马里亚纳海沟Challenger Deep的岩石圈流变结构与动力学分析

马里亚纳海沟是西太平洋板块边缘沟-弧-盆体系构造演化的关键地区,其南端的Challenger Deep不仅是地球表面最深点,也是马里亚纳海沟、马里亚纳岛弧、马里亚纳海槽、西马里亚纳洋脊和帕里西维拉海盆的构造汇聚点。开展岩石流变结构与动力学过程研究对于认识Challenger Deep的形成演化具有重要的科学意义。利用综合地球物理资料,通过对重、磁数据的计算分析,研究马里亚纳沟-弧-槽-盆系统的等效黏滞系数和岩石圈强度等流变学特征。利用地震资料,勾绘海沟之下贝尼奥夫带随深度变化的特征以及陡变形态。计算结果表明:对应马里亚纳海沟-岛弧-海槽系统,自由空气重力异常向东凸出,形成弧型异常区;区内异常表现为串珠状线性特征,异常值中间高,两侧低。不同深度岩石圈累积强度比值表明,海沟南北两侧地壳上硬下软,海沟中部地壳上软下硬。在给定应变速率条件下计算的等效黏滞系数东高西低,说明西侧构造体地壳比东侧构造体地壳更容易变形。Challenger Deep岩石圈强度较大,等效黏滞系数较高,具有上硬下软的流变学特征,为板块俯冲在该区的弯曲、撕裂与快速翻转提供了重要条件。地震与重力剖面分析表明,Challenger Deep处的岩石圈累积应力强度和有效粘滞系数条件,可以使马里亚纳海沟俯冲带在重力作用下弯曲、开裂,或部分向南翻转、变陡。

Rare-earth element geochemistry reveals the provenance of sediments on the southwestern margin of the Challenger Deep

The hadal zone represents one of the last great frontiers in modern marine science,and deciphering the provenance of sediment that is supplied to these trench settings remains a largely unanswered question.Here,we examine the mineralogical and geochemical composition of a sediment core(core CD-1)that was recovered from the southwestern margin of the Challenger Deep within the Mariana Trench.Major element abundances and rare-earth element patterns from these sediments require inputs from both terrigenous dust and locally sourced volcanic debris.We exploit a two-endmember mixing model to demonstrate that locally sourced volcanic material dominates the sediment supply to the Challenger Deep(averaging^72%).The remainder,however,is supplied by aeolian dust(averaging^28%),which is consistent with adjacent studies that utilized Sr-Nd isotopic data.Building on a growing database,we strengthen our understanding of Asian aeolian dust input into the northwestern Pacific,which ultimately improves our appreciation of sedimentation in,and around,the hadal zone.

又见挑战者 2008 Dodge Challenger SRT8

说到'肌肉车',大家会不约而同地想到美国人制造的各种大排量汽车。在'燃油经济性'和'小排量'被强调无数次的今天,美国人依旧相信他们的8缸6.0L以上排量的发动机。再者,在美国的汽车历史上,有很多具有传奇色彩的车型,这些在当时性能优越的车型获得了各种比赛的胜利,成了一些发烧友争相收藏的对象。今天。

“Find the challenger” 让每一个学生成为勇敢的挑战者

新课改理念对教师有更高的要求，要求教师具有新颖的教育观念、创新的教学方法，以及适合学生身心特征的教学手段，把学生培养成有思想、有文化，更要有健康体魄的，勇于挑战和接受挑战的综合能力强的未来的接班人。

Dodge Challenger GT 经典跑车复古来袭

每当提到美系肌肉跑车,那必然是克尔维特、福特、道奇三足鼎立,而这其中的道奇旗下的肌肉车又以复古的造型风格特立独行。日前,道奇就发布了Dodge Challenger G(T挑战者GT)量产版的官图,在没看数据之前,先从图片上就能感受到这辆复古经典跑车低调而又凶狠的味道。

Bariatric surgery and diabetes:Current challenges and perspectives

Diabetes mellitus(DM)and obesity have become public issues of global concern.Bariatric surgery for the treatment of obesity combined with type 2 DM has been shown to be a safe and effective approach;however,there are limited studies that have systematically addressed the challenges of surgical treatment of obesity combined with DM.In this review,we summarize and answer the most pressing questions in the field of surgical treatment of obesity-associated DM.I believe that our insights will be of great help to clinicians in their daily practice.

