The Protective Role of Procyanidins and Lycopene Against Mercuric Chloride Renal Damage in Rats

Objective This study aims to investigate the protection of procyanidins and lycopene from the renal damage induced by mercuric chloride.Methods Rats were treated with either procyanidins or lycopene 2h before HgCl 2 subcutaneously injection,once daily treatment for 2 successive days.Results In comparison with HgCl 2 group,markers of renal function such as blood urea nitrogen in serum and urinary protein were decreased to （18.45±11.63） mmol/L and （15.93±9.36） mmol/L,（4.54±0.78） g/（g Cr） and （4.40±1.12） g/（g Cr）.N‐acetyl‐beta‐D‐glucosaminidase,lactate dehydrogenase,alkaline phosphatase in urine were depressed to （125.49±11.68） U/（g Cr）,（103.73±21.79） U/（g Cr）,（101.99±12.28） U/（g Cr）,and （113.19±23.74） U/（g Cr）,（71.14±21.80） U/（g Cr）,（73.64±21.51） U/（g Cr） in procyanidins and lycopene groups.Indicators of oxidative stress,for example,Glutathion was reduced to （45.58±9.89） μmol/（g pro） and （45.33±5.90） μmol/（g pro）,and antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase,glutathione‐peroxidase were enhanced to （43.07±10.97） U/（mg pro） and （39.94±6.04） U/（mg pro）,（83.85±18.48） U/（mg pro）,and （85.62±12.68） U/（mg pro）.Malondialdehyde was lowered to （0.95±0.12） （μmol/g pro） and （1.03±0.12） μmol/（g pro） in procyanidins and lycopene groups.ROS generation was decreased by 27.63% and 16.40% and apoptosis was also decreased in procyanidins and lycopene groups respectively.Pathological changes were much better as well.Conclusion Procyanidins and Lycopene play some protective role against mercury kidney damage.

Effect of Short-Term Exposure to Mercuric Chloride on the Air-Breathing Catfish,Heteropneustes fossilis──Ⅱ.Scanning Electron Microscopic Study of the Gill

Alterations in the respiratory epithelium of gills of a catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis by the sublethal and lethal concentrations of HgCl2 have been observcd using scanning electron microscope. Fish exposed to 0.1 ppm shows a thin coat ot mucus, but the continuous layer of mucus is not retained in 0.3 ppm after 24 h of exposure. Epithelial cells of the gill filament are hyperplastic. Other changcs in the respiratory epithelium are contraction of epithelium, formation of interlamellar bridge and diminishing number of microridges. Massive destruction of the respiratory epithelium by deep lesions and sloughing of epithelial layer in 0.5 and 1.0 ppm solutions after 6-12 h of exposure apparently causes death to the fish. SEM observations are well in conformity with the findings made at light microscopic level

Effect of mercuric chloride on membrane-bound enzymes in rat testis

Aim: To study the effect of mercuric chloride on the membrane-bound enzymes. Methods: The effect of mercuric chloride at two different doses, 1 mg/kg (low dose) and 2 mg/kg (high dose), orally for 30 days, was observed on the membrane-bound enzymes in the testis of adult albino rats. Results: Mercuric chloride significantly decreased the body weight and testis weight in the high dose group (P<0.05), but not in the low dose group. The activities of 5' nucleotidase and adenosine triphosphatases were markedly decreased (P<0.01) in the testis of both groups. Alkaline phosphatase and γ-glutamyl transferase activities were significantly increased (P<0.01) in both groups. However, the effect was more pronounced in the high than in the low dose groups. Conclusion: The dose dependent effect of mercuric chloride on these enzymes may affect the membrane characteristics and thereby the fertility of the animal. (Asian J Androl 2002 Dec; 4:309-311)

