Central Brain Herniation Secondary to Influenza-Related Encephalopathy in a Pontocerebellar Hypoplasia Child: A Case Report and Review

Influenza-associated encephalopathy (IAE) can perform as varying patterns of neuroimaging. Central brain herniation (CBH) secondary to IAE is rare;it may be a bad prognosis. Here, we presented a 4-year-old girl with influenza who had a pontocerebellar hypoplasia (PCH) history;she performed the second Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) on Day 6 from onset, showed the diffuse edema and the occurrence of central herniation;the medulla was “Z-like” folded and the basal cisterns were obliterated completely. Finally she was declared dead. The imbalance between supratentorial and infratentorial pressure can lead to the occurrence of CBH. Severe edema relates to IAE and unstable structure of the posterior fossa might be the main reason for the herniation. MRI is helpful in early diagnosis. Early treatment of cerebral edema in patients with congenital abnormalities of the posterior fossa is vital for their management.

Regeneration of the central nervous system-principles from brain regeneration in adult zebrafish

Poor recovery of neuronal functions is one of the most common healthcare challenges for patients with different types of brain injuries and/or neurodegenerative diseases.Therapeutic interventions face two major challenges:(1)How to generate neurons de novo to replenish the neuronal loss caused by injuries or neurodegeneration(restorative neurogenesis)and(2)How to prevent or limit the secondary tissue damage caused by long-term accumulation of glial cells,including microglia,at injury site(glial scar).In contrast to mammals,zebrafish have extensive regenerative capacity in numerous vital organs,including the brain,thus making them a valuable model to improve the existing therapeutic approaches for human brain repair.In response to injuries to the central nervous system(CNS),zebrafish have developed specific mechanisms to promote the recovery of the lost tissue architecture and functionality of the damaged CNS.These mechanisms include the activation of a restorative neurogenic program in a specific set of glial cells(ependymoglia)and the resolution of both the glial scar and inflammation,thus enabling proper neuronal specification and survival.In this review,we discuss the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the regenerative ability in the adult zebrafish brain and conclude with the potential applicability of these mechanisms in repair of the mammalian CNS.

Bromocriptine in Central Hyperthermia after Severe Traumatic Brain Injury

Strong evidence showed that fever after traumatic brain injury TBI is associated with increased mortality. In this study, we tried to evaluate the role of Bromocriptine in central hyperthermia in patients with severe TBI. This prospective controlled study was conducted on 50 severe TBI patients who admitted to the critical care department and confirmed on Computed Tomography (CT) of the brain and GCS of less than 9 at admission. Then, they were randomly assigned into 2 groups. Bromocriptine group (25) received bromocriptine 7.5 mg/day during 24 hours from admission through a naso-gastric (NG) feeding tube. Control group (25) received conventional treatment only. Temperature was measured every 2 hours. The antipyretic measures used were the same across all patients enrolled. The primary outcome was number of patients diagnosed with central hyperthermia. After the discharge of all patients, there was a statistically significant difference between the 2 groups in number of patients diagnosed with central hyperthermia (6 (24%) in bromocriptine group Vs 18 (72%) in control, p = 0.002). There were no differences in hospital length of stay (p = 0.904) or mortality (p = 0.393). Early administration of bromocriptine in severe TBI may be associated with lower incidence of central hyperthermia with no effect on length of stay or mortality.

Biological characteristics of brain natriuretic peptide and its association with central nervous system diseases

