文明1(civilized)、文明2(civilization)、文明3(civitas)——论“文明”一词的三种不同含义

学术界对于“什么是文明”存有争议的原因,是把文明(civilized)、文明社会(civilization)和国家(civitas)三个不同的概念混为一谈造成的。“文明1”大致相当于英语civilized(文明的)。文化是人群的生活方式,但是不仅彬彬有礼、琴棋书画、轻歌曼舞、美味佳肴是文化,愚昧粗鲁、恶俗陋习、野风蛮舞、吃糠咽菜也是生活方式,所以文明1不完全等同于文化,而只有被认可与受推崇的文化才被称为文明。无论古今中外,作为文化的文明1都是褒义的,文明1即“文明”的本义,也是对文化的价值判断。“文明2”相当于英语civilization(文明社会),摩尔根用以指称继蒙昧社会与野蛮社会之后出现的、高于蒙昧与野蛮状态的社会阶段。作为社会形态的文明2当然比蒙昧与野蛮社会要进步,但是文明社会并非一切都是文明的,其中充斥着种种不文明的蒙昧与野蛮,所以不能说文明2就是“文明的”社会。“文明3”相当于英语civitas(国家),是中国学者根据恩格斯的“国家是文明社会的概括”得出的概念,系指继部落联盟或酋邦之后出现的社会组织形态。因为不同国家的国体与政体各不相同,有了国家之后并非一切都变得比野蛮社会更文明了,所以作为国家的文明3也不都是“文明的”国家。

The Positive Significance of Confucian Civilization in Peace Building

The Confucian emphasis on benevolence and empathy can be applied in conflict resolution processes.When parties in conflict embrace these values,it becomes easier to find common ground,compromise,and work towards peaceful solutions.Confucian civilization,with its emphasis on ethics,harmony,and diplomacy,offers valuable contributions to peace-building efforts in the contemporary world.By promoting virtuous leadership,fostering cross-cultural understanding,and emphasizing ethical governance,Confucianism can play a positive role in achieving and maintaining global peace.Confucianism continues to exert significant influence in the contemporary world,particularly in the context of peace-building efforts.This article explores the positive significance of Confucian civilization in contributing to peace-building endeavors globally.

The Historical Position and Value Dimensions of Human Rights Civilization

Human beings are the mainstay and the ultimate goal of civilization.The history of human civilization is a continuous struggle to realize the respect,liberation,protection,and development of humanity.Human rights are an achievement of humanity and a symbol of progress,and the human rights civilization is an important component of human civilization.Understanding and interpreting human rights from the perspective of human rights civilization means that human rights are not only a concept or an idea but also a grand historical and long-term social practice.Up to now,the development of human rights civilization has roughly experienced four awakening eras:initialization,revolution,popularization,and globalization.In terms of its value dimensions,it has the characteristics of progressiveness,diversity,commonality,inclusiveness,indivisibility,openness,and so on.The historical position of human rights civilization and the development of its value dimensions have shown to the world that human rights are the common wealth of humanity,and human rights belong to all mankind;human rights are historical,concrete,and developmental;the concept of human rights is constantly evolving,and its connotations and categories are constantly expanding;achieving the free and well-rounded development of every person is the highest value realm of human rights civilization.The Chinese modernization endows Chinese civilization with modern strength and opens up new horizons for human rights civilization.The new pattern of human rights civilization to be created by Chinese modernization not only possesses the common characteristics of human rights civilization but also enjoys Chinese characteristics based on its own national conditions,enriching and developing the diversity of human rights civilization for all mankind.

The Path,Trends,and Approaches of the Civilization Evolution of Rural Marriage Forms

Rural marriage has characteristics such as close relationship with labor production,deep integration of traditional culture,shy and introverted expression of subjective emotions,and illegal and rough marriage.The civilization evolution of rural marriage forms is moving towards a path that is conducive to the development of production and the pursuit of happiness for farmers,the construction of rural spiritual civilization,and the comprehensive development of rural society.This study analyzes the direction of the evolution of rural marriage form civilization,predicts the trend of rural marriage form civilization evolution,and proposes the future path of rural marriage form civilization evolution,including adhering to human’s most original value expectations of marriage life,drawing nourishment from excellent traditional Chinese culture,and continuously adjusting marriage and family policy tools to keep up with changes in the world of life.

Problem Analysis and Effective Strategies of Ecological Civilization Education for Undergraduates in the New Age

The ecological civilization in the new age is one important aspect for undergraduates.We must enhance the concept of their civilization and improve the quality of civilization.Carrying out ecological civilization education in colleges and universities has a practical significance for enriching the contents of ideological and political education to realize their all-round development.Nowadays,some undergraduates lack awareness of ecological civilization and ignore its importance.For this reason,undergraduates need to pay attention to ecological civilization and improve their own ecological civilization literacy to promote the all-round development in qualities in the new age.This paper mainly analyzes the current problems in undergraduates’ecological civilization education and explores effective strategies to solve the current problems in undergraduates’ecological civilization education.The strategies include integrating ecological civilization resources,innovating methods of ecological civilization,strengthening ecological educator team construction,embodying ecological culture in campus construction and creating the atmosphere,emphasizing innovative practices for ecological civilization,strengthening publicity of social-ecological civilization,and attaching importance to family education of ecological civilization.

