Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes Following Cryotherapy, Thermal Ablation and Loop Electrosurgical Excision Procedure for Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia Treatment: A Pilot Study among Zambian Women

Background: Cervical Intraepithelial neoplasia treatments have become essential interventions to manage cervical lesions. Majority of the recipients of these treatments are women within the reproductive age group, who according to literature may be at risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. This pilot study is part of a study investigating adverse pregnancy outcomes among women who received Cryotherapy, Thermal ablation and Loop Electrosurgical Excision Procedure compared to the untreated women in Zambia. Materials and Methods: This descriptive study analyzed records of 886 (n = 443 treated and n = 443 untreated) women aged 15 - 49 years. The women were either screened with Visual Inspection with Acetic Acid or treated for Cervical Intraepithelial neoplasia at the Adult Infectious Disease Centre between January 2010 and December 2020. Women meeting the criteria were identified using the Visual Inspection with Acetic Acid screening records and telephone interviews to obtain the adverse pregnancy outcome experienced. Data were analysed using STATA version 16 to determine the prevalence and obtain frequency distribution of outcomes of interest. Univariate and multivariable binary logistic regression estimated odds of adverse pregnancy outcomes across the three treatments. Results: The respondents were aged 15 to 49 years. Adverse pregnancy outcomes were observed to be more prevalent in the treatment group (18.5%) compared to the untreated group (5.4%). Normal pregnancy outcomes were lower in the treated (46.3%;n = 443) than the untreated (53.7%;n = 443). The treated group accounted for the majority of abortions (85.2%), prolonged labour (85.7%) and low birth weight (80%), whereas, the untreated accounted for the majority of still births (72.7%). Women treated with cryotherapy (aOR = 2.43, 95% CI = 1.32 - 4.49, p = 0.004), thermal ablation (aOR = 6.37, 95% CI = 0.99 - 41.2, p = 0.052) and Loop Electrosurgical Excision Procedure (aOR = 9.67, 95% CI = 2.17 - 43.1, p = 0.003) had two-, six- and ten-times higher odds of adverse pregnancy outcomes respectively, relative to women who required no treatment. Conclusion: Adverse pregnancy outcomes are prevalent among women who have received treatment in Zambia. The findings indicate that treating Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia has been linked to higher chances of experiencing abortion, delivering low birth weight babies and enduring prolonged labor that may result in a caesarean section delivery. Cervical neoplasia treatments, particularly Loop Electrosurgical Excision Procedure, are associated with significantly increased odds of adverse pregnancy outcomes. It is essential to include information about prior Cervical Intraepithelial neoplasia treatment outcomes in obstetric care.

Pregnancy and Obstetrical Outcomes Following Treatment for Cervical Intra-Epithelial Neoplasia (CIN) in Two Hospitals of a Low-Resource Country

Objective: In Cameroon, more than 80% of women suffering from cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) are within the reproductive age. This study intended to analyze the pregnancy outcomes following cervical treatment in Cameroon. Methods: This was a cohort study with two years retrospective data collection involving 82 women who underwent cervical treatment for CIN in two Cameroonian hospitals from January 2015 to December 2017. Data were collected from CIN treatment to end of pregnancy where applicable. Data analysis was done using Epi Info software version 3.5.4. Results: We collected data from 82 patients aged 27 to 48 years, with a mean age of 36.5 (SD: 5.3) years. During the study period, 33 out of 82 participants became pregnant 40.2 [29.56 - 51.66]%. The factor associated with pregnancy occurrence after treatment was age less than 35 years (Odds ratio = 4.37 [1.7 - 11.2]. From the 33 pregnancies recorded, 17 (51.5%) ended in a delivery, amongst which 15 (88.2%) were vaginal. Conclusion: Pregnancy frequency over two years following cervical treatment for CIN was relatively good, and younger women (age 35 years) were significantly more like to have conceived compared to their older counterparts. Post-treatment delivery outcomes seem to be similar to those in the general population.

