A quantitative evaluation for well pattern adaptability in ultra-low permeability oil reservoirs:A case study of Triassic Chang 6 and Chang 8 reservoirs in Ordos Basin

Based on the previous studies and development practice in recent 10 years, a quantitative evaluation method for the adaptability of well patterns to ultra-low permeability reservoirs was established using cluster analysis and gray correlation method, and it includes 10 evaluation parameters in the four aspects of optimal evaluation parameters, determination of weights for evaluation parameters, development stage division, and determination of classification coefficients. This evaluation method was used to evaluate the well pattern adaptability of 13 main ultra-low permeability reservoirs in Triassic Chang 6 and Chang 8 of Ordos Basin. Three basic understandings were obtained: Firstly, the well pattern for ultra-low permeability type-I reservoirs has generally good adaptability, with proper well pattern forms and well pattern parameters. Secondly, square inverted nine-spot well pattern is suitable for reservoirs with no fractures; rhombic inverted nine-spot injection pattern is suitable for reservoirs with some fractures; and rectangular well pattern is suitable for reservoirs with rich fractures. Thirdly, for the ultra-low permeability type-Ⅱ and type-Ⅲ reservoirs, with the principles of well pattern form determination, the row spacing needs to be optimized further to improve the level of development of such reservoirs.

Factors controlling the reservoir accumulation of Triassic Chang 6 Member in Jiyuan-Wuqi area,Ordos Basin,NW China

In the Triassic Yanchang Formation, Jiyuan-Wuqi area, Ordos Basin, the Chang 6 reservoir is contacted to the Chang 7 high-quality source rock, but the oil pools are unevenly distributed, and complex in oil and water distribution. Through cores observation and fracture statistics, combined with comprehensive analyses of physical property, mercury injection, logging and geochemical data, and comparisons of the sandbodies scales, reservoir physical properties, argillaceous laminae and fractures between source and reservoir in the eastern and western oil-bearing areas and in the central water producing area, it is found that the hydrocarbon accumulation patterns are different in the eastern, central and western areas, and the characteristics of hydrocarbon migration under the background of double-provenance were sorted out. The study results show that the crude oil in the eastern area has different Pr/Ph and sterane distribution from that in the western area. The oil and gas primarily migrated vertically. The high-quality source rocks and favorable source-reservoir-cap combinations lay the foundation for large-scale oil and gas accumulations. Vertically, the oil and gas enrichment is controlled by the scale of sandbody and the difference of physical properties, while on the plane, it is controlled by the connectivity of sandbodies, the argillaceous laminae between source rock and reservoir, the reservoir physical property and the fractures. The sandbodies of oil-rich zones in the eastern and western areas have large thickness, low shale content, good physical properties, weak heterogeneity, few argillaceous laminae and abundant fractures, all of which are favorable for the vertical migration and accumulation of oil and gas. In contrast, in the middle area with converging provenances, the reservoirs, composed of thin sandbodies, features rapid variation in lithology and physical properties, strong heterogeneity, poor continuity of sandbodies, abundant argillaceous laminae between source rock and reservoir, and few fractures, makes it difficult for the oil and gas to migrate vertically, and results in low oil enrichment degree ultimately. For the exploration of continental multiple-provenance tight reservoirs, not only the good-property source rocks and reservoirs, but more importantly the source-reservoir contact relationship and the effect of fractures on the hydrocarbon migration and accumulation should be considered.

Control Factors of Solutional Voids in Feldspars and Favorable Zone Forecast of Chang 2 Oil Reservoir Group in the Midwest Ordos Basin

The development of pores in a clastic reservoir is one of the most important research subjects in oil-gas exploration and development, whereas the many reasons for the formation of secondary porosity have increased the degree of difficulty in such research. Thus the research aims are to discover the controlling factors of solutional voids in feldspars and to predict favorable regions for these voids. Macroscopic and systematic researches into the relationship between the kaolinite content in the feldspar solutional void developed area of the Chang 2 reservoir group of the Triassic Yanchang Formation in the Midwest Ordos Basin and the solutional void in feldspar have been made, and from this it can be determined that the kaolinite content has an indicative function to the distribution of the solutional void in feldspar. Solutional void in feldspar is relatively well developed at the area where kaolinite content is high. Although the factors affecting kaolinite content are complicated, yet that of the research area is mainly affected by the impact of the leaching atmospheric water acting on the palaeogeomorphology. Three favorable zone belts for the development of solutional voids in feldspars are forecasted on the basis of restoration of palaeogeomorphology.