Research on the Development Path of Green Marine Economy in the Era of Ecological Civilization

This article explores the development path of the green marine economy in the era of ecological civilization.It highlights the importance of developing a green marine economy and how it has become a global consensus.The article suggests that China should take proactive measures to optimize its marine industrial structure,promote marine scientific and technological innovation,strengthen marine resource protection and environmental governance,and enhance the competitiveness of the marine economy.The ultimate objective is to achieve sustainable development of the ocean,expand the blue economic space,and accomplish the goal of green marine economic development.

Pioneering a New Realm of Human Rights Civilization in the Chinese Path to Modernization——An Overview of the Symposium on“The Chinese Path to Modernization and the Promotion of Free and Comprehensive Human Development”

On October 14,2023,a symposium themed“The Chinese Path to Modernization and the Promotion of Free and Comprehensive Human Development”was held in Changchun,Jilin Province,China.More than fifty experts,scholars,and researchers from national institutions and universities engaged in discussions and exchanges on human rights on the Chinese path to modernization,including the path,practice,knowledge systems,and civilization forms of human rights.This symposium played a significant role in advancing the construction of the disciplinary system,academic system,and discourse system of human rights in China.

The Spirit of Craftsmanship and Industrial Civilization

The spirit of craftsmanship applies to every trade. In the context of opportunities arising from the new industrial revolution and China＇s transition towards high-end manufacturing, Premier Li Keqiang put forward the concept of the spirit of craftsmanship. This paper reckons that the spirit of craftsmanship can be defined from six dimensions including dedication, standard, precision, innovation, perfection and human care. In fact, the spirit of craftsmanship abounds in China, as illustrated by the examples of Tongrentang and Haier. In comparing the three manufacturing powers of Germany, Japan and the United States, this paper reveals the differences in the connotations of the spirit of craftsmanship across these countries. According to specific national conditions and development stage, China must achieve structural re-engineering of corporate organizations at the level of firms, products, divisions and modules. In a nutshell, the spirit of craftsmanship is a core component of corporate and industrial civilization and it holds an important historic position in industrial and social civilization.

Tourism Development Paths for the Leap-forward Development of Ecological Civilization—A Case Study of Northern Doumen District in Zhuhai City,China

A section more than 300 km2 in the Northern Domen District of Zhuhai City was designed to the Ecological Agricultural Zone of Zhuhai City,on the basis of introducing connotations of ecological civilization and basic conditions of this district,it was proposed that the leap-forward development pattern from agricultural civilization to ecological civilization should be applied,and 2 realization paths were summarized as developing urban agriculture and ecotourism.Ecotourism development was taken as the focus,tourist resources in the study area introduced,and bottleneck of its ecotourism development analyzed(lack of unified planning,poor consciousness of protecting historical and cultural resources;backward infrastructure,poor attractiveness for investment;insufficient propaganda and popularity;backward product development and insufficient integration of existing scenic spots.From the perspective of bottleneck of ecotourism development,the development of eco-culture and sightseeing tourism was proposed,specifically,to build a tourism spatial layout of "one axis,two wings and four centers";establish a functional circle of eco-cultural tourism,including cultural and recreational ecosphere centering on Mount Huangyang,tidal land water system ecosphere with key nodes of Dongjiao and Xijiao Villages,modern eco-agricultural sightseeing tourist circle,intangible cultural tourist circle of the waterfront Baijiao Township.

Civilization与“文明”——以《时务报》为例分析“文明”一词的使用

中国源于古代的“文明”一词在近代被赋予了新的涵义 ,是英语Civilization的译词。新义“文明”根源于西洋 ,但直接来自东洋。 19世纪末 2 0世纪初“文明”在中国时兴起来。《时务报》中所出现的“文明”一词的涵义及使用情况 ,从一个侧面反映西学在近代中国的兴盛情形、日本文化对中国知识分子的影响以及近代知识分子欲“变法图强”的强烈呼声。

Constructing Marine Ecological Civilization of Qingdao

Ocean is a distinctive and prior resource in Qingdao. This paper makes summary and analysis of the practice of constructing marine ecological civilization in Qingdao and offers suggestions for the future development of the city. With the implementation of the city＇s strategy of =Protecting the bay and developing the city on the bay＂, the suggestions focus on between management ＆ utilization, so as to establish the harmony between the optimal utilization of madne resource and marine ecological environment protection, and to consistently promote marine ecological civilization

The Exploitation of Agricultural Civilization Heritages of Minority Community in Guangxi——A Case Study of Longsheng Dragon Back Terrace