PROTECTIVE EFFECTS OF CALCIUM ANTAGONIST ON VASCULAR SYSTEM AGAINST TOXICITY INDUCED BY MERCURIC CHLORIDE

Objective To explore the toxic effects of mercuric chloride (HgCl 2) on vascular smooth muscle as well as its relationship to calcium antagonist. Methods By using isolated vascular tension methods, we studied the effect of HgCl 2 on isolated rabbit aortic rings. Results HgCl 2 (1-100 μmol·L -1) caused a concentration-dependent contraction of rabbit aortic rings, which did not change with phentolamin or without endothelium. In KH solution with Ca 2+ , the maximum contraction amplitude reduced by(61.2±3.3)%. Nifedipine produced a concentration-dependent decrease of the maximum contraction amplitude. Conclusion Calcium antagonist has protective effects on vascular smooth muscle against damage induced by HgCl 2.

Drought stress,mercuric chloride,andβ-mercaptoethanol effects on hydraulic characteristics of three cultivars of wolfberry(Lycium chinense)

In order to further understand the effects of drought stress on hydraulic characteristics and the relationship between hydraulic conductivity and aquaporins or water channels of root systems of three wolfberry cultivars(Lycium chinense Mill.),hydraulic conductivity of 2-yearold pot-grown seedlings was measured under drought stress,rewatering,and treatment with exogenous mercuric chloride andβ-mercaptoethanol.Under moderate and severe drought stress levels,the most significant decrease of hydraulic conductivity was 37.3%and 24.0%,respectively,in the‘Ningqi 5’cultivar compared with the nonstressed control.After rewatering,the rate of recovery in specific conductivity was most rapid in the‘Mengqi 1’cultivar,at 0.058 and 0.072 kg MPa^-1 m^-2 s^-1 h^-1 under moderate and severe drought stress levels,respectively.The‘Mengqi 1’cultivar had the highest recovery degree of hydraulic conductivity under two concentrations ofβ-ME(500 or 1000 lmol L^-1),reaching 82.4%and 88.5%,respectively,of the initial conductivity.The adaptive capacity of hydraulic conductivity in the‘Ningqi 5’cultivar was weaker than in the‘Ningqi 1’and‘Mengqi 1’cultivars under drought stress.The recovery capacity of hydraulic conductivity in‘Mengqi 1’cultivar was stronger than the‘Ningqi 1’and‘Ningqi 5’cultivars after rewatering.Aquaporins of the‘Ningqi 1’cultivar root systems had the highest binding affinity with mercuric chloride,which was the most likely cause in the decrease in hydraulic conductivity,whereas aquaporins of‘Mengqi 1’root systems had the weakest binding affinity.The inhibitory effect of mercuric chloride was readily eliminated byβ-mercaptoethanol in the‘Mengqi 1’cultivar.The hydraulic characteristics of this cultivar were more sensitive to drought,mercuric chloride andβ-mercaptoethanol than the other cultivars.

Effect of Short-Term Exposure to Mercuric Chloride on the Air-Breathing Catfish,Heteropneustes fossilis──Ⅰ.Light Microscopic Study of the Gill

Histopathological effects of sublethal (0.1, 0.2, 0.3 ppm) and lethal (0.5, 1.0 ppm)solutions of mercuric chloride (HgCl2) have been studied on the gills of the air breathing catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis at the intervals ranging from 6h to 15 days. Thickening of the epithelium, swelling and hyperplasia of the mucous cells, fusion of secondary lamellae, formation of interlamellar bridge and deposition of mucous over the entire surface are some noteworthy features of mercury poisoning in sublethal concentrations. Acute pathological manifestations are formation of subepithelial space, sloughing of the epithelial layer, hemorrhage and hypertrophy of the mucous cells. Causes and impact of these cellular alterations affecting survival of the fish have been discussed

Effect of Mercuric Chloride and Cadmium Chloride on Gonadal Function and Its Regulation in SexuallyMature Common Carp Cyprinus carpio