Distribution of High-Risk Human Papillomavirus Genotypes among Women with Colposcopic Diagnosis of Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia in Bangladesh

Background: The incidence of cervical cancer is high in Bangladesh and there is a high prevalence of preinvasive lower genital tract disease among women of reproductive age. Persistent high-risk Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) infection is the main underlying cause of cervical cancer and its precursor, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). Objective: The aim of the study was to identify the subtypes of high-risk HPV infection among women with the colposcopic diagnosis of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in Bangladesh. Methods: This cross-sectional observational study was conducted in the colposcopy clinic of Dhaka Medical College Hospital over a six-month period. A total of 100 participants were enrolled. Married women, between 30 - 60 years of age with colposcopically diagnosed cervical intra epithelial neoplasia were enrolled. Women with chronic illness, pregnancy, and women unable to consent were excluded from this study. After counselling, colposcopically directed punch biopsies were taken from each CIN case concurrently with high-risk HPV testing by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results: The mean age of the patients was 38.69 (SD ±7.76) years. CIN 1 was diagnosed in 57% of participants, while 24% had CIN II and 19% had CIN III lesions. High-risk HPV was present in 52 patients. HPV 16 was the most common identified in 28 (53.84%) and HPV 18 was the second most common with 20 (38.46%) either singly or in combination with other high-risk subtypes. The other HPV strains, HPV 31, 33, 35, 52, 56 and 58, were also detected either as mono or co-infections. Out of the 52 HPV positive cases, 29 (55.8%) had mono infection and 23 (44.2%) had co-infection with several subtypes. The highest incidence (50%) of oncogenic HPV infections was present among women aged 35 - 45 years. Risk factors associated with HPV positive cases were high parity (P 0.05), early age at marriage (P = 0.754) and early age of first child. Conclusion: This study identified a high prevalence of HPV 16 and 18 genotypes. HPV vaccination with the current 9-valent HPV vaccine, which contains HPV types 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58. Will be an effective public health measure to eradicate cervical cancer in Bangladesh.

Correlation analysis of human papillomavirus E6/E7 mRNA detection with diagnosis,prognosis and recurrence risk in patients with cervical epithelioma

BACKGROUND Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia(CIN)is an important precursor of cervical cancer.Early detection and treatment can reduce the incidence of cervical cancer.AIM To investigate the detection rate of human papillomavirus(HPV)E6/E7 mRNA in cervical tissue of patients with different types of epithelial cell neoplasia(CIN)and its relationship with CIN progression and diagnosis.METHODS One hundred women with HPV infection detected by cervical exfoliation cytology between January 2022 and January 2023 were retrospectively selected.These patients were graded CIN based on colposcopy and cervical pathology.The positive expression rates of HPV E6/E7 mRNA and HPV[polymerase chain reaction(PCR)-reverse dot crossing]were compared among all groups.Patients with HPV E6/E7 mRNA expression in the grade 1 CIN group were followed up for 1 yr.The relationship between atypical squamous epithelium and high malignant epithelial neoplasia was investigated by univariate and multivariate analysis.RESULTS The diagnostic sensitivity,specificity,and sensitivity of PCR-reverse point hybrid ization technology for secondary CIN were 70.41%,70.66%,and 0.714,respectively.Sensitivity and specificity for secondary CIN were 752%and 7853%,respectively,the area under the curve value was 0.789.Logistic Multifactorial model analysis revealed that the HPV positive rates and the HPV E6/E7 mRNA positive rates were independent risk factors of CIN grade I(P<0.05).In CIN grade I patients with positive for HPV E6/E7 mRNA,in its orientation to grade CIN patients,in its orientation to grade CIN patients,at 69.2%,compared with patients negative for HPV E6/E7 mRNA(30.8%),significant difference(P<0.05).CONCLUSION HPV E6/E7 mRNA and HPV(PCR-reverse dot hybrid)positive expression have a close relationship with CINgrade disease progression and is an independent risk factor for high-grade CIN lesions.