Evaluation of reservoir environment by chemical properties of reservoir water‒A case study of Chang 6 reservoir in Ansai oilfield,Ordos Basin,China

The Ordos Basin is the largest continental multi-energy mineral basin in China,which is rich in coal,oil and gas,and uranium resources.The exploitation of mineral resources is closely related to reservoir water.The chemical properties of reservoir water are very important for reservoir evaluation and are significant indicators of the sealing of reservoir oil and gas resources.Therefore,the caprock of the Chang 6 reservoir in the Yanchang Formation was evaluated.The authors tested and analyzed the chemical characteristics of water samples selected from 30 wells in the Chang 6 reservoir of Ansai Oilfield in the Ordos Basin.The results show that the Chang 6 reservoir water in Ansai Oilfield is dominated by calcium-chloride water type with a sodium chloride coefficient of generally less than 0.5.The chloride magnesium coefficients are between 33.7 and 925.5,most of which are greater than 200.The desulfurization coefficients range from 0.21 to 13.4,with an average of 2.227.The carbonate balance coefficients are mainly concentrated below 0.01,with an average of 0.008.The calcium and magnesium coefficients are between 0.08 and 0.003,with an average of 0.01.Combined with the characteristics of the four-corner layout of the reservoir water,the above results show that the graphics are basically consistent.The study indicates that the Chang 6 reservoir in Ansai Oilfield in the Ordos Basin is a favorable block for oil and gas storage with good sealing properties,great preservation conditions of oil and gas,and high pore connectivity.

致密砂岩孔隙演化及其对含油饱和度的影响——以鄂尔多斯盆地甘泉地区三叠系延长组长6—长8段储层为例

致密砂岩储层的微观非均质性强,含油饱和度变化大。为了探究致密砂岩储层成岩过程中孔喉大小分布的变化及其对含油饱和度的影响,以鄂尔多斯盆地甘泉地区三叠系延长组长6—长8段致密砂岩储层为例,利用铸体薄片、扫描电镜、高压压汞等测试手段,定量计算了成岩作用对孔隙度的影响。在此基础上,以孔喉参数的统计模型为约束条件,建立了主要成藏期孔喉大小分布模型,利用积分方法计算出了主要成藏期的可动流体饱和度。甘泉地区长6—长8段致密砂岩储层在早成岩期—中成岩期受到强烈的压实作用,平均压实减孔率为81.85%,胶结作用进一步使孔隙度平均降低11.00%左右,溶蚀作用虽然增加了孔隙空间,但增幅较小,平均为4.38%;主要成藏期开始(128 Ma)和结束(111 Ma)对应的平均古孔隙度分别为13.82%和8.68%,大于最小流动孔喉半径(0.1μm)的孔喉体积占比低,可动流体饱和度为35.05%~93.27%。主要成藏期孔喉半径及可动流体饱和度偏低是含油饱和度低的原因之一。受储层自生黏土矿物对岩石润湿性的影响,现今含油饱和度值并未急剧降低。成藏时期孔喉大小分布模型计算油层可动流体饱和度为研究类似地区油气储层孔喉大小演化及其与含油饱和度的关系提供了一种可行的分析方法。

Sedimentary facies and depositional model of shallow water delta dominated by fluvial for Chang 8 oil-bearing group of Yanchang Formation in southwestern Ordos Basin,China

A systematic analysis of southwestern Ordos Basin's sedimentary characteristics,internal architectural element association styles and depositional model was illustrated through core statistics,well logging data and outcrop observations in Chang 8 oil-bearing group.This analysis indicates that shallow water delta sediments dominated by a fluvial system is the primary sedimentary system of the Chang 8 oil-bearing group of the Yanchang Formation in southwestern Ordos Basin.Four microfacies with fine grain sizes are identified: distributary channels,sheet sandstone,mouth bar and interdistributary fines.According to the sandbody's spatial distribution and internal architecture,two types of sandbody architectural element associations are identified: amalgamated distributary channels and thin-layer lobate sandstone.In this sedimentary system,net-like distributary channels at the delta with a narrow ribbon shape compose the skeleton of the sandbody that extends further into the delta front and shades into contiguous lobate distribution sheet sandstone in the distal delta front.The mouth bar is largely absent in this system.By analyzing the palaeogeomorphology,the palaeostructure background,sedimentary characteristics,sedimentary facies types and spatial distribution of sedimentary facies during the Chang 8 period,a distinctive depositional model of the Chang 8 shallow water fluvial-dominated delta was established,which primarily consists of straight multi-phase amalgamated distributary channels in the delta plain,net-like distributary channels frequently diverting and converging in the proximal delta front,sheet sandstones with dispersing contiguous lobate shapes in the distal delta front,and prodelta or shallow lake mudstones.