Having outlined evolution and tour value of Dragon Back Terraces in Longsheng County,Guilin,the author puts forward following proposals for tour development in policy-making:(1) With improving the villages of the Minority community,to set up ecological museums in which the cultures of Minority are preserved,the primitive local "live humanity heritages" are shown as the key display on the basis of typical agricultural complex ecological system;(2) To encourage the citizens of the community to participate in the tour industry development,including the participation both in the decision-making in tour planning and preservation of the terrace agricultural civilization heritages as well as the allocation of the income of the local tour industry;(3)To promote the mutual development of both folkways and sightseeing tour,to enhance the exploitation of the present natural scenic and historical landscapes through the making full advantages of the present tour market.The Dragon Back Terraces are characterized by the important tour values,including the rich and colorful natural landscapes,typical complex agricultural ecological system,and the combination of the Minority folkways and agricultural civilization.

Substantive Characteristics of Water and Soil Conservation and Ecological Civilization Construction in China

Water and soil conservation is an important part of eco-civilization con-struction. It is a major part of eco-construction and lifeline of social and economy development. Therefore, water and soil conservation is of great significance in maintaining eco-safety. The research concluded status quo and characters of water and soil losses in China and analyzed water and soil conservation and construction of eco-civilization from the perspectives of water and soil conservation and con-struction of eco-civilization.

Ecological Civilization:A New Development Paradigm

Against the background of increasing depletion of natural resources and environmental pollution as a result of economic development guided by industrial civilization, the concept of ecological civilization as a new development paradigm has emerged and attracted the attention of policymakers and academic researchers. By examining the origin of ecological civilization, this paper elaborates on the connotations and orientations of ecological civilization and notes that ecological civilization is not a negation of industrial civilization but represents an upgrade and improvement of industrial civilization. The paper also provides policy recommendations on the development of ecological civilization.

Development of City Ecological Tourism Based on the Perspective of Ecology Civilization

Ecological civilization is the major progress of human civilization develop- ment idea, mode and path of development. The close relationship between ecological civilization and tourism, ecological tourism development reflects the urgent needs of the protection of the ecological environment, the construction of ecological civilization, and the sustainable development of regional economy. Ecological tourism development are various, with great potential. In order to promote the development of ecological tourism city, China should actively carry out the ecological values of propaganda, reform of tourism management mode, strengthening technological inno- vation, and in this process, the government should provide appropriate support and guidance.

A Study on the Relationships of Ecological Civilization Construction with Natural Conservation and Sustainable Resources Use

Ecological Civilization Construction and natural conservatiorl and sustain- able resources use are three aspects of same object proposed from various angles of theory and practice. The paper intends to simply deal with some problems of this aspect and to propose corresponding suggestions for related departments.

The Relations of Civilization to Wilderness in Wuthering Heights

This paper aims at the relations of civilization to wilderness in Wuthering Heights.By centering around the unity of Hareton and young Cathy,we shall argue that civilization is a process of negating wilderness and reconcilement with wildness.This paper is largely a rudimentary step to conclude that wilderness can be tamed,and love can overcome all obstacles and civilization will win at last.

How to Make Use of the English Class to Carry On the Civilization Education to the Students

College students are the new generation and the main force of our society in the future. College students' personality will be directly related to the overall quality of the Chinese nation. Education is the main way to improve the students' personality. When they are at college, the teachers can teach them some foreign customs according to the teaching materials in class. In this way, the teaching contents can be enriched and at the same time, the students' personality can be improved. So we can realize our dream of our nation rich in money and also in spirit.

Study on the Construction of Eco-security System in China under the Ecological Civilization Concept——Based on the Ecological Civilization Construction in Qingzhen City of Guizhou Province

The construction of eco-security system was a complicated systematic project, included the comprehensive construction and collaborative propulsion of eco-environment system, eco-economy system, eco-culture system, eco-society system and eco-law system. The comprehensive, coordinated and sustainable development of ecology, economy and society only could be achieved under the guidance of ecological civilization concept by the integrated consideration, comprehensive planning and multi-coordination.

Progress of Air Pollution Control in China and Its Challenges and Opportunities in the Ecological Civilization Era

China’s past economic growth has substantially relied on fossil fuels,causing serious air pollution issues.Decoupling economic growth and pollution has become the focus in developing ecological civilization in China.We have analyzed the three-decade progress of air pollution controls in China,highlighting a strategic transformation from emission control toward air quality management.Emission control of sulfur dioxide(SO2)resolved the deteriorating acid rain issue in China in 2007.Since 2013,control actions on multiple precursors and sectors have targeted the reduction of the concentration of fine particulate matter(PM2.5),marking a transition to an air-quality-oriented strategy.Increasing ozone(O3)pollution further requires O3 and PM2.5 integrated control strategies with an emphasis on their complex photochemical interactions.Fundamental improvement of air quality in China,as a key indicator for the success of ecological civilization construction,demands the deep de-carbonization of China’s energy system as well as more synergistic pathways to address air pollution and global climate change simultaneously.