Prevalence of HPV Infection And Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia And Attitudes towards HPV Vaccination among Chinese Women Aged 18-25 in Jiangsu Province

Objective：Few data are available on the epidemiology of HPV and cervical cancer among Chinese women younger than 25 years old.This study aimed to estimate the HPV infection rate and the prevalence of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia（CIN） in women aged 18-25,as well as their knowledge of and attitudes towards HPV vaccination.Methods：A population-based cervical cancer screening study was conducted on women aged 18-25 in Jiangsu province in 2008.Participants provided socio-demographic,reproductive and behavioral information and completed a survey about their knowledge of and attitudes towards HPV vaccination.Women then underwent a gynecologic exam to provide two cervical exfoliated cell samples for high risk HPV DNA testing and liquid-based cytology（LBC） as well as visual inspection with acetic acid（VIA）.Women testing positive for any test were referred to colposcopy and biopsy.The gold standard for diagnosis of cervical lesions was directed or random biopsies.Results：Within the sample of 316 women,3.4% of them were diagnosed with CIN grade 2 or worse lesions and 17.1% were found to be positive for HPV DNA.Among these young women,extra-marital sexual behavior of them（OR=2.0,95%CI：1.1-3.8） or their husbands（OR=2.6,95%：1.4-4.7） were associated with an increased risk of HPV positivity.Although overall HPV awareness was low,after a brief educational intervention,98.4% reported they would electively receive HPV vaccination and would also recommend that their daughters be vaccinated.However,most urban and rural women reported their ideal maximum out-of-pocket contribution for HPV vaccination to be less than 500 RMB and 50-100 RMB,respectively.Conclusion：Our study indicates cervical disease burden is relatively high among sampled Chinese women aged 18-25.Appropriate educational interventions for female adolescents and strategies to subsidize vaccine costs are definitely needed to ensure the effectiveness of vaccination campaigns in China.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CYCLIN G1 AND HUMAN PAPILLOMA VIRUS INFECTION IN CERVICAL INTRAEPITHELIAL NEOPLASIA AND CERVICAL CARCINOMA

Objective To evaluate the overexpression of cyclin G1 in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia （CIN） and cervical carcinoma, and the correlation between cyclin G1 and high-risk human papilloma virus （HPV） infection. Methods All of the specimens were obtained from the Department of Pathology of China-Japan Friendship Hospital from January 2000 to August 2004. We detected the expression of cyclin G1 with immunohistochemistry, HPV16/18 infection with in situ hybridization, and high-risk HPV infection with Hybrid capture system Ⅱ （HC-Ⅱ） in normal group （25 cases）, CIN Ⅰ （48 cases）, CIN Ⅱ （56 cases）, CIN Ⅲ（54 cases）, and invasive cervical squamous-cell carcinoma （SCC, 31 cases）. Results The positive rates of cyclin G1 expression in CIN（77.85% ）and SCC cervical tissues （87. 10% ） were significantly higher than normal （ 8.00%, P 〈 0. 01 ）, and the intensities of cyclin G1 expression in CIN（40. 60% ） and SCC cervical tissues （61.51%） were significantly higher than normal （2. 72%, P 〈0.05）. The positive rates and intensities of cyclin G1 expression increased gradually with the grade of cervical lesions. High-risk HPV infection rates were higher in CIN and SCC than normal groups （P 〈 0.05 ）. There was a positive correlation between cyclin G1 expression and high-risk HPV infection detected with HC-Ⅱ （Kendall＇s tau-b =0. 316, 0. 269, 0. 352, and 0. 474 in CIN Ⅰ, CIN Ⅱ, CIN Ⅲ, and SCC, respectively, P 〈 0. 05 ）. Conclusions Cyclin G1 is overexpressed in CIN and SCC. Cyclin G1 may be a biomarker for detecting CIN and SCC. Cyclin G1 may play an important role in the oncogenesis of CIN and SCC by high-risk HPV infection.

Diagnostic and Therapeutic Cold Knife Conization for Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia

OBJECTIVE of using cold （CIN）. METHODS To evaluate the diagnostic and therapeutic efficacy knife conization for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia We retrospectively analyzed 186 cases with CIN diagnosed and treated in our hospital; compared the histologic diagnoses from cervical conization and from colposcopic multiple punch biopsies, and then evaluated their postoperative histologic findings and clinical outcomes. RESULTS Of the 186 cases, there was a correlation in histologic findings between cervical conization and colposcopic multiple punch biopsies in 138 cases （74.2%）, and there was no correlation in the other 48 cases （25.8%）. Incomplete excision was performed in 8 cases （4.3%）, but the failure rate was only 1.1%; the cure rate was 98.9%. Five cases with early invasive cancer were found. Eleven patients underwent subsequent hysterectomy. The main complications associated with conization were hemorrhage and cervical stenosis. Bleeding occurred in 8 （4.3%） of the patients, and cervical stenosis occurred in 3 （1.6%）. CONCLUSION Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia was diagnosed more accurately using conization than by colposcopic multiple punch biopsies. Conization can also play an important role in the treatment for CIN. If properly performed, the procedure has a low risk of complications. It can provide an accurate histologic representation of the disease process, and be curative in most cases.