鄂尔多斯盆地西南部上三叠统延长组长8、长6油层组的沉积体系与物源方向

野外露头剖面的岩石学与岩相组合,沉积特征与相标志,古流向测定,室内砂岩的骨架矿物、重矿物组合及其平面分布规律的研究结果表明:鄂尔多斯盆地西南部上三叠统延长组长8油层组是以线状或点状物源为特征的一套近源快速堆积的冲积扇与扇三角洲沉积体系,形成于盆地由快速拗陷转入逆冲负荷沉降期间。长8沉积期盆地西南部的古水流与物源主要来自盆地西南方向,其次为西北和东南方向。长6油层组沉积期,盆地内部底床下沉作用减缓,湖盆开始收缩,湖盆西岸除北部有少量扇三角洲沉积外,主要为辫状河三角洲沉积;而盆地东北部与东部的沉积作用大大加强,致使在盆地东部形成一系列大型曲流河三角洲沉积体系,至盆地西南部相变为半深湖—深湖相与浊流相沉积。长6沉积期古水流除来自西南、西北和东南方向外,还有来自北东和正东方向的次要物源,它们在盆地西南部悦乐—玄马—板桥—固城—合水一带汇合,使该地带成为混合物源区。

鄂尔多斯盆地陇东地区长6-长8段储层特征及其主控因素

鄂尔多斯盆地陇东地区三叠系延长组长6—长8段储层以长石砂岩为主,结构、成分成熟度均较低,属典型低孔低渗储层.利用岩心、铸体薄片、扫描电镜及物性分析等资料,分析长6—长8储层特征,指出影响砂岩储集性能的主控因素为沉积环境、骨架颗粒物理化学性质、填隙物成分和含量、成岩改造程度.沉积环境是造成储层渗透性偏差、产能低的基本原因,而储层储集性能后期的改变受成岩作用控制,骨架颗粒和填隙物则为成岩改造作用提供物质基础.

超低渗油藏井网适应性定量评价方法——以鄂尔多斯盆地三叠系长6、长8油藏为例

基于前人的研究并结合超低渗油藏10年的开发实践,应用聚类分析法和灰色关联法,建立了包括优选评价参数、确定评价参数权重、划分油藏开发阶段、确定分类系数4个方面10项评价参数的超低渗油藏井网适应性定量评价方法。应用该方法对鄂尔多斯盆地三叠系长6、长8共13个主力典型超低渗油藏开展了井网适应性评价,得到3点基本认识:(1)超低渗I类油藏井网适应性整体较好,井网形式及井网参数都较为合理;(2)裂缝不发育油藏适合正方形反九点井网,裂缝较发育油藏适合菱形反九点井网,裂缝发育油藏适合矩形井网;(3)超低渗Ⅱ类、Ⅲ类油藏需要在坚持井网形式确定原则的基础上,进一步优化排距,提高该类油藏开发水平。

鄂尔多斯盆地长8、长6天然裂缝差异性研究及其对开发的影响

通过野外露头、岩心观察、成像测井以及压裂施工曲线等资料的对比,认为鄂尔多斯盆地长8、长6特低渗储层天然裂缝发育程度差异较大,裂缝分布规律性明显.西南物源储层天然裂缝没有东北物源和湖盆中心储层天然裂缝发育.结合微地震监测资料,研究了天然裂缝发育程度对压裂缝控制作用,在天然裂缝发育区,由于人工压裂缝可能沿天然裂缝延伸,形成较大的有效渗流面积,因此,油田开发井网部署不仅要研究最大主应力方向,而且还要研究天然裂缝的发育程度,天然裂缝发育区适当放大井排距下仍能建立有效压力驱替系统,提高单井控制储量,降低水淹风险,这对指导特低渗油田注水开发具有重要的意义.

