A quantitative evaluation for well pattern adaptability in ultra-low permeability oil reservoirs:A case study of Triassic Chang 6 and Chang 8 reservoirs in Ordos Basin

Based on the previous studies and development practice in recent 10 years, a quantitative evaluation method for the adaptability of well patterns to ultra-low permeability reservoirs was established using cluster analysis and gray correlation method, and it includes 10 evaluation parameters in the four aspects of optimal evaluation parameters, determination of weights for evaluation parameters, development stage division, and determination of classification coefficients. This evaluation method was used to evaluate the well pattern adaptability of 13 main ultra-low permeability reservoirs in Triassic Chang 6 and Chang 8 of Ordos Basin. Three basic understandings were obtained: Firstly, the well pattern for ultra-low permeability type-I reservoirs has generally good adaptability, with proper well pattern forms and well pattern parameters. Secondly, square inverted nine-spot well pattern is suitable for reservoirs with no fractures; rhombic inverted nine-spot injection pattern is suitable for reservoirs with some fractures; and rectangular well pattern is suitable for reservoirs with rich fractures. Thirdly, for the ultra-low permeability type-Ⅱ and type-Ⅲ reservoirs, with the principles of well pattern form determination, the row spacing needs to be optimized further to improve the level of development of such reservoirs.

Evaluation of reservoir environment by chemical properties of reservoir water‒A case study of Chang 6 reservoir in Ansai oilfield,Ordos Basin,China

The Ordos Basin is the largest continental multi-energy mineral basin in China,which is rich in coal,oil and gas,and uranium resources.The exploitation of mineral resources is closely related to reservoir water.The chemical properties of reservoir water are very important for reservoir evaluation and are significant indicators of the sealing of reservoir oil and gas resources.Therefore,the caprock of the Chang 6 reservoir in the Yanchang Formation was evaluated.The authors tested and analyzed the chemical characteristics of water samples selected from 30 wells in the Chang 6 reservoir of Ansai Oilfield in the Ordos Basin.The results show that the Chang 6 reservoir water in Ansai Oilfield is dominated by calcium-chloride water type with a sodium chloride coefficient of generally less than 0.5.The chloride magnesium coefficients are between 33.7 and 925.5,most of which are greater than 200.The desulfurization coefficients range from 0.21 to 13.4,with an average of 2.227.The carbonate balance coefficients are mainly concentrated below 0.01,with an average of 0.008.The calcium and magnesium coefficients are between 0.08 and 0.003,with an average of 0.01.Combined with the characteristics of the four-corner layout of the reservoir water,the above results show that the graphics are basically consistent.The study indicates that the Chang 6 reservoir in Ansai Oilfield in the Ordos Basin is a favorable block for oil and gas storage with good sealing properties,great preservation conditions of oil and gas,and high pore connectivity.

Sedimentary facies and depositional model of shallow water delta dominated by fluvial for Chang 8 oil-bearing group of Yanchang Formation in southwestern Ordos Basin,China

A systematic analysis of southwestern Ordos Basin's sedimentary characteristics,internal architectural element association styles and depositional model was illustrated through core statistics,well logging data and outcrop observations in Chang 8 oil-bearing group.This analysis indicates that shallow water delta sediments dominated by a fluvial system is the primary sedimentary system of the Chang 8 oil-bearing group of the Yanchang Formation in southwestern Ordos Basin.Four microfacies with fine grain sizes are identified: distributary channels,sheet sandstone,mouth bar and interdistributary fines.According to the sandbody's spatial distribution and internal architecture,two types of sandbody architectural element associations are identified: amalgamated distributary channels and thin-layer lobate sandstone.In this sedimentary system,net-like distributary channels at the delta with a narrow ribbon shape compose the skeleton of the sandbody that extends further into the delta front and shades into contiguous lobate distribution sheet sandstone in the distal delta front.The mouth bar is largely absent in this system.By analyzing the palaeogeomorphology,the palaeostructure background,sedimentary characteristics,sedimentary facies types and spatial distribution of sedimentary facies during the Chang 8 period,a distinctive depositional model of the Chang 8 shallow water fluvial-dominated delta was established,which primarily consists of straight multi-phase amalgamated distributary channels in the delta plain,net-like distributary channels frequently diverting and converging in the proximal delta front,sheet sandstones with dispersing contiguous lobate shapes in the distal delta front,and prodelta or shallow lake mudstones.