Clinical Observation of rhIL-2 Combined with Zhenqi Fuzheng and BaofuKang Suppository in the Treatment of Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia II with HPV Infection

Objective: To investigate the clinical effects of recombinant human interleukin-2 (rhIL-2) combined with Zhenqi Fuzheng and Baofukang on cervical intraepithelial neoplasia II (CINII) combined with human papilloma virus infection. Methods: There were 593 patients diagnosed with CINII with HPV infection, including 296 in the control group and 297 in the experimental group. The control group was given only Zhenqi Fuzheng oral and Baofukang suppository vaginal medicine. The experimental group was treated with rhIL-2 injection in addition to Zhenqi Fuzheng oral and Baofukang suppository vaginal medicine which is treated for 3 months. After 3 months, Thinprep cytologic test (TCT), human papilloma virus (HPV) quantitative examination and colposcopy biopsy were reviewed. Results: After 3 months of treatment, the negative conversion rate and total effective rate of HPV in the control group were 58.11% and 70.95% respectively, and the negative conversion rate and total effective rate of the experimental group were 79.46% and 90.57% respectively. There was significant difference between the two groups (p = 0.000). The curative rate of cervical lesions was significantly higher in the test group than in the control group, 89.56%, 68.91%, respectively. The statistical difference between the two groups is significant (p = 0.000). Conclusion: It has an essential clinical value that HPV infection patients and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia II associated with HPV infection patients are treated by rhIL-2 combined with Zhenqifuzheng and Baofukang, which is safe, effective, non-invasive, reusable advantages. However, the long-term efficacy and side effects need to be further studied.

The Prevalence of High Grade Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN) in a Primary Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Cervical Screening Programme Population with HPV Positive and Cytology Negative Smear Results

High-risk HPV is found in 99.7% of cervical cancers. The causative role of HPV in cervical cancer has led to the inclusion of HPV testing as part of cervical screening. A pilot of HPV testing as primary screening was commenced in 2013 at six pilot sites in England. North Cumbria Integrated Care (NCIC) NHS Foundation Trust took part in the pilot, in which women with an HPV-positive/cytology-negative result were recalled at 12 months. Women with HPV type 16/18 found at initial screening and persisting at 12 months in spite of negative cytology were referred to Colposcopy services at 12 months. Women with smear positive for hrHPV other than 16/18 types were recalled twice at 12 and 24 months before referral to colposcopy. Persistent hrHPV positive/cytology negative smear at 12 and 24 months initiated a colposcopy referral. Objective: To assess the prevalence of high grade CIN and invasive cancer in patients referred to colposcopy services at NCIC NHS Foundation Trust with hrHPV positive/cytology negative smears. Method: The study was conducted at NCIC NHS Foundation Trust between January 2015 and December 2017. Data was collected retrospectively from the colposcopy data base (INFOFLEX). All patients with HPV positive/cytology negative smears seen in colposcopy clinic during the study period were included. Patients with high grade CIN, cervical glandular intraepithelial neoplasia (CGIN) or invasive cancer were recorded. Results: 763 women were included in the study. A total of 50 (6.6%) women had high grade CIN, CGIN or invasive cancer. 40 of these 50 women (80%) were treated by large loop excision of the transformation zone (LLETZ). Conclusion: HPV primary screening is more effective than cytology-based screening. A high grade HPV positive result with negative cytology, persisting for one year in type 16/18 and for two years in other high-risk HPV types, warrants referral for colposcopy, as 6.6% of women in this study had high grade or invasive pathology.