OBJECTIVE： To explain the mechanisms of tuhe synthesis, secretion and regulation of brain natriuretic peptide （BNP）, and analyze its role in central nervous system diseases. DATA SOURCES： An online search of Pubmed was undertaken to identify articles related to BNP published in English from January 1990 to February 2007 by using the key words of ＂brain natriuretic pepfide （BNP）, central nervous system, subarachnoid hemorrhage （SAH）, brain edema, epilepsy＂. Other articles were searched in China Hospital Knowledge Database （CHKD） by concrete name of journals and title of articles. STUDY SELECTION： The collected articles were primarily screened, those about BNP and its association with central nervous system diseases were selected, whereas the obviously irrelative ones excluded, and the full-texts of the other literatures were searched manually. DATA EXTRACTION： Totally 96 articles were collected, 40 of them were enrolled, and the other 56 were excluded due to repetitive studies or reviews. DATA SYNTHESIS： At present, there are penetrating studies on BNP in the preclinical medicine and clinical medicine of cerebrovascular and cardiovascular diseases, and the investigative outcomes have been gradually applied in clinical practice, and satisfactory results have been obtained. However, the application of BNP in diagnosing and treating central nervous system diseases is still at the experimental phase without - outstanding outcomes, thus the preclinical and clinical studies should be enhanced. CONCLUSION： As a kind of central medium or modulator, BNP plays a certain role in the occurrence, development and termination of central nervous system diseases, the BNP level in serum has certain changing law in SAH, brain edema, epilepsy, etc., but the specific mechanisms are unclear.

皮疽诺卡菌致多发脑脓肿1例并文献复习

目的 分析皮疽诺卡菌累及中枢神经系统的临床特征、诊断及治疗,以期提高对该疾病的认识,精准抗感染治疗。方法 报告清华大学附属北京清华长庚医院感染性疾病科收治的1 例皮疽诺卡菌感染致多发脑脓肿的病例,并以“Nocardiafarcinica”为关键词检索PubMed 1967年1月1日-2022年9月18日的英文文献共433篇,分别以“皮疽奴卡菌”“ 皮疽诺卡菌”“鼻疽奴卡菌”“ 鼻疽诺卡菌”为关键词在万方数据库、维普数据库检索 1999 年 10 月 1 日-2022 年 9 月 18 日的中文文献,共153 篇,收集并分析总结70 例皮疽诺卡菌中枢神经系统感染的病例资料。结果 该院这例患者以“头痛伴意识障碍”入院,入院后脑脊液宏基因组二代测序(mNGS)提示为皮疽诺卡菌,以复方磺胺甲唑为主联合美罗培南、莫西沙星、阿米卡星为治疗方案,治疗1 个月病灶吸收,院外口服复方磺胺甲唑、莫西沙星,总疗程为1 年。文献70 例皮疽诺卡菌中枢神经系统感染患者男性51 例,占72.8%,平均年龄(58.6±15.3)岁,57.1% 患者有糖皮质激素使用史,57.1% 患者同时合并其他脏器播散,80.0%(56 例)的患者通过传统细菌培养明确病原学诊断,其余通过聚合酶链反应或mNGS 诊断。抗感染用药以复方磺胺甲唑为主(85.7%),死亡率24.2%。结论 皮疽诺卡菌中枢神经系统感染,以发热、肢体活动障碍、头痛为主要临床表现,除中枢神经系统受累外,易全身播散,且有较高的死亡率。该病临床表现缺乏特异性,诊断及治疗相对困难,病死率较高,包括mNGS 在内的多种检测手段可协助尽早明确病原学诊断。

中部地区地级市城市大脑建设的挑战及策略

当前城市大脑建设如火如荼,在省会城市的带动下,中部地区各地级市不甘落后,正在积极抓住机遇推动城市大脑项目的落地及建设。为积极应对城市大脑建设所带来的财政、人才、理念三大挑战,中部地区地级市应积极作为,寻求有效应对策略:准确把握城市大脑的实质,不忘城市治理的初心;财政投入量力而行,探索多元合作模式;注重本地技术人才建设,减轻对科技企业的依赖;机构改革、观念改革与技术改革同步进行。

Can the Glucose Central Control System Dysfunctions Induce Diabetes Mellitus?

We study afresh how the glucose control system anomalies impact the organicity of the glucose homeostasis and build up events of persistent hyperglycemia and diabetes mellitus. We have used critically the state of art literature related to the subject, in order to cross, to compare, and to organize the relevant contents to create a logical and consistent support to the finds. We show that it is consistent to assume that persistent hyperglycemia and diabetes mellitus can have precursors not only in pancreas, but also in brain, mainly induced by noxious dysfunctions of hypothalamus sensor neurons circuits and external noxious elements, causing pancreas overload, and the consequent exhaustion—overburden.