Control Factors of Solutional Voids in Feldspars and Favorable Zone Forecast of Chang 2 Oil Reservoir Group in the Midwest Ordos Basin

The development of pores in a clastic reservoir is one of the most important research subjects in oil-gas exploration and development, whereas the many reasons for the formation of secondary porosity have increased the degree of difficulty in such research. Thus the research aims are to discover the controlling factors of solutional voids in feldspars and to predict favorable regions for these voids. Macroscopic and systematic researches into the relationship between the kaolinite content in the feldspar solutional void developed area of the Chang 2 reservoir group of the Triassic Yanchang Formation in the Midwest Ordos Basin and the solutional void in feldspar have been made, and from this it can be determined that the kaolinite content has an indicative function to the distribution of the solutional void in feldspar. Solutional void in feldspar is relatively well developed at the area where kaolinite content is high. Although the factors affecting kaolinite content are complicated, yet that of the research area is mainly affected by the impact of the leaching atmospheric water acting on the palaeogeomorphology. Three favorable zone belts for the development of solutional voids in feldspars are forecasted on the basis of restoration of palaeogeomorphology.

Factors controlling the reservoir accumulation of Triassic Chang 6 Member in Jiyuan-Wuqi area,Ordos Basin,NW China

In the Triassic Yanchang Formation, Jiyuan-Wuqi area, Ordos Basin, the Chang 6 reservoir is contacted to the Chang 7 high-quality source rock, but the oil pools are unevenly distributed, and complex in oil and water distribution. Through cores observation and fracture statistics, combined with comprehensive analyses of physical property, mercury injection, logging and geochemical data, and comparisons of the sandbodies scales, reservoir physical properties, argillaceous laminae and fractures between source and reservoir in the eastern and western oil-bearing areas and in the central water producing area, it is found that the hydrocarbon accumulation patterns are different in the eastern, central and western areas, and the characteristics of hydrocarbon migration under the background of double-provenance were sorted out. The study results show that the crude oil in the eastern area has different Pr/Ph and sterane distribution from that in the western area. The oil and gas primarily migrated vertically. The high-quality source rocks and favorable source-reservoir-cap combinations lay the foundation for large-scale oil and gas accumulations. Vertically, the oil and gas enrichment is controlled by the scale of sandbody and the difference of physical properties, while on the plane, it is controlled by the connectivity of sandbodies, the argillaceous laminae between source rock and reservoir, the reservoir physical property and the fractures. The sandbodies of oil-rich zones in the eastern and western areas have large thickness, low shale content, good physical properties, weak heterogeneity, few argillaceous laminae and abundant fractures, all of which are favorable for the vertical migration and accumulation of oil and gas. In contrast, in the middle area with converging provenances, the reservoirs, composed of thin sandbodies, features rapid variation in lithology and physical properties, strong heterogeneity, poor continuity of sandbodies, abundant argillaceous laminae between source rock and reservoir, and few fractures, makes it difficult for the oil and gas to migrate vertically, and results in low oil enrichment degree ultimately. For the exploration of continental multiple-provenance tight reservoirs, not only the good-property source rocks and reservoirs, but more importantly the source-reservoir contact relationship and the effect of fractures on the hydrocarbon migration and accumulation should be considered.