Clinical significance of colposcopy on screening cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in cytological negative and smooth cervices

Objective： The aim of the study was to evaluate the clinical value of the video colposcopy in screening cervical intraepithelial neoplasia （CIN） in cytological negative and smooth cervices by optically gynecological examination. Methods： The 1050 women, whose cervices had been shown smooth and cytological negative by optical examine, were examined with electronic colposcopy in gynecological clinic, and biopsy was taken when the double abnormality of aceto-white epithelium and iodine negative, and other abnormal images were shown. A retrospective analysis of these cases was performed. Re. suits： （1） The 514 samples from 458 cases, including 458 samples of abnormal tissues under colposcopy and 56 samples of polyp or polypoid tumors by optically, were examined by biopsy. Among them, 68 samples were found to be CIN, including 11 cases of CINII/CINIII; （2） The 72 of 1050 cases showed the double-abnormality of aceto-white epithelium and iodine nega- tive. Among them, 64 cases were CIN determined by biopsy. And the positive predictive value of the double-abnormality of aceto-white epithelium and iodine negative under colposcopy was 88.9%, with a false negative rate of 3.3%; （3） Among 458 women examined by biopsy, only one of 350 samples from cervical polyp tissue was CIN （0.3%）, while 67 of 164 samples from the tissues with abnormal colposcopic images were found to be CIN （40.9%）, indicating the close relation between abnormal colposcopic findings and CIN; （4） The results of age-distribution analysis showed that, in the 164 cases with abnormal features under colposcopy, the incidence of double abnormality of aceto-white epithelium and iodine negative was higher in the age of sexual activity, just the same as the age distribution feature of CIN; while single abnormality of iodine negative appeared more in the age of over 50 years. Conclusion： Abnormal features displayed by colposcopy, especially the double abnormality of aceto-white epithelium and iodine negative, has an important significance for the screening of cervical precancerous lesions such as CIN. For this purpose, colposcopy examination is necessary even for the cases of cytological negative and smooth cervices.

Pathological characteristics and immunophenotype analysis of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia

Objective To explore the clinical pathological features and immunophenotypes of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia(CIN).Methods The protein expression of p16, p53, Bcl-2, and c-erb B-2 in 59 cases of CIN, 20 cases of cervical squamous cell carcinoma, and 20 cases of normal cervical tissues were tested using immunohistochemistry staining.Results The expression rates of p16, p53, Bcl-2, and c-erb B-2 in CIN tissues were 76.3%(45/59), 28.85(17/59), 61.0%(36/59), and 40.0%(23/59), respectively. The expression rates of p16, p53, Bcl-2, and c-erb B-2 in cervical squamous cell carcinoma tissues were 60.0%(12/20), 60.0%(12/20), 75.0%(15/20), and 65.0%(13/20), respectively. The expression rates of p16, p53, Bcl-2, and c-erb B-2 in normal cervical tissues were 0.0%(0/20), 0.0%(0/20), 35.0%(7/20), 0.0%(0/20), respectively. In comparison to normal tissues, the differential expressions of p16, p53, and Bcl-2 in squamous cell carcinoma and CIN were statistically significant(P <0.001), whereas the difference between the squamous cell carcinoma and CIN was not significant(P >0.05). In comparison to normal tissues, the differential expressions of c-erb B-2 and p53 in squamous cell carcinoma and CIN were statistically significant(P >0.05). The differential expressions of Bcl-2, c-erb B-2, and p53 in CIN 3 were statistically significant in comparison to CIN 1 and CIN 2(P <0.05). Conclusion Overexpression of Bcl-2 occurs early in the development of cervical cancer, whereas p16 and c-erb B-2 overexpression are markers for cell malignancy. The expression of p53 is correlated with the development of cervical cancer.

The association between IgG1,IgG2 subclasses toward human papillomavirus 16-like particles in the serum and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia

Objective:The paper aimed to study the relationship between the expressions of immunoglobulin G(IgG) subclasses toward human papillomavirus 16-like particles(HPV16VLPs) in the serum of patients and different grades of cervical lesions.Methods:The expressions of IgG subclasses in 32 cases of human papillomavirus(HPV) infection,30 cervical intraepithelial neoplasia(CIN I),43 CIN Ⅱ-Ⅲ,and 24 hysteromyoma and chronic cervicitis were examined by ELISA.Results:The absorbance values of HPV16VLPs-IgG,IgG1 increased with the grade of CIN(P < 0.05).The IgG2 dominance(IgG2/IgG1 ratio > 1) from control group was 100%,87.50% for HPV infection group,75% for CIN I group,compared with that from CIN Ⅱ-Ⅲ patients(9.52%)(P < 0.05).The positive rates and absorbance values of HPV16VLPs-IgG,IgG1 and IgG2 from HPV16-DNA positive group were significantly higher than those from non-HPV16-DNA positive group(P < 0.05).There was a moderate correlation between the HPV16-DNA testing and detection of HPV16VLPs-IgG(r = 0.531,P < 0.05).Conclusion:An increase of the expressions of HPV16VLPs-IgG and its subclasses in the serum of the patients with cervical precancerous lesions,especially those with CIN II-III,might be associated with duration of HPV infection and severity of cervical lesions.An increase of the IgG2 dominance(IgG2/IgG1 > 1) in serum from low grade cervical lesions group and normal control group,might indicate the clearance of HPV infection and the regression of cervical lesions.

The Role of IL-2, IL-4, IL-10 and IFN-γ Cytokines Expression in the Microenvironment of Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia

Objective: To investigate the role of IL-2, IL-4, IL-10 and IFN-γ cytokines in the microenvironment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Methods: 180 patients participating were enrolled in this trial, where 50 cases are in control group, 50 cases are in low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) group, 50 cases are in high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) group, and 30 cases have cervical carcinoma. ELISA methods are used to detect the expression of IL-2, IL-4, IL-10 and IFN-γ in the lavage fluid, and all data is analyzed using one-way analysis of variance. Results: The expression of IL-2 and IFN-γ in cervical lavage fluid gradually decreases with the aggravation of the lesion. The expression of IL-4 and IL-10 increases by the aggravation of pathological changes. There were statistically significant differences in IL-2 level among the four groups. IFN-γ levels are significantly different between the cervical cancer group and the other groups, also between HSIL and LSIL group, and between HSIL and the control group, but no statistically significant difference was observed in IFN-γ e between LSIL and the control group. The expressions of IL-4 and IL-10 between the cervical cancer group and the other groups were significantly different, and also between HSIL and the control group. But there was no statistically significant difference between LSIL and the control group, HSIL and LSIL. Conclusion: The cytokines of IL-2, IL-4, IL-10 and IFN-γ in the microenvironment of the cervix play an important role in the occurrence and development of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. This study may provide the evidence for diagnosis and treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia.

Clinical applicability of immunotherapy of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia

Immunotherapy for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia （CIN） has not yet reached clinical applicability, but seems sensible and shows promising preliminary results. One of the most promising forms of immunotherapy for CIN may currently be imiquimod, because of its established role in other human papillomavirus （HPV）-induced genital conditions, its promising treatment effcacy in high-grade CIN, and its off-label availability. Although imiquimod cannot yet replace the current gold standard treatment for CIN [ i.e. , large loop excision of the transformation zone （LLETZ）] in all patients, it may be considered in subgroups of patients; for example, young women who may wish to become pregnant in the future, or patients with recurrent CIN lesions in whom a second LLETZ is to be avoided. Immunotherapy of CIN could be extended to post-treatment vaccination, in order to prevent new HPV infections and disease recurrence.

Efficacy and Tolerability of Thermocoagulation Treatment of High-Grade Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia

Purpose: Cervical cancer is still one of the main causes of cancer and mortality in women, especially in low- and middle-income countries, although it is a completely preventable disease through the detection and treatment of pre-cancer lesions. We evaluated the efficacy and tolerability of thermocoagulation treatment of high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN 2 and 3). Methods: We evaluated 115 women with high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, 54 with CIN 2 and 61 with CIN 3, confirmed by biopsy and without previous treatment, from January 2016 to December 2018, undergoing thermocoagulation treatment at the Lower Genital Tract Pathology and Colposcopy Service of the Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil. Results: The mean age was 33.11 years (SD = 9.83) for CIN 2 and 35.28 years (SD = 7.97) for CIN 3 patients. Treatment efficacy was 90.8% in CIN 2 and 94.9% in CIN 3 cases. Pain was the main symptom reported at the time of treatment, occurring more frequently in the CIN 3 group (49.1% versus 27.8% in the CIN 2 group). As the more important long-term complication, there were 3 cases of pelvic inflammatory disease in CIN 2 (5.6%) and 3 in CIN 3 group (5.0%). The percentage of residual lesion was very low in both groups, 5 in CIN 2 group (9.2%) and 2 in CIN 3 group (3.4%). Conclusion: Thermocoagulation is an effective method for the treatment of cervical pre-cancer lesions (CIN 2 and CIN 3), with a low risk of adverse events and complications.

