Application Strategies of Spatial Refinement Design in Ancient Cities Supported by Digital Te-Zhaoyu Ancient City in Qixian County as an Example

Digital technology provides a method of quantitative investigation and data analysis for contemporary landscape spatial analysis,and related research is moving from image recognition to digital algorithmic analysis,providing a more scientific and macroscopic way of research.The key to refinement design is to refine the spatial design process and the spatial improvement strategy system.Taking the ancient city of Zhaoyu in Qixian County,Shanxi Province as an example,(1)based on obtaining the integrated data of the ancient city through the drone tilt photography,the style and landscape of the ancient city are modeled;(2)the point cloud data with spatial information is imported into the point cloud analysis platform and the data analysis is carried out from the overall macroscopic style of the ancient city to the refinement level,which results in the formation of a more intuitive landscape design scheme,thus improving the precision and practicability of the landscape design;(3)Based on spatial big data,it starts from the spatial aggregation level,spatial distribution characteristics and other evaluation index system to achieve the refinement analysis of the site.Digital technology and methods are used throughout the process to explore the refined design path.

Changing Connectivities of Chinese Cities in the World City Network,2010–2016

Against the backdrop of the sizable economic growth of China in recent years, this paper uses the most recent data gathering of the Globalization and World Cities(Ga WC) research network to update and supplement earlier research on the shifting global connectivity of Chinese cities. The update consists of an evaluation of the connectivity of Chinese cities in 2016, the supplement of an analysis of the changing position of Chinese cities in the world city network between 2010 and 2016. To this end, we build on a specification of the world city network as an ‘interlocking network' in which producer services firms play the crucial role in city network formation. Information about the presence of leading producer services firms in cities in 2010 and 2016 is used as the input to a bipartite network projection algorithm in order to measure cities' network connectivity. The first set of results discusses the geographies of urban connectivity in the world city network in 2016. The second set of results discusses standardized measures of change to reveal the major dimensions of the transformations between 2010 and 2016. We find that, with the exception of Hong Kong, Macao and Kaohsiung of Taiwan, all Chinese cities record connectivity gains. This wholesale rise in connectivity is nonetheless geographically uneven, with above all Beijing, Chengdu/Chongqing and Changsha/Wuhan becoming more connected. We conclude that the wholesale rise of Chinese cities in the world city network and their changing trajectories in the post-crisis era are embedded in shifting external and internal political economies.

Analysis of Methods of Conserving Cultural Heritage in Ancient Cities: A Case Study of Nantou Ancient City in Shenzhen, Guangdong, China

Takes the renovation of Nantou Ancient City in Shenzhen for example, this study reveals the opportunities and challenges brought by the renovation of the ancient city to the conservation of cultural heritage via analyzing the problems existing in the cultural heritage conservation of Nantou Ancient City and excavating the cultural heritage value of the ancient city. Based on it, this study put forwards some suggestions on the excavation and the inheritance of cultural heritage value, in order to seek the interactive relationship and promote the coordinated development between the ancient city and the cultural heritage.

Continuation of Space Image in Renovation of Ancient City——A Case Study of Renovation of Ancient Changshu City, China

Significance of continuing traditional space image in the renovation of ancient city was analyzed. Taking the renovation of ancient Changshu City for example, traditional spatial characteristics of the ancient city were summarized, and urban design techniques for continuing its space image were further explored. It was stressed that characteristic spatial structures should be continued, original spatial scales and ratios protected, so as to maintain integrality and unity of spatial interfaces.

Protection and Development of Famous Historic and Cultural Cities Guided by Tourism Culture Geography:A Case Study of Ancient Pingyao City

By introducing cultural landscape theories and attaching importance to practical application of theories, this paper analyzed protection and development of ancient Pingyao City under the guidance of relevant theories. Taking Pingyao for example, application of theories in practices will be better understood, and the role of human geography in urban planning reflected. Referring to the protection and development cases of famous historic and cultural cities, this paper analyzed historical and cultural context, and spatial environment of Ancient Pingyao City from the perspectives of culture and geography, and proposed suggestions for the protection and development of ancient city under the guidance of human geography theories.