致密砂岩储层注水诱导裂缝动态识别及演化特征——以鄂尔多斯盆地姬塬油田L井区长8油藏为例

致密砂岩储层长期注水开发导致储层诱导裂缝发育,研究注水诱导裂缝动态响应及演化特征对致密砂岩油藏井网加密部署及剩余油挖潜具有重要地质意义。综合利用岩心、测井、生产数据、压力试井和吸水剖面等资料,以鄂尔多斯盆地姬塬油田L井区三叠系延长组8段(长8段)致密砂岩储层为例,研究了L井区长8段致密砂岩储层不同开发时间段注水诱导裂缝的动态响应特征及展布特征。研究结果表明:(1)L井区长8段致密砂岩储层注水诱导裂缝为天然裂缝扩展延伸导致,天然裂缝优先开启方位为NEE-SWW向和NE-SW向,其次为NW-SE向。(2)注水诱导裂缝的形成会导致注水井吸水剖面呈现出吸水厚度小、吸水量大的特征。采油井生产动态曲线含水率陡增或阶梯状上升,压力试井双对数导数曲线开口并呈现“1/2”斜率上升。采油井与注水井间存在注水诱导裂缝,因而采油井试井解释地层压力高于未发育注水诱导裂缝井甚至超过原始地层压力。(3)L井区长8段致密砂岩储层开发初期注水诱导裂缝主要分布在井区中部偏东、东北部以及东南部的天然裂缝发育带。注水导致储层地应力变化,天然裂缝开启压力降低,开发中期在井区南部以及中北部进一步形成NW-SW向注水诱导裂缝,先存注水诱导裂缝存在小范围扩展延伸。开发后期受注水开发的不断深入,导致注水井周围不同方向开启天然裂缝,形成小规模注水诱导裂缝,进一步加剧了采油井裂缝性水淹。

姬塬地区长8油层组储层特征分析

为确定长8油层储层现今表征,储层物性受黏土矿物胶结物控制模式,储层沉积作用和沉积后期所经历的成岩变化,通过铸体薄片、扫描电镜等方法研究了储层基本特征和成岩作用及沉积作用,在整体低渗的背景下,部分位于相对渗透率较高区域的油井有较高的产量,理清研究区长8储层富集规律,对地区内岩石孔隙度下降因素进行剖析。结果表明,姬塬地区有利储层多发育水下分流河道和河口坝沉积,特别是砂体中心部位储层物性是最好,可见长8油层组的储集性能和渗流性能好,即粒间孔型、粒间孔+溶孔型和溶孔+粒间孔型。溶孔型、粒间孔+微孔型两种孔隙组合类型的渗流性能较差。微孔型和溶孔+微孔型两种孔隙组合类型的储集空间主要由半径极小的微孔构成,连通性较差,其孔隙内表面积和渗流阻力,储集性能和渗流性能较差。

鄂尔多斯盆地蟠龙地区长6储层四性关系研究

针对蟠龙地区长6储层四性关系的研究与认识不足,利用蟠龙地区的测井数据、录完井数据、岩心分析和化验资料等资料进行整理与分析,对研究区储层岩性、物性、电性与含油性特征及其相互间的关系进行了研究。研究结果表明,①蟠龙地区长6油层组以长石砂岩为主;②储层平均孔隙度为8%,平均渗透率为0.79×10-3μm 2,属于低孔特低渗至低孔超低渗储层;③录井中岩心以油迹含油级别为主;④结合岩心测试资料建立了储层参数测井解释模型,并最终确定有效储层物性下限为:渗透率0.15×10^(-3)μm^(2),孔隙度5.5%,电阻率20Ω·m,声波时差215μs/m。研究了储层四性基本特征及其关系,并得出了蟠龙地区储层物性和含油性的电性解释图版,为后续蟠龙地区油层解释以及探明储量参数的确定提供了依据。

鄂尔多斯盆地马岭—乔川地区长6油层组油藏分布特征及控制因素

基于岩心观察、测井解释及开采数据分析,结合流体包裹体等测试,对马岭—乔川地区长6油层组的油藏分布特征及控制因素开展研究。研究结果表明,研究区油藏纵向上主要分布在长63油层段,长62、长61油层段含油性显著变差;平面上,长63油层段以L125,B452和L411井区为中心,油藏团块状分布,呈两条带沿北西南东向延伸,油层厚度主要在5~20 m之间,长62、长61油层呈孤立土豆疙瘩状分布,分布规模小。长6油层组油藏以岩性油藏为主,包裹体均一温度集中在70~90℃,荧光以黄褐色为主,结合区域埋藏史分析显示该区油藏充注为晚侏罗世和中-晚白垩世,表现为早期充注。长6油层组烃源岩厚度、距离,砂体砂质碎屑流砂体性质、物性和叠置类型是其形成油气藏的重要影响因素;长63油层段相比长62和长61油层段具有更靠近烃源岩,砂质碎屑流成因砂体分布广、孔渗条件好、叠置厚层砂体类型发育等优势。研究区最为有利油藏的勘探目标为长63油层段Y470,L374,B452等井区附近,有利勘探区面积达到517.28 km 2。