Photodynamic Therapy for Low-grade Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia(CIN1):A Case Report

As a drug-mechanical combination technology,photodynamic(PDT)can achieve accurate and taurgeted therapy for maligmant tumors and benign diseases through the production of reactive oxygen species,oxygen free radicals or singlet oxygen by photosensitizers at specific wavelengths.Compared with traditional surgery,it has the advantages of selective killing.repeatable teatment,preserving target organ fiunction and so on.The purpose of this study was to explore the clinical value of photodynamic therapy in cervical precancerous lesions by taking the patients with low-grade cervical intaepithelial neoplasia(CIN1)with high-risk human papillomavinus(HR HPV)persistent infection diagnosed by"three-step diagnosis and teatment procedure"as an example.Using HiPorfn as a photosensitizer,photodynamic therapy was performed 48 hours after intavenous drip.Set laser wavelength 630nm,light dose density 137.58J/cm^2,ansmission efficiency 1.42,output power 2w.3cm columnar optical fber was placed around the 2cm in the cervical canal to cover all the lesions,and the inadiation time was 900s(600s in the cervical canal and 300s outside the cervical canal).The patients were given oxygen inhalation for 6 hours after operation,and the patients were observed for itching and other discomfort,and paid attention to avoid light.Photodynamic therapy was performed again in the same way on the second day.After two months of treatment,pathological biopsy showed chronic cervicitis,indicating that the disease had been effectively controlled.Theoretically,although the patient is not the absolhute indication of photodynamic therapy(hat is,meeting CIN Ⅱ or CIN Ⅲ,having fertility requirements and not undergoing surgery),this therapy can remove not only the superficial lesions inside and outside the cervix,but also the potential lesions not found under colposcopy.It can also block the persistent infection of HPV by.inhbting the expression of HPV18,E6 and E7mRNA in Hela cells.In combination with Baofukang suppository,it can block HPV infection.Increase the negative conversion rate of cervical HPV and reduce the probablity of recurence after CIN1 cure.For youmng female patients with persistent HR-HPV infection and fertility requirements,photodynamic therapy is an effective choice for clinical treatment of CIN1.

Expression and Significance of SHP-2 in Human Papillomavirus Infected Cervical Cancer

This study investigated the expression and prognostic value of SHP-2 in cervical cancer caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Forty-five specimens from patients with cervical cancer (stageⅠ-Ⅲ), 32 specimens from patients with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) (Ⅰ, Ⅱ) and 20 normal cervical samples from patients with hysteromyoma were collected in Department of Pathology for comparison. The expression levels of SHP-2 and IFN-β proteins were detected by using immunohistochemistry. The mRNA expression level of SHP-2 was detected by using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). HPVs were detected by HPV GenoArray Test. The Spearman correlation was used to compare the expression level of SHP-2 in HPV infected cervical cancer vs non-HPV infected normal cervix. The level of SHP-2 protein expression in the cancer tissues (88.8%) was significantly higher than in CIN tissues (62.5%) and normal cervixes (45%) (P<0.05 and P<0.05, respectively). The SHP-2 mRNA levels in the cancer tissues were upregulated as compared with those in the normal cervixes (P<0.05). Twenty-one (46.7%) cervical cancers, 25 (78.1%) CINs and 17 (85%) normal cervixes showed IFN-β positive staining in cytoplasm. There was statistically significant difference in the expression rate of IFN-β between cervical cancer and normal cervix (χ2=8.378, P<0.05) as well as between cervical cancer and CIN (χ2=7.695, P<0.05). HPV16/18 infections could be found in normal cervixs (15%), CINs (68.7%) and cervical cancers (84.4%). There was a correlation between HPV infection and SHP-2 expression in cervical cancer (rs=0.653, P<0.05). SHP-2 may be a useful prognostic and diagnostic indicator for HPV infected cervical cancer. In cervical cancers, SHP-2 mRNA and protein overexpression was associated with IFN-β lower-expression.