Terrain matching localization for hybrid underwater vehicle in the Challenger Deep of the Mariana Trench

The maximum ocean depth so far reported is about 11000 m,and is located in the Mariana Trench in the Western Pacific Ocean.The hybrid unmanned underwater vehicle,Haidou,is developed to perform scientific survey at the deepest parts of the Earth oceans.For vehicles working at the full-ocean depth,acoustic positioning is the most effective and popular method.The 11000 m class acoustic positioning system is relatively massive and complex,and it requires specialized research vessels equipped with compatible acoustic instruments.As a compact testbed platform,it is impractical for Haidou to carry an LBL/USBL beacon with its large volume and weight.During the descent to about 11000 m,horizontal drift could not be eliminated because of the hydrodynamics and uncertain ocean currents in the sea trials.The maximum depth recorded by Haidou is 10905 m,and determining the precise location of the deepest point is challenging.With the bathymetric map produced by a multibeam sonar,the terrain contour matching(TERCOM)method is adopted for terrain matching localization.TERCOM is stable in providing an accurate position because of its insensitivity to the initial position errors.The final matching results show the best estimate of location in the reference terrain map.

Bird species composition and conservation challenges in the Gaoligong Mountains, one of the most diverse bird areas in the world

The Gaoligong Mountains(GLGM),located in southwestern China,extend north to south along the western border of the Hengduan Mountains,spanning approximately 600 km.In this study,we consolidated findings from 17 bird surveys conducted in the GLGM between 2010 and 2022.We found that the GLGM harbors tremendous bird diversity,with a total of 796 documented bird species in the region.Nearly a quarter(23.0%)of these species are listed as state key protected species or as Chinese and global threatened species.Analysis of species richness at the county level showed a decreasing trend with increasing latitude,with the greatest diversity in Yingjiang(661 species).Observations indicated that the GLGM belongs to the Oriental realm,primarily composed of bird species from southern and southwestern China.The GLGM plays an important role in avian conservation by sheltering exceptional bird diversity,providing corridors and flyways for bird migration and dispersal,and mitigating the effects of climate change.In response to the conservation needs of birds and other wildlife,the Chinese government has established numerous protected areas within the GLGM.Despite these efforts,avian conservation still faces considerable challenges in the GLGM due to limitations in the protected area network,transboundary nature of the regions,and existing gaps in monitoring and research.

Potential applications of 7 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging in paediatric neuroimaging:Feasibility and challenges

The integration of 7 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging(7 T MRI)in adult patients has marked a revolutionary stride in radiology.In this article we explore the feasibility of 7 T MRI in paediatric practice,emphasizing its feasibility,applications,challenges,and safety considerations.The heightened resolution and tissue contrast of 7 T MRI offer unprecedented diagnostic accuracy,particularly in neuroimaging.Applications range from neuro-oncology to neonatal brain imaging,showcasing its efficacy in detecting subtle structural abnormalities and providing enhanced insights into neurological conditions.Despite the promise,challenges such as high cost,discomfort,and safety concerns necessitate careful consideration.Research suggests that,with precautions,7 T MRI is feasible in paediatrics,yet ongoing studies and safety assessments are imperative.