安塞油田黑山梁区长6油层组单砂体构型分析及平面展布特征

安塞油田黑山梁区块位于延安市安塞区,三叠系延长组长6油层组是其主力产油层。目前该区已进入注水开发阶段,但砂体展布、非均质性、砂体叠置规律等认识不清,导致开发过程中存在注水受效程度不均衡,整体水驱效果差等问题。为此,本次研究依托丰富的测井、录井资料,以及岩心、镜下薄片资料和分析测试数据,开展地层精细刻画、沉积微相、砂体平面分布及单砂体叠置规律的综合研究。结果表明:黑山梁地区长6时期主要发育三角洲前缘亚相,岩性以细粒长石砂岩为主,分选性中等-好,磨圆度中等,水下分流河道和分流间湾微相较为多见,河口坝微相发育较少;水下分流河道为优势相,砂岩分布广、厚度大,沿河道方向延伸,早期形成的河口坝由于波浪作用和分流河道侵蚀作用被破坏,河口坝无法保存完整,仅有部分痕迹。砂体类型包括水下分流河道砂和河口坝砂两种,单砂体垂向叠置可分为孤立型、叠加型和切叠型3种;侧向拼接样式可分为孤立式、对接式和侧切式3种。研究区内砂体沿北东-南西方向呈长条状展布,由于河道频繁摆动和分叉,砂体切叠现象明显,顺物源方向砂体连通性较好,垂直物源方向砂体被分流间湾泥隔开,砂体连通性较差,并结合生产动态数据,认为砂体连通程度越高,水驱动用效果越好。基于该研究成果建立了研究区曲流河三角洲沉积模式,为后期油藏完善注采井网、分层注水开发方案调整提供地质依据。

陇东合水地区长6油藏成岩作用对孔喉结构的影响探析

在充分了解合水地区长6油藏储层主要勘探成果和勘探难点的基础上,本着对信息进行综合判断、解释和分析的原则,运用沉积岩石学、储层沉积学、实验储层沉积学等方法与原理,对合水地区长6油藏储层孔喉结构类型特征进行了研究。研究结果表明,研究区长6储层主要发育粒间孔、长石溶孔、岩屑溶孔三种孔隙类型;主要发育的喉道类型以片状、弯片状喉道类型为主;主要发育的孔隙组合类型为中孔微喉型和小孔微喉型。还进一步研究了该区长6油藏储层成岩作用对孔喉结构的影响,研究发现该区发育的成岩作用中溶解作用对储层岩石的储集性能起着建设性作用,而压实作用、压溶作用、胶结作用则起着破坏性作用。该研究对研究区孔喉微观结构的认识及油藏的高效开发均具有重要的指导意义。

吴起油田白河北部长8储层特征及其控制因素研究

为对吴起油田长8地区的储层特征存进行进一步深入的了解,利用研究区内高压压汞、岩石薄片、铸体薄片以及物性特征等资料,对吴起油田白河北部长8储层的岩石学特征、孔隙类型及结构、孔渗特征等进行研究,并对可能影响储层物性的因素进行讨论,得出:沉积微相和成岩作用是影响该储层的主要因素。储层特征:分流间湾、下分流河道和远砂坝是白河北部长8沉积微相主要的存在形式,其河口坝的发育程度较低,以浅灰、灰色细粒长石砂岩和岩屑长石砂岩为主要的岩石类型,研究区孔隙类型以岩屑溶孔、长石溶孔、粒间孔隙居多,晶间孔的数量较少,可见少量的微裂隙。总体上看长8储层的类型属特低孔、超低渗致密储层。分析研究范围各小层的物性可得,其中长8_(2)^(2)物性最好。

鄂尔多斯盆地大路沟地区长6储层孔隙结构及物性特征研究

在油气勘探开发中,储层岩石孔隙结构对油气井采收量、产能以及油气储量均能产生影响,特别是孔隙结构参数可以用来表征储层孔隙质量,在油气勘探开发中具有重要意义。因此,本文以鄂尔多斯盆地大路沟地区长6储层为研究对象,对其孔隙结构及物性特征进行详细剖析,认为研究区长6储层岩性以长石砂岩和岩屑长石砂岩为主;孔隙度在9%~15%,渗透率在0.3~1.5 mD。同时,根据沉积旋回原理将研究区长6储层分为长6_(1)、长6_(2)、长6_(3)三个小层,各小层之间的物性差别较大,其中长61小层的储层物性最好,长63小层的储层物性较差。根据以上结论,得出长6储层属于低孔、低渗透储层。