经颅直流电刺激不同靶点治疗帕金森病效果的网状Meta分析

目的:系统评价经颅直流电刺激对帕金森患者运动功能的康复疗效,并比较经颅直流电刺激作用于不同靶点对帕金森患者运动功能的疗效差异,为临床中经颅直流电刺激的靶点选择提供理论依据。方法:计算机检索Cochrane Library、PubMed、Web of Science、中国知网、维普和万方数据库,以“帕金森、经颅直流电刺激”为中文检索词,以“Parkinson,transcranial direct current stimulation”为英文检索词,收集从各数据库建库至2023年1月发表的关于经颅直流电刺激改善帕金森患者运动功能的随机对照试验。使用Cochrane 5.1.0偏倚风险评估工具和PEDro量表对纳入研究进行质量评价。采用RevMan 5.4和Stata 17.0软件对结局指标进行Meta分析。结果:①最终纳入15项随机对照试验,PEDro量表评估显示均为高质量或极高质量研究。②Meta分析显示,与对照组相比经颅直流电刺激可显著提高UPDRS-Ⅲ评分(MD=-2.49,95%CI:-4.42至-0.55,P<0.05)、步频评分(MD=0.07,95%CI:0.03-0.11,P<0.05)和步速评分(MD=0.02,95%CI:0.00-0.05,P<0.05),但对BBS评分(MD=2.57,95%CI:-0.74-5.87,P>0.05)的提高不明显。③网状Meta分析概率排序结果显示,在UPDRS-Ⅲ评分方面,刺激靶点疗效的概率排序结果为背外侧前额叶皮质(52.4%)>初级皮质运动区(45.8%)>大脑中央点(1.8%)>常规康复治疗(0%);在步频评分方面,刺激靶点疗效的概率排序结果为小脑(50.1%)>大脑中央点(45.8%)>背外侧前额叶皮质(3.9%)>初级皮质运动区(0.2%)>常规康复治疗(0%);在步速评分方面,刺激靶点疗效的概率排序结果为小脑(64.8%)>背外侧前额叶皮质(23.8%)>大脑中央点(9.4%)>初级皮质运动区(1.7%)>常规康复治疗(0.4%);在BBS评分方面,刺激靶点疗效的概率排序结果为:小脑(77.4%)>背外侧前额叶皮质(20.7%)>大脑中央点(0.7%)>常规康复治疗(0.2%)。结论:经颅直流电刺激可显著改善帕金森患者运动功能,其中刺激背外侧前额叶皮质区域对改善帕金森患者运动协调方面疗效更佳,而刺激小脑区域对改善帕金森患者步行和平衡方面疗效更佳。

