION Non-enzymatic,mechanical methods offer a promising alternative to enzymatic isolation of SVF and ADSCs,potentially simplifying the isolation process and reducing regulatory hurdles.However,further research is necessary to standardize these techniques and ensure consistent,high-quality cell yields for clinical applications.The development of efficient,safe,and reproducible non-enzymatic isolation methods could significantly advance the field of regenerative medicine.

Isolation of Protoplast and Ion Channel Recording in Plasma Membrane of Suspension Cells of Populus euphratica

The authors used suspension cells of Populus euphratica to isolate protoplast in the present study. Protoplasts were successfully obtained after 4 hours incubation in enzyme solution containing 1 0% cellulase “onozuka” R\|10, 0\^01% pectolyase Y\|23,0\^15% macerozyme R\|10 and 0\^1% hemicellulase at 25℃. Outward and inward single channels in plasma membrane were observed using cell\|attached recording of patch\|clamp technique. In this study, single channel records showed that more than one species of channel were obtained. These attempts in protoplast isolation and ion channel recording offers the opportunity to characterize cellular mechanisms of salt tolerance in tree species.

基于直流调制技术Pockels Cell高压纳秒级脉冲源研制

研制一种基于直流调制技术的高压纳秒级脉冲源,将其作为Pockels Cell前馈驱动电源。分析直流调制技术的原理,选用金属氧化物半导体场效应管(MOSFET)作为主调制开关,设计系统辅助电路。实验结果表明:输出的高压脉冲最高幅值可达800 V、脉冲前沿小于100 ns、高压抖动较小。该结果为更高脉冲重复频率、更快上升沿脉冲源的研制提供了借鉴。

Endoscopic submucosal tunnel dissection for largesuperficial esophageal squamous cell neoplasms

Endoscopic submucosal dissection(ESD)is a wellestablished treatment for superficial esophageal squamous cell neoplasms(SESCNs)with no risk of lymphatic metastasis.However,for large SESCNs,especially when exceeding two-thirds of the esophageal circumference,conventional ESD is time-consuming and has an increased risk of adverse events.Based on the submucosal tunnel conception,endoscopic submucosal tunnel dissection(ESTD)was first introduced by us to remove large SESCNs,with excellent results.Studies from different centers also reported favorable results.Compared with conventional ESD,ESTD has a more rapid dissection speed and R0 resection rate.Currently in China,ESTD for large SESCNs is an important part of the digestive endoscopic tunnel technique,as is peroral endoscopic myotomy for achalasia and submucosal tunnel endoscopic resection for submucosal tumors of the muscularis propria.However,not all patients with SESCNs are candidates for ESTD,and postoperative esophageal strictures should also be taken into consideration,especially for lesions with a circumference greater than three-quarters.In this article,we describe our experience,review the literature of ESTD,and provide detailed information on indications,standard procedures,outcomes,and complications of ESTD.

Gene functional research using polyethylenimine-mediated in vivo gene transfection into mouse spermatogenic cells

Aim： To study polyethylenimine （PEI）-mediated in vivo gene transfection into testis cells and preliminary functional research of spermatogenic cell-specific gene NYD-SP12 using this method. Methods： PEI/DNA complexes were introduced into the seminiferous tubules of mouse testes using intratesticular injection. Transfection efficiency and speciality were analyzed on the third day of transfection with fluorescent microscopy and hematoxylin staining. The long-lasting expression of the GFP-NYD-SP12 fusion protein and its subcelluar localization in spermatogenic cells at different stages were analyzed with fluorescent microscopy and propidium iodide staining. Results： With the mediation of PEI, the GFP-NYD-SP12 fusion gene was efficiently transferred and expressed in the germ cells （especially in primary spermatocytes）. Transfection into Sertoli cells was not observed. The subcellular localization of the GFP-NYD-SP2 fusion protein showed dynamic shifts in spermatogenic cells at different stages during spermatogenesis. Conclusion： PEI can efficiently mediate gene transfer into spermatocytes. Thus, it might be useful for the functional research of spermatogenic-cell specific genes such as the NYD-SP12 gene. In our gtudy, the NYD-SP12 protein was visualized and was involved in the formation of acrosome during spermatogenesis. Our research will continue into the detailed function of NYD-SP12 in spermatocytes. （Asian J Androl 2006 Jan; 8： 53-59）

Surgical strategies in the therapy of non-small cell lung cancer

Lung cancer represents the leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide. Despite improvements in preoperative staging, surgical techniques, neoadjuvant/adjuvant options and postoperative care, there are still major difficulties in significantly improving survival, especially in locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC). To date, surgical resection is the primary mode of treatment for stage?Ⅰ?and Ⅱ NSCLC and has become an important component of the multimodality therapy of even more advanced disease with a curative intention. In fact, in NSCLC patients with solitary distant metastases, surgical interventions have been discussed in the last years. Accordingly, this review displays the recent surgical strategies implemented in the therapy of NSCLC patients.

Stress Measurement with an Improved Hollow Inclusion Technique In Jinchuan Nickel Mine

Borehole overcoring stress measurement with an improved hollow inclusion technique was carried out at 10 points on 3 levels in Jinchuan nickel mine which is situated in north-west of China. Through the measurement, 3-D in situ stress state at the measuring points and distribution characteristics of the stress field in the mine were obtained. The stress state in Jinchuan mine is dominated by the horizontal tectonic stress field. The maximum principal stress is horizontal which is about twice the weight of the overburden and its orientation is approximately vertical to the regional tectonic line. The difference between two horizontal principal stresses is quite large which is an important reason to cause failure of underground excavations.