鄂尔多斯盆地延长油田双河西区块长6油藏开发参数

鄂尔多斯盆地延长油田双河西区块长6油藏为低渗透油藏,常规开发指标计算方法并不利于油田进行油藏地质研究、开发政策制定与成本控制。对延长油田双河西区块长6油藏产量递减规律、水驱储量动用程度、注采比、含水率、注水利用状况及采收率进行分析。结果表明:双河西区块长6油藏产量递减规律为双曲递减模式;区块注水开发潜力较大,目前该区块水驱储量控制程度为74.54%,水驱储量动用程度为36.94%,注采连通率为27.27%;合理注采比约为2.5,随着采出程度增加,含水率上升速度先增大,后有所减小;根据存水率、耗水指数及水驱指数可知,开发后期,区块注水开发效果逐渐变好,最终采收率增加,研究区在开发过程中含水上升率应尽量小于6.1%,地层合理压力应大于9.1 MPa,在该开发条件下,研究区最终采收率约为23%。

基于Fisher判别法的致密砂岩测井成岩相识别——以鄂尔多斯盆地YQ-XC地区长8储层为例

成岩相与储层质量密切相关,通过研究储层的成岩相,可为储层“甜点”的预测提供指导,为油气的勘探开发提供依据。本文应用物性分析测试、铸体薄片、扫描电镜、阴极发光等实验,同时根据成岩作用类型、成岩矿物组合等将鄂尔多斯盆地YQ-XC地区长8储层划分为五种成岩相类型:致密压实相、不稳定组分溶蚀相、残余粒间孔相、碳酸盐胶结相和黏土矿物胶结相。通过交会图处理常规测井资料,发现不同的成岩相具有不同的测井响应,但是各成岩相之间分区的重叠部分较多,因此,并不能通过交会图识别不同成岩相。利用Fisher判别法计算各样品点平面投影,建立不同成岩相的判别函数,对成岩相的正确识别率可达93.9%。通过与铸体薄片鉴定结果对比,验证了该方法的准确性,同时结合岩屑录井资料分析,认为成岩相对于油气富集具有一定的控制作用,残余粒间孔相储层为油气富集区域,不稳定组分溶蚀相次之,可将残余粒间孔相和不稳定组分溶蚀相作为研究区下一步油气勘探开发的重点区带。

鄂尔多斯盆地陕北斜坡储层岩石学特征及油气勘探指示——以油房庄北部长6油层组为例

为明确鄂尔多斯盆地油房庄北部有利相带和优质储层发育区,推进鄂尔多斯盆地探明储量的进一步扩大,通过岩心薄片观察、岩石矿物成分分析测定等多种手段开展油房庄北部重点层段长6油层组储层的碎屑颗粒组成、填隙物组分等关键特征要素研究,并在此基础上分析长6油层组储层的重、轻矿物分布规律,进而探讨物源的指示意义以及油气耦合关系,以期补充该地区关于储层岩石学和物源分析的科研成果.经分析,长6砂岩储层主要为长石砂岩,并见少量岩屑长石砂岩;填隙物的类型多、含量变化大,主要包括黏土胶结物、碳酸盐类胶结物、硅质胶结物等;粒级分布以细砂为主,颗粒磨圆为次棱角状,颗粒分选中等以上占主体;胶结类型以薄膜-孔隙型和孔隙-薄膜型、孔隙型、薄膜型、加大-孔隙型胶结为主.长6砂岩储层标准偏差对粒度平均值图解和重矿物组合、轻矿物组分都揭示了长6油层组时期研究区主要受东北方向物源影响,发育了多期叠置的三角洲前缘水下分流河道砂体,并且由于长距离搬运效应,残余粒间孔、长石溶孔较为发育,长石、绿泥石和高岭石的矿物组合在一定程度上提升了研究区的储层物性,并增加了低阻油藏的渗透性.长61和长62的水下分流河道砂体为研究区的优质储层发育区.