HMGA2对软脑膜转移黑色素瘤细胞迁移和增殖的影响

背景与目的:软脑膜转移是黑色素瘤中枢神经系统转移的一种形式,高迁移率族蛋白A2(high-mobility group protein A2,HMGA2)已被证实在多种肿瘤的发生、发展过程中起重要作用,但在软脑膜转移黑色素瘤细胞中的生物学作用尚未明确。本研究在构建黑色素瘤中枢神经系统转移小鼠模型的基础上,探讨软脑膜转移黑色素瘤与原发部位以及脑实质转移黑色素瘤在细胞迁移、细胞增殖等方面的差异,并进一步明确差异表达基因HMGA2对软脑膜转移黑色素瘤细胞迁移和增殖的影响。方法:通过慢病毒感染构建稳定表达tdTomato和荧光素酶的B16小鼠黑色素瘤细胞(B16-parental cell,B16-Par)。在此基础上,经过体内转移部位适应性筛选,获得B16特异性脑实质转移细胞(B16-brain metastatic cell,B16-BrM)以及B16特异性软脑膜转移细胞(B16-leptomeningealmetastaticcell,B16-LM)。采用细胞划痕实验以及细胞计数试剂盒-8(cell counting kit-8,CCK-8)检测B16-Par、B16-BrM和B16-LM在迁移和增殖能力上的差异。利用转录组测序技术(RNA sequencing,RNA-seq)分析B16-Par、B16-BrM和B16-LM的差异基因表达,筛选出在B16-LM中特异性上调的HMGA2基因,用实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应(real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction,RTFQ-PCR)和蛋白质印迹法(Western blot)对该结果进行验证。对B16-LM特异性上调基因进行基因本体论(Gene Ontology,GO)分析。使用siRNA干扰HMGA2基因在B16-LM中的表达,通过RTFQ-PCR和Western blot实验对敲低效果进行验证。细胞划痕实验和CCK-8实验检测敲低HMGA2对细胞迁移和增殖的影响。利用基因表达综合数据库(Gene Expression Omnibus,GEO)中GSE174401的数据,验证HMGA2基因在患者软脑膜转移黑色素瘤细胞中表达的特异性。结果:与B16-Par相比,经过脑内环境筛选的肿瘤细胞更易于在中枢神经系统定植。B16-LM具有更强的迁移和增殖能力,且上调表达HMGA2基因。GO分析显示,HMGA2与血管生成、细胞增殖等多个生物学过程相关。敲低HMGA2基因的表达可以抑制B16-LM的迁移和增殖。HMGA2在患者软脑膜转移黑色素瘤细胞中表达上调。结论:软脑膜转移黑色素瘤细胞具有相对独特的细胞生物学行为,其通过上调HMGA2基因的表达来促进细胞迁移和增殖。

铁死亡在创伤性中枢神经系统损伤治疗中的研究进展

创伤性中枢神经系统损伤包括创伤性脑损伤和脊髓损伤,具有极高的致残率和死亡率,巨额的医疗费用和后遗症进一步加重了患者和家属的经济负担及心理负担。目前对创伤性中枢神经系统损伤的治疗包括手术疗法、物理疗法、药物治疗及后期康复治疗,但均不能取得理想的疗效,亟须更有效的治疗方法。铁死亡作为新近发现的程序性细胞死亡方式之一,被证实在创伤性中枢神经系统继发性损伤中发挥关键作用,但临床转化有限。本文通过总结抗中枢神经系统损伤铁死亡药物研究成果,分析铁死亡抑制剂的种类及作用结果,为临床治疗创伤性中枢神经系统损伤及药物开发提供新思路。

从脑神失养探讨膝骨关节炎患者中枢敏化发生机制

膝骨关节炎(Knee Osteoarthritis,KOA)发病与肾虚髓减密切相关。肾虚髓减导致KOA发病时,又会使脑髓失充,从而导致脑神失养。所以,肾虚髓减是KOA患者发病及脑神失养的根本病因病机。KOA好发于中老年人群,在其发展进程中,肾虚髓减更甚,则脑神失养,脑主神明功能异常,继而发生中枢敏化(Central sensitization,CS)。CS是KOA疼痛发展和维持重要机制之一,CS诱发的痛觉异常、情绪障碍、认知障碍以及睡眠障碍等,实际是脑神失养后,中医学“脑”对于人体精神活动、意识思维的异常调控。通过改善脑神失养,抑制CS可缓解KOA患者异常疼痛、痛觉过敏,改善认知障碍、焦虑、抑郁等其他伴随症状。骨痹是KOA主要表现形式,脑神失养所导致的CS是KOA发展过程的延伸,这为中医药通过抑制CS干预KOA,从而改善膝关节疼痛和功能障碍提供了一定的理论基础,有利于从整体观认识CS的发病机制,继而辨证识别CS的潜在靶点,为抑制CS改善KOA患者膝关节疼痛和功能障碍提供新的思路与策略。