Duodenal Crohn’s disease:Case report and systematic review

BACKGROUND Inflammatory bowel disease,including ulcerative colitis,microscopic colitis,and Crohn’s disease(CD),has a global impact.This review focuses on duodenal CD(DCD),a rare subtype affecting the duodenum.DCD’s rarity and asymptomatic nature create diagnostic challenges,impacting prognosis and patient well-being.Delayed diagnosis can worsen DCD outcomes.AIM To report a rare case of DCD and to discuss the diagnostic challenges and its implications on prognosis.METHODS A systematic literature search,following the PRISMA statement,was conducted.Relevant studies were identified and analysed using specific Medical Subject Terms(MeSH)from PubMed/MEDLINE,American Journal of Gastroenterology,and the University of South Wales database.Data collection included information from radiology scans,endoscopy procedures,biopsies,and histopathology results.RESULTS The review considered 8 case reports and 1 observational study,involving 44 participants diagnosed with DCD,some of whom developed complications due to delayed diagnosis.Various diagnostic methods were employed,as there is no gold standard workup for DCD.Radiology scans[magnetic resonance imaging(MRI),computed tomography(CT),and upper gastrointestinal X-ray],endoscopy procedures(colonoscopy and esophagogastroduodenoscopy),biopsies,and clinical suspicions were utilized.CONCLUSION This review discusses DCD diagnosis challenges and the roles of CT,MRI,and fluoroscopy.It notes their limitations and compares findings with endoscopy and histopathology studies.Further research is needed to improve diagnosis,emphasizing scan interpretation,endoscopy procedures,and biopsies,especially in high-risk patients during routine endoscopy.

Review on inorganic and polymeric materials-coordinated metal-organic-framework photocatalysts for green hydrogen evolution

Metal-organic frameworks(MOFs)possess a distinct advantage over conventional heterogeneous photocatalysts because of their carefully defined architecture and particular pores,which facilitate the targeted incorporation of other efficient cocatalysts or semiconductor materials.The integration of MOFs with other materials has resulted in significant breakthroughs,as the coupled materials improve the performance due to the combined effect.The unique MOF structures allow them to host foreign materials,which results in harvesting the visible region of the solar spectrum and effectively mitigating charge recombination by promoting charge separation.The review presents an evaluation of the latest developments in the utilization of surface and/or pore chemistry of MOF-supported heterojunctions for photocatalytic green-hydrogen generation with a basic understanding of the mechanism involved.The review begins with the basic principles of photocatalysis,the significance of MOFs,their optical properties,the methods used for synthesizing MOFs,and their coordination with other inorganic and polymeric materials.Furthermore,methods to increase photocatalytic H2 evolution using MOF-supported heterojunction have been proposed as standard practice.Lastly,to address environmental challenges,we highlight the future potential of MOF-supported heterojunctions for use in green-energy production.We hope that this review provides guidance to researchers in the development of effective heterojunctions based on MOFs to address challenges in energy applications and catalytic processes.

Biological,pathological,and multifaceted therapeutic functions of exosomes to target cancer

Exosomes,small tiny vesicle contains a large number of intracellular particles that employ to cause various diseases and prevent several pathological events as well in the human body.It is considered a“double-edged sword”,and depending on its biological source,the action of exosomes varies under physiological conditions.Also,the isolation and characterization of the exosomes should be performed accurately and the methodology also will vary depending on the exosome source.Moreover,the uptake of exosomes from the recipients’cells is a vital and initial step for all the physiological actions.There are different mechanisms present in the exosomes’cellular uptake to deliver their cargo to acceptor cells.Once the exosomal uptake takes place,it releases the intracellular particles that leads to activate the physiological response.Even though exosomes have lavish functions,there are some challenges associated with every step of their preparation to bring potential therapeutic efficacy.So,overcoming the pitfalls would give a desired quantity of exosomes with high purity.

A Special Issue:“Energy Transition Technology for Emission Peak and Carbon Neutrality”for Global Energy Interconnection

In 2020,China made a solemn commitment to the world:striving to achieve carbon peak before 2030 and carbon neutrality before 2060.The energy industry is the main source of carbon emissions and the key path to achieving the“dual carbon”goals.The revolution in energy production and consumption has already sparked a wave.However,the energy transition still faces challenges such as a high proportion of fossil fuel usage,multiple constraints on clean energy supply,urgent request to improve the carrying capacity and flexible regulation capability of the power system,and rising energy costs for the entire society.To cope with these difficulties and challenges,it is necessary to balance safety and stability,economic efficiency,and clean and low-carbon development three aspects;strengthen energy technology innovation;and deepen institutional and market reform and innovation.Therefore,the editorial department of Global Energy Interconnection has planned the special issue of“Energy Transition Technology for Emission Peak and Carbon Neutrality”.