Gonadal function in fish, CJprinus carpio was significantly affected by sublethal doses of mercuric chloride (HgCl2 ) and cadmium chloride (CdCl2 ) in chronic (45 days ) exposure.Parameters investigated were nonesterified (NE) and esterified (E) cholestcrol of ovary,liver and serum and ovarian 3β-Hydroxysteroid and 17β-Hydroxysteroid dehyrogenaseenzyme activity and serum and pituitary gonadotropin (GtH) levels. Both the pollutantswere able to reduce the hypothalamic extract (HE) or gonadotropin releasing hormone(GnRH) induced pituitary GtH release in vitro. Short term (96h) exposure of the fish tothe pollutants had no significant effect on the gonadal function. ln addition to thedeleterious effect of pollutants on the gonadal steroidogenesis and pituitary gonadotropin release, using [4-14C] cholesterol as a tracer it was found that for 45 days expeure, HgCl2'had an adverse effect on the transport of cholesterol from circulation to ovary.

Acute Toxic Effects of Mercuric Chloride on the Mucocytes of the Epithelial Lining of the Accessory Respiratory Organ and Skin of the Air Breathing Catfish Heteropneustes fossilis（Bloch）^1

Acute toxicity of 0.3 ppm mercuric chloride on the mucocytes of the branchial diverticulum and skin of Heteropneustes fossilis results in cyclic increases followed by decreases in the density, area occupancy and volume at different intervals of exposure. The alterations in the two tissues do not follow the same path perhaps due to different modes of action of the mercury salt: The skin comes under direct contact effects, while the branchial diverticulum may be affected by hormonal imbalance caused by a stress effect.

Histopathological Changes in the Epidermis of the Air Breathing Catfish Heteropneustes fossilis Exposed to Sublethal Concentration of Mercuric Chloride

Histopathological alterations induced by the sublethal concentration of (0.03 ppm) mercuric chloride solution on the epidermis of the fresh-water catfish Heteropneuates fossilis have been studied. It induces slow but significant histopathological changes in the various cellular components of the epidermis. It induces vacuolization, necrosis and pycnosis of the nuclei of the epithelial cells which subsequently shed. Loosening of epithelial cells of the outermost and middle layers following degeneration of the intercellular material and widened intercellular spaces is another important alteration. Prolonged mercury treatment also causes a gradual decrease in staining intensity for sulphated glycosaminoglycans in the outer border of the most superficial layer epithelial cells. The glandular elements (club cells and mucocytes) also get affected, showing cyclic degeneration followed by regeneration.

Studies on Solvent System of Cesium Chloride and Lanthanum Chloride and Synthesization of Four Types of New Compounds

This article describes the solubility data of the quaternary systems of CsCl LaCl 3 HCl H 2O(25 ℃, HCl 13% or 23%(wt)) and CsCl LaCl 3 HAc H 2O(30 ℃, HAc 42%(wt)), and the corresponding solubility equilibrium diagrams. Three new compounds, CsCl·LaCl 3·4H 2O, 2CsCl·LaCl 3·2H 2O and 3CsCl·LaCl 3·3H 2O have been found. From analysis of the systems by the X ray powder diffraction, TG DTG and DTA, the properties of the compounds are presented. The interpretation of the mechanism of Meyer′s reactions is discussed further and the synthesis method of four type new compounds is offered.