外周脑源性细胞外囊泡作为神经精神疾病生物标志物和治疗监测标志物的前景与展望

细胞外囊泡(EV)是一组源自内体系统或从细胞质膜脱落的膜质结构。EV可以携带一组异质性分子,包括蛋白质、脂质、核酸和其来源细胞的膜受体。EV可以通过血脑屏障,因此可以通过神经细胞表面标志物将来自脑的EV(BDEV)从外周血中提取出来。由于BDEV携带了中枢神经系统信号,如蛋白质、脂质、核酸等,这使得其成为一种有效的探索中枢神经系统工具。该文综述BDEV成为神经精神疾病生物标志物的可行性,以及将其作为治疗过程中疗效监测指标的前景。

脑衰老与外泌体研究进程及现状的文献计量学分析

背景:近年来随着生物医学的快速发展,脑衰老和外泌体的研究受到越来越多的关注,但目前还没有文献对该领域进行文献计量学分析。目的:客观分析近15年国内外关于脑衰老和外泌体的相关文献,总结梳理该领域的研究现状、热点和发展趋势。方法:以Web of Science的核心数据库为检索平台,下载了从建库至2022-12-28发表的有关脑衰老和外泌体的文献,使用CiteSpace 6.1.R6可视化软件从国家、机构、作者、关键词、共被引文献等方面对数据进行分析。结果与结论:共纳入1045篇研究文献,国内外关于脑衰老和外泌体研究的发文量呈逐年增长趋势,美国以发文量429篇居于首位,中国以发文量277篇位居第二。美国路易斯安那州立大学以发文量16篇位居第一。路易斯安那州立大学的Lukiw,Walter J教授是发文量最大的作者,麻省理工学院Bartel DP教授是被引用最多的作者。产量最高的期刊是《International Journal of Molecular Sciences》。阿尔茨海默病、microRNA、基因表达、细胞外囊泡、外泌体、氧化应激和生物标志物等是最相关的术语。根据对热门话题的研究,生物标志物已成为一个新的研究热点。以上结果表明,近15年来脑衰老和外泌体的研究呈逐渐上升趋势,研究方向由最初探究与脑衰老相关的中枢神经系统疾病miRNA的表达,已逐渐转向为寻找能成为识别和诊断神经退行性疾病的生物标志物,基于外泌体miRNA的方法已经成为中枢神经系统疾病有希望的治疗策略。

脂多糖破坏血脑屏障与脓毒症相关脑病发生的研究进展

作为中枢神经系统(central nervous system,CNS)与外周环境交界处的屏障结构,血脑屏障(bloodbrain barrier,BBB)成功地将脑组织中的循环血液与CNS分离,同时严格控制循环血液与脑组织之间的物质交换,如营养物质的运输和代谢废物的排出,从而维持CNS的稳态环境。脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)是革兰氏阴性菌的细胞壁成分,可损害BBB的屏障功能并进一步促进脓毒症相关脑病(sepsis-associated encephalopathy,SAE)的发生和发展。在这里,我们对LPS通过中心环节和其他间接环节损伤BBB的机制以及这些过程与SAE之间的关系进行了文献综述。我们认为当LPS对BBB造成损伤之后,大量的免疫细胞与炎症因子进入脑组织中并且激活脑部的免疫细胞,甚至组成BBB的神经血管单元也会受到影响并介导部分神经炎症和氧化应激等反应,并进一步损伤BBB。这样的恶性循环最终导致SAE的发生。因此,我们最后提出可以尝试通过靶向阻断LPS破坏BBB的屏障功能来预防和治疗SAE。