Navigating interdisciplinary research:Historical progression and contemporary challenges

Interdisciplinary research plays a crucial role in addressing complex problems by integrating knowledge from multiple disciplines.This integration fosters innovative solutions and enhances understanding across various fields.This study explores the historical and sociological development of interdisciplinary research and maps its evolution through three distinct phases:pre-disciplinary,disciplinary,and post-disciplinary.It identifies key internal dynamics,such as disciplinary diversification,reorganization,and innovation,as primary drivers of this evolution.Additionally,this study highlights how external factors,particularly the urgency of World War II and the subsequent political and economic changes,have accelerated its advancement.The rise of interdisciplinary research has significantly reshaped traditional educational paradigms,promoting its integration across different educational levels.However,the inherent contradictions within interdisciplinary research present cognitive,emotional,and institutional challenges for researchers.Meanwhile,finding a balance between the breadth and depth of knowledge remains a critical challenge in interdisciplinary education.

Promise and challenges of traditional Chinese medicine,specifically Calculus bovis,in liver cancer treatment

Liver cancer,one of the most common malignancies worldwide,ranks sixth in incidence and third in mortality.Liver cancer treatment options are diverse,inclu-ding surgical resection,liver transplantation,percutaneous ablation,transarterial chemoembolization,radiotherapy,chemotherapy,targeted therapy,immuno-therapy,and traditional Chinese medicine(TCM).A multidisciplinary team(MDT)is essential to customize treatment plans based on tumor staging,liver function,and performance status(PS),ensuring individualized patient care.Treatment decisions require a MDT to tailor strategies based on tumor staging,liver function,and PS,ensuring personalized care.The approval of new first-line and second-line drugs and the establishment of standard treatments based on immune checkpoint inhibitors have significantly expanded treatment options for advanced liver cancer,improving overall prognosis.However,many patients do not respond effectively to these treatments and ultimately succumb to the disease.Modern oncology treatments,while extending patient survival,often come with severe side effects,resistance,and damage to the body,negatively impacting quality of life.Huang et al's study published at World Journal of Gastroenterology rigorously validates the anticancer properties of Calculus bovis,enhancing our understanding of TCM and contributing to new liver cancer treatment strategies.For over 5000 years,TCM has been used in East Asian countries like China to treat various diseases,including liver conditions.Analysis of real-world clinical data suggests that for patients with advanced-stage tumors lacking effective treatments,integrated TCM therapies could provide significant breakthroughs.

Advancements in Humanoid Robots: A Comprehensive Review and Future Prospects

This paper provides a comprehensive review of the current status, advancements, and future prospects of humanoid robots, highlighting their significance in driving the evolution of next-generation industries. By analyzing various research endeavors and key technologies, encompassing ontology structure,control and decision-making, and perception and interaction, a holistic overview of the current state of humanoid robot research is presented. Furthermore, emerging challenges in the field are identified, emphasizing the necessity for a deeper understanding of biological motion mechanisms, improved structural design,enhanced material applications, advanced drive and control methods, and efficient energy utilization. The integration of bionics, brain-inspired intelligence, mechanics, and control is underscored as a promising direction for the development of advanced humanoid robotic systems. This paper serves as an invaluable resource, offering insightful guidance to researchers in the field,while contributing to the ongoing evolution and potential of humanoid robots across diverse domains.

Hydrogen sulfide responsive nanoplatforms: Novel gas responsive drug delivery carriers for biomedical applications

Hydrogen sulfide(H_(2)S)is a toxic,essential gas used in various biological and physical processes and has been the subject of many targeted studies on its role as a new gas transmitter.These studies have mainly focused on the production and pharmacological side effects caused by H_(2)S.Therefore,effective strategies to remove H_(2)S has become a key research topic.Furthermore,the development of novel nanoplatforms has provided new tools for the targeted removal of H_(2)S.This paper was performed to review the association between H_(2)S anddisease,relatedH_(2)S inhibitory drugs,aswell as H_(2)S responsive nanoplatforms(HRNs).This review first analyzed the role of H_(2)S in multiple tissues and conditions.Second,common drugs used to eliminate H_(2)S,as well as their potential for combination with anticancer agents,were summarized.Not only the existing studies on HRNs,but also the inhibition H_(2)S combined with different therapeutic methods were both sorted out in this review.Furthermore,this review provided in-depth analysis of the potential of HRNs about treatment or detection in detail.Finally,potential challenges of HRNs were proposed.This study demonstrates the excellent potential of HRNs for biomedical applications.