不同质量浓度HgCl_(2)对凡纳滨对虾的急性毒性评估

为探讨急性HgCl_(2)暴露对凡纳滨对虾的毒性效应,随机取360尾凡纳滨对虾[初始体质量(5.01±0.06)g],分为1个对照组(<0.001 mg/L HgCl_(2))和2个处理组[0.033 mg/L组(0.033 mg/L HgCl_(2))和0.33 mg/L组(0.33 mg/L HgCl_(2),96 h半致死质量浓度)],开展为期96 h的急性毒性试验。分别于试验开始前和开始后24、48、72、96 h取样进行检测。试验结果显示:24 h后,0.33 mg/L组肌肉中Hg含量显著高于其他组(P<0.05),0.033 mg/L组和0.33 mg/L组血浆中总抗氧化能力和超氧化物歧化酶活性显著高于对照组(P<0.05);72 h后,0.33 mg/L组血浆中超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶活性显著低于0.033 mg/L组,而丙二醛含量显著高于其他组(P<0.05);24 h时,0.33 mg/L组血浆中酸性磷酸酶、碱性磷酸酶、溶菌酶及酚氧化酶活性最高(P<0.05);48 h后,0.33 mg/L组对虾血浆中酸性磷酸酶及溶菌酶活性最低(P<0.05);24 h后,0.33 mg/L组对虾血浆中白细胞介素1、白细胞介素8含量显著高于其他组(P<0.05)。试验结果表明,凡纳滨对虾暴露在HgCl_(2)中,肌肉中Hg富集具剂量依赖效应,会造成血液中丙二醛积累、抗氧化酶活性下降、免疫抑制及炎症。

Neuroprotection by Melatonin on Mercury Induced Toxicity in the Rat Brain

Free radicals are common outcome of normal aerobic cellular metabolism. In-built antioxidant system of body plays its decisive role in prevention of any loss due to free radicals. However, imbalanced defense mechanism of antioxidants and overproduction or incorporation of free radicals from environment to living systems leads to serious damage. It also attacks nervous system resulting in neural-degeneration. In order to evaluate the neurotoxic effect on the brain parts of mercury in our study, oxidative stress indices of enzymatic and non enzymatic components were measured in rats intoxicated with mercury (2 mg and 4 mg/kg body weight) for 60 days to adult rats. Along with gravimetry, tissue burden was also recorded. Alterations in these indices were further supported by ultrastructural studies carried out in the brain as indicated by myelin disintegration, cell organelle alterations and neuronal loss by mercury poisoning. Treatment with the antioxidant melatonin (N-acetyl 5-methoxy tryptamine, 5 mg/kg) prevented mercury exerted toxicity due to its antioxidant property. The pathological changes were also ameliorated in the brain region comparatively to support biochemical profile of brain. Thus, melatonin produced neuroprotection against mercury poisoning in rats.

Surface chemical characterization of deactivated low-level mercury catalysts for acetylene hydrochlorination

Mercury-containing catalysts are widely used for acetylene hydrochlorination in China. Surface chemical characteristics of the fresh low-level mercury catalysts and spent low-level mercury catalysts were compared using multiple characterization methods. Pore blockage and active site coverage caused by chlorine-containing organics are responsible for catalyst deactivation. The reactions of chloroethylene and acetylene with chlorine free radical can generate chlorine-containing organic species. SiO_2 and functional groups on activated carbon contribute to the generation of carbon deposition. No significant reduction in the total content of mercury was observed after catalyst deactivation, while there was mercury loss locally. The irreversible loss of HgCl_2 caused by volatilization, reduction and poisoning of elements S and P also can lead to catalyst deactivation. Si, Al, Ca and Fe oxides are scattered on the activated carbon. Active components are still uniformly absorbed on activated carbon after catalyst deactivation.

水处理剂聚丙烯酰胺中氯化物的快速测定

随着水处理剂聚丙烯酰胺在污水处理中大量使用,产品质量参差不齐,尤其是氯化物含量有时严重超标,现有标准GB/T 17514—2017中规定的比色法已不能准确判断其氯化物含量。通过汞量法和银量法两种测定氯化物通用方法的比较,选择汞量法测定聚丙烯酰胺中的氯化物,可快速准确判断其氯化物含量,了解聚丙烯酰胺产品质量,具有一定实用和可操作性。