鄂尔多斯盆地山城-演武地区三叠系延长组长6-长8低渗储层特征及成岩作用研究

鄂尔多斯盆地山城-演武地区三叠系延长组长6-长8段砂岩属于典型的低孔低渗储集岩,具有粒度细、成分成熟度低、磨圆度差、分选中等等特征。通过薄片、X射线衍射、扫描电镜、压汞、阴极发光等分析手段,研究了延长组长6-长8段砂岩储层的特征、成岩阶段及演化模式,分析了低渗储层物性的影响因素,指出沉积相带是影响储层储集性能的地质基础,机械压实作用和晚期的铁方解石胶结作用是影响低渗透砂岩储层形成的主要因素,绿泥石包膜、溶蚀作用及微裂缝对储层储集性能的改善起到了积极作用。

镇泾油田长8与长6油层组产能影响因素分析

通过岩芯观察描述、铸体薄片鉴定、毛细管压力分析以及扫描电镜等分析测试手段,结合测井解释成果,分析了镇泾油田长6与长8油层组油井产能的差异及其影响因素。结果表明:沉积相带、储层微观特征、裂缝发育程度、封盖条件以及储层伤害等是决定镇泾油田油井产量的关键因素。因此,在镇泾油田长8和长6油层组开发过程中,应根据不同沉积相带及其储层特征的差异,从改进油井施工工艺等方面入手,调整开发方案,改善储层的渗流能力,从而提高油井的产能。

西峰油田长8和长6储层物性影响因素分析

目的研究沉积、成岩作用以及成岩相对西峰—合水地区上三叠统延长组长8和长6储层物性的影响。方法利用岩心观察描述、铸体薄片观察、图像粒度、扫描电镜、阴极发光以及毛管压力分析对储层进行综合研究。结果压实和胶结作用是造成长8及长6储层孔隙度丧失的主要因素,重结晶作用和溶解作用是改善其物性的重要途径;可划分出5种成岩相带,成岩相的分布明显受沉积微相控制。结论长8与长6砂岩在岩石学特征、物性及孔隙结构等特征方面存在明显的差异。砂岩粒度较细、泥质含量较高是造成长6砂岩较长8砂岩孔隙度、渗透率偏低的主要原因。

鄂尔多斯盆地环县地区延长组长8—长6油层组基准面旋回结构样式及其储层地质意义

以鄂尔多斯盆地环县地区15口钻井的测井、岩芯、物性测试和试油资料为基础,运用沉积学、基准面旋回层序地层理论方法,研究了鄂尔多斯盆地环县地区延长组长8—长6油层组层序界面级别、类型和特征,并识别出2个长期旋回、8个中期旋回以及若干个短期旋回。解剖了中短期次基准面旋回层序的结构样式,将其分为低可容纳空间向上变"深"非对称型(A1型)、高可容纳空间向上变"深"非对称型(A2型)、以上升半旋回为主的不完全对称型(C1型)、上升半旋回与下降半旋回近乎完全对称型(C2型)和以下降半旋回为主的不完全对称型(C3型)5种类型。不同类型的基准面旋回层序结构对储集砂体物性的控制作用差异明显,长8、长6油层组三角洲前缘河道砂体明显受A型层序控制,而长7油层组浊积砂体则受C型层序控制。试油资料和物性资料表明,在三角洲前缘环境中发育的具A1、A2型层序结构砂体和在浊积扇环境中发育的具C2、C3型层序结构的砂体是深入勘探重点关注的储集砂体。

永宁油田双805井区长6储层特征分析

目的探究永宁油田双805井区长6储层的特征及控制因素,为研究区科学有效的开采提供依据。方法在储层沉积相研究的基础上,运用岩心观察、铸体薄片、扫描电镜、压汞及测井等资料对储层进行综合分析。结果研究区长6储层岩性主要为细粒长石砂岩。储集空间以粒内溶孔及铸模孔为主,晶间微孔、晶内微孔次之;孔隙结构复杂,排驱压力、中值压力等参数明显偏高;储层物性较差,非均质性较强,属于中小孔微细喉型低渗、特低渗储层。结论研究区长6储层为受三角洲控制的岩性油藏,砂体分布受沉积微相展布控制,水下分流河道及河口坝复合发育的主砂带是渗透率较高区,也是油气分布富集的有利区带。

姬塬油田池46区长8油藏见水特征分析

池46区长8油藏小井距开发,具有原始地层压力高,地饱压差大特征,投入注水开发以后,注水敏感性强,受储层非均质性制约,油井易见水,2010-2012年连续三年油藏含水持续上升,因此,本文通过对注水开发后油井见水特征的研究,深入分析见水成因,实施有针对性的治理,总结出姬塬油田池46区长8油藏在注水开发过程中的油井见水特征及治理手段,从而科学指导油藏开发调整。