脑脊液白细胞介素10在原发性中枢神经系统淋巴瘤中的诊断价值

目的探讨脑脊液白细胞介素10(interleukin 10,IL-10)在原发性中枢神经系统淋巴瘤(primary central nervous system lymphoma,PCNSL)中的诊断价值。方法收集作者医院2019-3-1—2022-12-31就诊并确诊的15例PCNSL患者、35例中枢神经系统脱髓鞘疾病(inflammatory demyelinating diseases of the CNS,IDDs)患者和6例原发性中枢神经系统血管炎(primary central nervous system vasculitis,PCNSV)患者的临床资料,采用自动电化学发光免疫法检测各组患者血清和脑脊液白细胞介素6(IL-6)和IL-10水平,采用多组秩和检验分析组间血清和脑脊液IL-6、IL-10水平的差异,采用Spearman相关分析PCNSL患者脑脊液IL-10与患者性别、病变部位、年龄、病灶数目、病程、病灶的最大径、病灶的最大标准摄取值(SUVmax)之间的关系。结果与IDDs组和PCNSV组比较,PCNSL患者脑脊液IL-10水平升高(P<0.01);ROC分析结果显示,脑脊液IL-10鉴别诊断PCNSL的曲线下面积为1,以11.45 pg/mL为临界值,其诊断的敏感性和特异性均为100%;Spearman相关性分析结果显示,PCNSL患者脑脊液IL-10与患者性别、年龄、病灶数目、病程、病灶的最大径、SUVmax均无相关性(P>0.05)。结论针对无法取得脑活检且疑诊PCNSL的患者于治疗前进行IL-10检测具有重要意义,脑脊液IL-10升高强烈提示PCNSL的诊断。

单唾液酸四己糖神经节苷脂钠注射液联合枸橼酸咖啡因治疗早产儿脑损伤的疗效及对血清S100-β、UCH-L1水平的影响

目的 探讨单唾液酸四己糖神经节苷脂钠注射液联合枸橼酸咖啡因治疗早产儿脑损伤的疗效及对血清中枢神经特异性蛋白(S100-β)、泛素羧基末端水解酶-L1(UCH-L1)水平的影响。方法 选取在2021年3月至2023年6月在河北省承德市妇幼保健院分娩并接受治疗的82例早产脑损伤患儿作为研究对象,按照随机数字表法将其分为对照组和观察组,每组41例。所有患儿均进行常规基础治疗及护理,在此基础上对照组给予枸橼酸咖啡因治疗,观察组在对照组的基础上给予单唾液酸四己糖神经节苷脂钠注射液治疗。评估两组患儿的临床治疗效果、新生儿神经行为测定(NBNA)评分、Gesell发育诊断量表评分(主要包括适应行为、大运动行为、精细运动行为、语言行为及个人-社交行为评分),检测两组患儿血清S100-β、UCH-L1水平;记录并比较两组患儿的意识恢复时间、原始反射恢复时间、肌张力恢复时间、自主吮奶时间、住院时间及不良反应发生情况。结果 观察组患儿的总有效率为85.37%,明显高于对照组的58.54%(P<0.05)。重复测量方差分析结果显示,NBNA评分存在组间效应、时间效应和交互效应(P<0.05);治疗前,两组患儿NBNA评分比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);治疗1、2周后,两组患儿的NBNA评分较治疗前显著升高(P<0.05),且观察组患儿的NBNA评分显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。治疗前,两组患儿Gesell发育诊断量表各项评分及血清S100-β、UCH-L1水平比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);治疗后,两组患儿Gesell发育诊断量表的各项评分高于治疗前,血清S100-β、UCH-L1水平低于治疗前,且观察组患儿Gesell发育诊断量表的各项评分显著高于对照组,S100-β、UCH-L1水平低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组患儿的意识恢复时间、原始反射恢复时间、肌张力恢复时间、自主吮奶时间及住院时间均显著短于对照组(P<0.05)。观察组不良反应总发生率为4.88%,明显低于对照组的19.52%(P<0.05)。结论 单唾液酸四己糖神经节苷脂钠联合枸橼酸咖啡因可以促进患儿脑损伤神经功能修复,缩短患儿康复时间,促进患儿康复,且临床治疗效果良好,具有一定临床应用价值。