安塞油田坪桥区长6储层微观孔喉结构特征研究

针对坪桥区三叠系延长组长6储层,进行了岩心铸体薄片、扫描电镜、压汞等方法,系统研究了长6储层岩石学特征、孔隙类型、孔喉结构对储层物性的影响。区域长6储层主要发育溶蚀粒间孔,其次残余部分原生粒间孔,溶蚀粒间孔以浊沸石溶孔最为发育,面孔率主要分布为0.5%~15.5%,平均4.54%。排驱压力一般在0.09~7.29 MPa之间,平均1.24 MPa,表现为属于中等排驱压力。孔喉结构是影响储层物性的关键性因素,孔喉均值大小与储层的储集性能具有正相关性,即孔喉均值越大,储层储集空间就越大,有效孔隙度值就越大,孔喉均质与渗透率也呈正相关。

长6特低渗油藏剩余油分布主控因素定量化研究

依据钻井、测井、生产开发数据,将区内的小层、砂体、油层进行精细划分与对比,对油层进行精细识别,采用定性分析和定量计算、静动态分析相结合的方法,对全区低幅度构造发育程度、沉积相的发育稳定程度、储层性质的变化程度与油层单井平均原始含油饱和度、单井平均原始地质储量、单井平均剩余油饱和度、单井平均采出程度、单井平均产量、变异系数等相关地质开发参数进行定量分析统计。研究表明,低幅度构造组合单元的变化对采出程度的影响差值达到1.12%,差值率达到17.1%,单井平均累产差值达到17.3 t,差值率达到0.7%;沉积相变化的快慢对采出程度的影响差值达到0.80%,差值率达到13.7%,单井平均累产差值达到544.3 t,差值率达到23.3%;储层性质变化的快慢对采出程度的影响差值达到1.83%,差值率达到29.5%,单井平均累产差值达到670.4 t,差值率达到26.3%;开发过程中平均原始含油饱和度经过多年开发的变化率,构造的影响差值变化率为0.48%,沉积的影响差值变化率为1.00%,储层性质的影响差值变化率为1.46%。综上分析,储层性质的变化对剩余油的分布具有明显的控制作用,其次为沉积发育变化,最后为构造的变化。

鄂尔多斯盆地悦乐地区长6段储层特征及主控因素分析

为明确鄂尔多斯盆地悦乐地区三叠系延长组长6段储层发育特征及控制因素,以悦乐地区长6段砂岩储层为研究对象,结合岩心资料、薄片鉴定、扫描电镜、高压压汞与地球物理测井解释等技术方法,从岩石学特征、物性特征及孔隙结构特征多个方面,探讨了沉积作用和成岩作用在储层储集性能方面的重要意义。结果表明:悦乐地区长6段岩性以岩屑长石砂岩和长石岩屑砂岩为主,孔隙类型主要以粒间孔和长石溶孔为主。悦乐地区长6段孔隙度均值为9.27%;渗透率均值为0.142×10^(-3)μm^(2),以特低孔-超低渗储层为主;根据储层分类评价标准,长6段储层由好到差依次分为Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ类。沉积环境为研究区长6储层提供物质基础,成岩作用是研究区目的层形成致密储层的关键因素。胶结作用一定程度上充填孔隙、堵塞孔喉,降低储层物性,而溶蚀作用对于改善储层物性具有积极的作用。该研究成果为研究区进一步勘探开发提供借鉴。

基于神经网络模型的致密砂岩储层流动单元分类与评价——以鄂尔多斯盆地WQ北部长6油层组为例

为了明确鄂尔多斯盆地WQ北部地区致密砂岩储层流动单元对剩余油分布的影响,通过岩心观察、铸体薄片鉴定、X衍射分析、高压压汞测试等方法分析了研究区长6储层的基本特征,并结合测井和神经网络模型分析,明确了区内长6储层流动单元类型、特征、分布规律,及其与储层的关系。结果表明:研究区长6油层组为典型的低孔-特低渗储层,主要发育长石砂岩和长石岩屑砂岩,孔隙类型以残余粒间孔和长石溶孔为主,储层孔隙结构以细喉大孔型和细喉小孔型为主。共发育4类储层流动单元。其中,长6^(2-1)小层以Ⅲ、Ⅳ类单元为主,长6^(1-2)小层主要发育Ⅰ、Ⅱ类流动单元,长6^(1-1)小层仅见零星分布的Ⅰ类流动单元,有利储层主要分布在长61-2小层。