氯化铯掺杂氧化锡电子传输层提升钙钛矿太阳能电池光电性能

通过氯化铯(CsCl)掺杂氧化锡(SnO_(2))电子传输层(ETL)提升钙钛矿太阳能电池(PSCs)光电性能,探究掺杂ETL提升PSCs光电性能的机理。研究发现,CsCl掺杂降低了SnO2薄膜表面粗糙度,并提升其电导率,同时CsCl掺杂钝化了ETL/PVK界面处缺陷。PSCs器件的短路电流密度达到23.49mA/cm^(2),光电转换效率(PCE)达到22.16%。

电站锅炉、压力容器用水中氯离子的现场快速检测研究

为了实现对电站锅炉、压力容器水压试验用水等水样中氯离子浓度从痕量到微量的快速、准确检测,本研究提出了滴定-富集联用法,以比浊法做为分析方法的判断标准,浊度大于比浊标液可直接采用滴定法;浊度小于比浊标液需先使用富集法,再对富集液进行滴定,对于痕量氯离子水样可实现半小时快速分析。通过分析方法检验,样品的加标回收率在98.67%~110.00%之间,平行测定的相对标准偏差在1.05%~5.91%之间,均在相关规定范围内。说明本检测方法测定结果准确,可实现水中Cl-浓度的现场快速检测分析。

基于氯盐掺杂的单壁碳纳米管室温气体传感器

对单壁碳纳米管进行掺杂可以促进特定气体分子与单壁碳纳米管之间的电荷转移,从而提高其响应与选择性。使用氯化铯、氯化金对单壁碳纳米管进行掺杂,并在室温下使用Raman光谱研究了单壁碳纳米管与氯盐之间的界面电荷转移,研制了基于氯盐掺杂的单壁碳纳米管的二氧化氮室温气体传感器。研究结果表明,氯盐掺杂的单壁碳纳米管的D峰和2D峰的位置发生了蓝移。氯化铯掺杂的单壁碳纳米管气体传感器对于体积分数为1×10-6的二氧化氮表现出了高达230%的响应度,以及优异的选择性与可重复性。实验结果表明,氯盐掺杂可以改变单壁碳纳米管的费米能级,从而影响单壁碳纳米管对气体分子的传感性能。

环保型超低汞Ⅱ型触媒的工业化应用

通过对具有自主知识产权的环保型超低汞Ⅱ型触媒(质量分数1%~3%)的实际使用情况进行分析,得出超低汞Ⅱ型触媒可以全面替代现有的低汞触媒,有效减少汞排放,并可在此基础上开发微汞和无汞触媒新产品。

万胜化风丹、雄黄和朱砂的急性肝肾毒性作用

目的研究万胜化风丹中雄黄和朱砂的肝肾毒性作用,探讨目前对其毒性评价指标的合理性。方法 成年昆明种小鼠分别一次性ig给予万胜化风丹(原方药)3g.kg-1、雄黄和朱砂减量的万胜化风丹(减量方药)3g.kg-1、不含雄黄和朱砂的万胜化风丹(减方药)3g.kg-1、雄黄0.3g.kg-1、朱砂0.3g.kg-1、亚砷酸钠36mg.kg-1和氯化汞0.07g.kg-1,8h后检测肝及肾组织中砷和汞的含量,检测血清中谷草转氨酶(AST)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、肌酐(Cre)、尿素氮(BUN)含量;RT-PCR方法检测肝和肾中金属硫蛋白基因(MT-1)的表达。结果亚砷酸钠、原方药及减量方药组肝和肾组织中砷的蓄积量明显增加(P<0.05),且亚砷酸钠>原方药>减量方药。亚砷酸钠组ALT显著升高,其他各组略有升高,但与正常对照组无显著差异。氯化汞和朱砂组肝肾组织中汞的蓄积量明显增加(P<0.05),且氯化汞组>朱砂,氯化汞组同时伴Cre、BUN显著升高(P<0.05)。亚砷酸钠组、氯化汞组肝肾病理损伤明显,MT-1mRNA在肝肾组织的高表达。结论万胜化风丹、雄黄和朱砂的急性肝肾毒性远低于亚砷酸钠和氯化汞。