Screening of premalignant and malignant cervical lesions in underdeveloped countries by using Pap smear as routine investigation in outpatient department

Objective: Papanicolou (Pap) smear screening has dramatically reduced the incidence of invasive cervical cancer worldwide. Pap smear screening is still not widely available in developing countries and therefore cannot be used as mass screening tool. This study was designed to establish the role of Pap smear as a routine investigation for females presented to gynecological department. Methods: It was a hospital based study. Patients attending with complaints including irregular vaginal bleeding, vagina discharge, dyspareunia, low backache or lower abdominal pain and primary or secondary infertility were included in the study. All these patients underwent pap smear. Results: Age of females was 25 to 60 years. Ninety females had dysplasia. Mild to moderate dysplasia was positive in 84 females. Six patients had severe dysplasia suspicious for squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) which was confirmed as invasive SCC on biopsy. All patients with mild to moderate dysplasia were regularly followed at 4 to 6 months. Thirty patients were lost during follow up. Forty had negative smear at 6 months, while fourteen having persistent dysplasia on repeated pap smears were referred for biopsies. Histopathology confirmed invasive SCC in five patients while chronic cervicitis was reported in nine patients. Only two of screened patients with high suspicion for cancer showed false negative results. Directed biopsies done in these confirmed invasive SCC. Conclusion: Pap smear is a useful, simple, non-invasive and reliable screening tool for cervical cancer. It may be practiced as a routine investigation in outpatients in developing countries, where mass screening is not available.

THE OVEREXPRESSION OF APOPTOSIS-RELATED GENES OF P_53 AND BCL-2 IN CERVICAL CARCINOMA

Objective To investigate the significance of overexpression of p5s and bcl-2 protein in carcinogene- sis of cervix. Methods 10 cases of cervical intraepithelial neoplasis(CIN) and 57 cases of invasive cancer were in- vestigated with immunohistochemistry technique. Results The overexpresion or P53 protein ir CIN and cervical can- cer was significantly higher than that or control, respectively (P<0.01). But there was no significant difference be- tween CIN and cervical cancer(P>0.05). The immunoreactivity of bcl-2 in CIN was much more higher than that of control (P<0.05). The positive rate and immunoreactivity of bcl-2 in cervical carcinoma were both remarkably high- er than those of control (P<0.0l),but there was no significant difference between CIN and cervical carcinoma (P> 0.05). It was also found that there was a remarkably positive correlation between the overexpression of bcl-2 and P53 (P<0.01). Conclusion Because of the loss of wtP53 function,the expression of bcl-2 can not be down-reguated, which is associated with the pathogenesis and development of cervical carcinoma.

A Correlative Analysis of Cervical Lesions in Patients with Vulva Condyloma Acuminatum

OBJECTIVE To analyze the relation ship among vulva condyloma acuminatum, high-risk human papillomavirus （HPV） infections and cervical epithelium lesions. METHODS From May 2002 to April 2004 patients with vulva condyloma acuminatum were examined employing vulva biospy, colposcopy, highrisk HPV-DNA test and cervical bioscopy. RESUTS In 418 cases of vulva condyloma acuminatum, verified by pathologic analysis, high-risk HPV （＋） infections were detected in 68.7% （287/418） of the cases. Among those patients, 20,6% （59/287） had concurrent subclinical cervical intraepithelial neoplastic （CIN） lesions. Among the high-risk HPV（-） 31.3 % （131）, patients 7,6% （10/131） had concurrent subclinical CIN lesions, Pathological examination results： cervicitis, 167 （40.0%）; cervical HPV infection, 182 （43.5%）; CIN-Ⅰ, 51（12.2%）; CIN- Ⅱ, 16 （3.83%）; CIN-Ⅲ, 2 （0,5%）; cervical cancer, none. Another patient had vulva condyloma acuminatum with valva intraepithelial neoplasia （VIN） Ⅱ-Ⅲ, CONCLUSION It was concluded that simultaneous cervical HPV infection of many types,was rather common in patients with vulva condyloma acuminatum. Vulva condyloma acuminatum is the chief clinical symptom which hints at a high possibility of infection with high-risk HPV. The patients are at high-risk for CIN and cervical cancer. We must pay more attention to the cervix in cases with vulva condyloma acuminatum.