致密砂岩储层注水诱导裂缝动态识别及演化特征——以鄂尔多斯盆地姬塬油田L井区长8油藏为例

致密砂岩储层长期注水开发导致储层诱导裂缝发育,研究注水诱导裂缝动态响应及演化特征对致密砂岩油藏井网加密部署及剩余油挖潜具有重要地质意义。综合利用岩心、测井、生产数据、压力试井和吸水剖面等资料,以鄂尔多斯盆地姬塬油田L井区三叠系延长组8段(长8段)致密砂岩储层为例,研究了L井区长8段致密砂岩储层不同开发时间段注水诱导裂缝的动态响应特征及展布特征。研究结果表明:(1)L井区长8段致密砂岩储层注水诱导裂缝为天然裂缝扩展延伸导致,天然裂缝优先开启方位为NEE-SWW向和NE-SW向,其次为NW-SE向。(2)注水诱导裂缝的形成会导致注水井吸水剖面呈现出吸水厚度小、吸水量大的特征。采油井生产动态曲线含水率陡增或阶梯状上升,压力试井双对数导数曲线开口并呈现“1/2”斜率上升。采油井与注水井间存在注水诱导裂缝,因而采油井试井解释地层压力高于未发育注水诱导裂缝井甚至超过原始地层压力。(3)L井区长8段致密砂岩储层开发初期注水诱导裂缝主要分布在井区中部偏东、东北部以及东南部的天然裂缝发育带。注水导致储层地应力变化,天然裂缝开启压力降低,开发中期在井区南部以及中北部进一步形成NW-SW向注水诱导裂缝,先存注水诱导裂缝存在小范围扩展延伸。开发后期受注水开发的不断深入,导致注水井周围不同方向开启天然裂缝,形成小规模注水诱导裂缝,进一步加剧了采油井裂缝性水淹。

姬塬地区长8油层组储层特征分析

为确定长8油层储层现今表征,储层物性受黏土矿物胶结物控制模式,储层沉积作用和沉积后期所经历的成岩变化,通过铸体薄片、扫描电镜等方法研究了储层基本特征和成岩作用及沉积作用,在整体低渗的背景下,部分位于相对渗透率较高区域的油井有较高的产量,理清研究区长8储层富集规律,对地区内岩石孔隙度下降因素进行剖析。结果表明,姬塬地区有利储层多发育水下分流河道和河口坝沉积,特别是砂体中心部位储层物性是最好,可见长8油层组的储集性能和渗流性能好,即粒间孔型、粒间孔+溶孔型和溶孔+粒间孔型。溶孔型、粒间孔+微孔型两种孔隙组合类型的渗流性能较差。微孔型和溶孔+微孔型两种孔隙组合类型的储集空间主要由半径极小的微孔构成,连通性较差,其孔隙内表面积和渗流阻力,储集性能和渗流性能较差。

2005年版ICD-9-CM-3的0-6、8章主要变动

目的研究2005年版ICD-9-CM-3手术及医疗操作分类0-6、8章较之1987年修订本的主要变化,为更好地做好手术分类编码工作打下基础。方法比较2005年版与1987年修订本的ICD-9-CM-3手术及医疗操作分类0-6、8章编码的主要变动,进行归纳研究。结果手术及医疗操作方法发生了很大变化,新的科技运用到手术及医疗操作中,淘汰了不理想的旧的手术及医疗操作。结论对2005年版ICD-9-CM-3的0-6、8章主要变动的学习,能在做好1987年修订本手术操作编码的基础上更好地开展2005年版手术及医疗操作分类编码工作。

鄂尔多斯盆地蟠龙地区长6储层四性关系研究

针对蟠龙地区长6储层四性关系的研究与认识不足,利用蟠龙地区的测井数据、录完井数据、岩心分析和化验资料等资料进行整理与分析,对研究区储层岩性、物性、电性与含油性特征及其相互间的关系进行了研究。研究结果表明,①蟠龙地区长6油层组以长石砂岩为主;②储层平均孔隙度为8%,平均渗透率为0.79×10-3μm 2,属于低孔特低渗至低孔超低渗储层;③录井中岩心以油迹含油级别为主;④结合岩心测试资料建立了储层参数测井解释模型,并最终确定有效储层物性下限为:渗透率0.15×10^(-3)μm^(2),孔隙度5.5%,电阻率20Ω·m,声波时差215μs/m。研究了储层四性基本特征及其关系,并得出了蟠龙地区储层物性和含油性的电性解释图版,为后续蟠龙地区油层解释以及探明储量参数的确定提供了依据。