原发性中枢神经系统淋巴瘤MRI影像特征及误诊分析

目的探讨原发性中枢神经系统淋巴瘤(PCNSL)的磁共振成像(MRI)影像特征及误诊原因。方法选取2020年7月至2023年2月20例PCNSL患者,其中10例误诊,通过分析误诊、未误诊患者的MRI影像学资料,探讨PCNSL患者易误诊的影像学原因。结果本组头痛15例、肢体无力11例、视力视野受损7例、头晕6例。20例共检出30个病灶,位于浅部脑组织19个,深部脑组织7个,脑室内4个;单发病灶14例,多发病灶6例;合并坏死6例。10例首诊误诊者纳入误诊组,误诊为转移瘤5例、脑胶质瘤5例。误诊时间10 d~2个月。诊断正确组和误诊组在多发病灶、出血、合并坏死方面比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。后经立体定向活检手术对MRI增强扫描明显增强部位取材行病理检查后,确诊弥漫大B细胞型淋巴瘤,予大剂量甲氨蝶呤联合放疗。随访1年,病情稳定,无死亡病例。结论接诊PCNSL患者时,当MRI增强扫描未发现典型征象时,易误诊颅内其他疾病;颅内占位性多发病灶、出血、合并坏死是PCNSL影像学误诊的因素,仔细观察、认真鉴别,必要时多学科协作会诊并及早行手术病理检查有利于降低误诊率。

Connexin:a potential novel target for protecting the central nervous system?

Connexin subunits are proteins that form gap junction channels, and play an important role in communication between adjacent cells. This review article discusses the function of connexins/hemichannels/gap junctions under physiological conditions, and summarizes the findings re-garding the role of connexins/hemichannels/gap junctions in the physiological and pathological mechanisms underlying central nervous system diseases such as brain ischemia, traumatic brain and spinal cord injury, epilepsy, brain and spinal cord tumor, migraine, neuroautoimmune disease, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, X-linked Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, Peli-zaeus-Merzbacher-like disease, spastic paraplegia and maxillofacial dysplasia. Connexins are considered to be a potential novel target for protecting the central nervous system.

世界卫生组织中枢神经系统肿瘤分类和Ki-67指数对脑胶质瘤患者预后的影响

目的:探讨世界卫生组织中枢神经系统肿瘤分类(简称WHO分级)和Ki-67指数对脑胶质瘤患者预后的影响。方法:选取2019年1月—2022年6月于新疆医科大学第二附属医院神经外科行颅内肿瘤切除术的脑胶质瘤患者22例作为研究对象。收集患者临床资料,检测病理组织Ki-67水平,根据患者是否复发或死亡分为未复发组与复发或死亡组,分析脑胶质瘤预后的影响因素,WHO分级和Ki-67指数与生存时间的关系。结果:无复发组WHO分级低分级、Ki-67指数<5%占比高于复发或死亡组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。Spearman相关分析显示,胶质瘤WHO分级、Ki-67指数均与生存时间呈负相关(P<0.05)。WHO分级与Ki-67指数呈正相关(P<0.001)。结论:WHO高级别和Ki-67指数≥5%与胶质瘤患者不良预后相关。

New technologies to investigate the brain-gut axis

Functional gastrointestinal disorders are commonly encountered in clinical practice, and pain is their commonest presenting symptom. In addition, patients with these disorders often demonstrate a heightened sensitivity to experimental visceral stimulation, termed visceral pain hypersensitivity that is likely to be important in their pathophysiology. Knowledge of how the brain processes sensory information from visceral structures is still in its infancy. However, our understanding has been propelled by technological imaging advances such as functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Positron Emission To-mography, Magnetoencephalography, and Electroen-cephalography (EEG). Numerous human studies have non-invasively demonstrated the complexity involved in functional pain processing, and highlighted a number of subcortical and cortical regions involved. This review will focus on the neurophysiological pathways (primary afferents, spinal and supraspinal transmission), brain- imaging techniques and the influence of endogenous and psychological processes in healthy controls and patients suffering from functional gastrointestinal dis- orders. Special attention will be paid to the newer EEG source analysis techniques. Understanding the pheno- typic differences that determine an individual's response to injurious stimuli could be the key to understanding why some patients develop pain and hyperalgesia in response to inflammation/injury while others do not. For future studies, an integrated approach is required incorporating an individual's psychological, autonomic, neuroendocrine, neurophysiological, and genetic prof ile to def ine phenotypic traits that may be at greater risk of developing sensitised states in response to gut in? am- mation or injury.