Petroleum geological characteristics and exploration targets of the oil-rich sags in the Central and West African Rift System

Based on seismic,drilling,and source rock analysis data,the petroleum geological characteristics and future exploration direction of the oil-rich sags in the Central and West African Rift System(CWARS)are discussed.The study shows that the Central African Rift System mainly develops high-quality lacustrine source rocks in the Lower Cretaceous,and the West African Rift System mainly develops high-quality terrigenous organic matter-rich marine source rocks in the Upper Cretaceous,and the two types of source rocks provide a material basis for the enrichment of oil and gas in the CWARS.Multiple sets of reservoir rocks including fractured basement and three sets of regional cap rocks in the Lower Cretaceous,the Upper Cretaceous,and the Paleogene are developed in the CWARS.Since the Late Mesozoic,due to the geodynamic factors including the dextral strike-slip movement of the Central African Shear Zone,the basins in different directions of the CWARS differ in terms of rifting stages,intervals of regional cap rocks,trap types and accumulation models.The NE-SW trending basins have mainly preserved one stage of rifting in the Early Cretaceous,with regional cap rocks developed in the Lower Cretaceous strata,forming traps of reverse anticlines,flower-shaped structures and basement buried hill,and two types of hydrocarbon accumulation models of"source and reservoir in the same formation,and accumulation inside source rocks"and"up-source and down-reservoir,and accumulation below source rocks".The NW–SE basins are characterized by multiple rifting stages superimposition,with the development of regional cap rocks in the Upper Cretaceous and Paleogene,forming traps of draping anticlines,faulted anticlines,antithetic fault blocks and the accumulation model of"down-source and up-reservoir,and accumulation above source rocks".The combination of reservoir and cap rocks inside source rocks of basins with multiple superimposed rifting stages,as well as the lithologic reservoirs and the shale oil inside source rocks of strong inversion basins are important fields for future exploration in basins of the CWARS.

中西非裂谷系富油凹陷石油地质特征与勘探方向

基于地震、钻井、烃源岩测试分析等资料,对中西非裂谷系主要盆地富油凹陷石油地质特征进行研究,并探讨未来油气勘探方向。研究表明:中非裂谷系发育下白垩统湖相优质烃源岩,西非裂谷系发育上白垩统陆源海相优质烃源岩,两类烃源岩为中西非裂谷系油气富集提供了物质基础。中西非裂谷系发育包括基岩在内的多套储集层,并存在下白垩统、上白垩统和古近系3套区域盖层。晚中生代以来,受中非剪切带右旋走滑作用等地球动力学因素的影响,中西非裂谷系不同方向的盆地在裂谷作用期次、区域盖层发育层段、圈闭类型及成藏模式等方面存在差异。其中,北东—南西向盆地主要保存了早白垩世一期裂谷层序,区域盖层位于下白垩统裂陷期地层内,形成反转背斜、花状构造及基岩潜山等圈闭类型,发育“源储一体、源内成藏”及“源上储下、源下成藏”两种成藏模式;北西—南东向盆地具有多期裂谷叠置特征,发育上白垩统和古近系区域盖层,形成披覆背斜、断背斜、反向断块等圈闭类型,以“源下储上、源上成藏”为主要成藏模式。多期叠置裂谷盆地的源内成藏组合、强反转盆地的源内岩性油藏及页岩油是中西非裂谷系盆地未来勘探的重要领域。

Muglad盆地形成力学机制的有限元数值模拟

以早白垩世Muglad盆地的地质背景为基础,运用弹性力学有限元数值模拟方法,通过对应力场的分析,为盆地形成的力学机制提供依据。模拟结果表明,Muglad盆地是受走滑作用和拉张作用共同影响形成的被动裂谷盆地,指示Muglad盆地是在中生代泛大陆裂解的大背景下,在非洲大陆的走滑作用和拉张作用的共同作用下形成和发育的,而不是简单地由走滑作用诱导形成。

中非穆格莱德盆地福拉凹陷构造特征与油气聚集

穆格莱德盆地福拉凹陷是在中非剪切带剪切应力场背景下形成的以中生代沉积为主的裂谷凹陷,裂陷活动可分为早白垩世、晚白垩世和古近纪3个阶段,主要形成南北和北西-南东走向两组断裂。福拉凹陷构造格局受南北向断裂控制,凹陷内二级构造带的发育主要受北西-南东向断裂控制。福拉凹陷构造对油气藏的控制作用,主要表现在3个方面:构造转换带是油气富集带,多旋回构造沉降形成有利的储盖组合,构造斜坡是油气聚集的有利区。

中非剪切带裂谷盆地类型划分及形成机制

从盆地结构和构造特征分析入手,立足于中非剪切带的构造演化,划分了中非剪切带裂谷盆地的类型,比较了不同类型盆地的构造差异,探讨了不同类型盆地的形成机制。研究表明:中非剪切带经历了强、弱2期走滑作用,中非剪切带强烈走滑作用控制了裂谷盆地的形成,沿该剪切带形成了伸展盆地和走滑-拉分盆地,大型走滑断裂的走滑断块末端水平位移变换控制了穆格莱德、迈卢特、多巴等伸展盆地的形成;走滑断裂中部的弯曲形态和走滑运动方向的有效配置控制了多赛奥和塞拉迈特等走滑-拉分盆地的形成。早白垩世中非剪切带强走滑作用使2种盆地均发生强烈裂陷作用,广泛发育中、深湖相沉积,控制了湖相优质烃源岩的发育。

中非剪切带多赛奥盆地构造特征与构造样式研究

通过对中非剪切带构造演化的研究,并结合盆地构造特征的分析,明确了早白垩世中非剪切带强烈右旋走滑作用控制了多赛奥盆地的形成。晚白垩世,非洲板块与欧亚板块发生碰撞,区域应力场发生改变,形成了南北向的挤压应力场。对中非剪切带构造特征精细解剖与分析表明,晚白垩世盆地至少发生了三幕挤压作用,盆地发生明显的构造反转,形成反转背斜、花状构造等多种构造样式,为圈闭的形成奠定了良好的基础;同时,该时期主力烃源岩也开始进入大量排烃阶段,构造活动形成的断裂也为油气运移创造了优越的条件。