Unveiling the challenges encountered by newly graduated nurses during night shifts:A descriptive qualitative study

Objectives:Newly graduated nurses commence night shifts during a phase of heightened vulnerability to reality shock,exacerbating the challenges faced by these graduates.Therefore,this study aimed to identify the challenges experienced by newly graduated nurses when undertaking night shifts in order to help identify a strategy for supporting their adaptation to these shifts.Methods:Semi-structured personal interviews were used to collect data.Fifteen newly graduated nurses were selected to participate in the study by purposive sampling method from November 2021 to March 2022 in one of four general hospitals situated in the southwestern region of Japan.Semi-structured interviews were analyzed by using thematic analysis.Results:The analysis revealedfive central themes and nine subthemes:challenges in task efficiency(task organization challenges,challenges in time-constrained task performance),challenges in responding to patients’changing conditions(challenges in responding to patients’irregular conditions,challenges in responding to nighttime changes in patients’behaviors),challenges in independent practice(challenges in engaging in independent nursing practice,challenges in dealing with unexpected events),challenges in establishing collaborative relationships(challenges in working closely with other staff,challenges in establishing collaborative relationships during night shifts with limited resources),challenges in adapting to shift work(challenges in managing physical conditions for shift work).Conclusions:Newly graduated nurses often encounter challenges in performing their tasks during the transition period.When working night shifts,they face additional hurdles unique to nocturnal duties.Thefindings underscore the necessity for these graduates to develop night shift-specific readiness to effectively navigate the demands inherent in such work schedules.

Stem cell-based ischemic stroke therapy:Novel modifications and clinical challenges

Ischemic stroke(IS)causes severe disability and high mortality worldwide.Stem cell(SC)therapy exhibits unique therapeutic potential for IS that differs from current treatments.SC’s cell homing,differentiation and paracrine abilities give hope for neuroprotection.Recent studies on SC modification have enhanced therapeutic effects for IS,including gene transfection,nanoparticle modification,biomaterial modification and pretreatment.Thesemethods improve survival rate,homing,neural differentiation,and paracrine abilities in ischemic areas.However,many problems must be resolved before SC therapy can be clinically applied.These issues include production quality and quantity,stability during transportation and storage,as well as usage regulations.Herein,we reviewed the brief pathogenesis of IS,the“multi-mechanism”advantages of SCs for treating IS,various SC modification methods,and SC therapy challenges.We aim to uncover the potential and overcome the challenges of using SCs for treating IS and convey innovative ideas for modifying SCs.

Security and Privacy in Solar Insecticidal Lamps Internet of Things:Requirements and Challenges

Solar insecticidal lamps(SIL) can effectively control pests and reduce the use of pesticides. Combining SIL and Internet of Things(IoT) has formed a new type of agricultural IoT,known as SIL-IoT, which can improve the effectiveness of migratory phototropic pest control. However, since the SIL is connected to the Internet, it is vulnerable to various security issues.These issues can lead to serious consequences, such as tampering with the parameters of SIL, illegally starting and stopping SIL,etc. In this paper, we describe the overall security requirements of SIL-IoT and present an extensive survey of security and privacy solutions for SIL-IoT. We investigate the background and logical architecture of SIL-IoT, discuss SIL-IoT security scenarios, and analyze potential attacks. Starting from the security requirements of SIL-IoT we divide them into six categories, namely privacy, authentication, confidentiality, access control, availability,and integrity. Next, we describe the SIL-IoT privacy and security solutions, as well as the blockchain-based solutions. Based on the current survey, we finally discuss the challenges and future research directions of SIL-IoT.