The Principle of Authenticity and the Protection and Renewal of the Qujiang Site in Ancient Chang'an

In order to explore the protection and renewal law of historic sites in the process of contemporary urban construction, combined with the protection and renewal practice of Qujiang garden cultural landscape heritage sites in ancient Chang'an, this paper analyzed the authenticity in the protection and renewal of different historic sites, and explored the possibility of flexible use of the concept of authenticity in the process of protection and renewal of historic sites.

Analysis on the Building of Chengdu's City Brand as“Three Cities and Three Capitals”-Taking Jiezi Ancient Town as an Example

"Three Cities and Three Capitals"is a city brand that Chengdu has been vigorously building.Based on the analysis of the brand construction background,the brand building of Jiezi Ancient Town,and the problems existing in the current brand building of Jiezi Ancient Town,this paper puts forward suggestions,including reconstruction of cultural resources,building an industrial framework,and giving full play to the role of market entities,so as to provide guidance for the cultivation of the brand characteristics in the ancient town and better shape the city brand of"Three Cities and Three Capitals"in Chengdu.

RS and GIS-based Analysis on Dynamic Changes of Landscape Pattern on Urban-rural Fringe——A Case Study of Licheng District, Jinan City of China

By using GIS, RS and landscape ecology, LandsatTM (1993 and 2009) and ETM (2001) remote sensing images of Licheng District of Ji’nan City, Shandong Province were interpreted, and dynamic changes of landscape pattern in the district were analyzed at the levels of class and landscape. The results showed that during the 16 years the landscape pattern in the district had changed significantly. (a) From the perspective of patch category, areas of arable land, woodland and grassland decreased unceasingly, and arable land accounted for the largest reduction from 488.15 km 2 in 1993 down to 324.37 km 2 in 2009, witnessing a reduction rate of 33.56%. But the patch quantity and fragmentation increased, patch connectivity reduced. Spatial pattern of construction land expanded and its area witnessed a significant increase of 147.05%. Patch cohesion index increased and connectivity grew better. (b) From the perspective of overall landscape, patch quantity, contagion and perimeter-area fractal dimension decreased, patch shape became simple, the Shannon’s diversity index, Shannon’s evenness index and splitting index increased, landscape heterogeneity rose. With the rapid social and economic development, landscape pattern will be more and more influenced by human behaviors

Empirical Research on Tourism Authenticity of Ancient Cultural City——A Case Study of Lijiang Ancient City in China

On the basis of tourism authenticity theory and field investigation and analysis of Lijiang ancient city, the paper had explored tourists' tourism authenticity, and further revealed the inner relation between tourism authenticity and tourism motivation of ancient cultural cities. It was found that ancient cultural cities generally had the highest objective authenticity, followed by existential, constructive and post-modern authenticity. As for tourism motivation, motivation of knowledge function, of reward maximization, of punishment minimization, of self-esteem and of self-fulfillment presented to diminish progressively. Relationships between four types of tourism authenticity and five types of tourism motivations also varied from each other. It had enriched empirical quantitative research results of domestic tourism authenticity in theory, and provided application value for the research on realistic tourism market and planning activity based on tourists in practice.

Changes of Nutrient in Tobacco Soils in Zhaotong City, Yunnan Province during 2011-2013

[Objective] The aim was to explore interannual changes of soil nutrients in tobacco soils in Zhaotong, in order to provide theoretical references for tobacco bal- anced fertilization in Zhaotong. [Method] The research analyzed nutrient changes in tobacco soils in Zhaotong during 2011-2013. [Result] In Zhaotong, pH value of to- bacco soils was increasing; the contents of organic matter and N, P and K contents were in the range suitable for tobacco growth; CI- content was growing in tobacco soils and reached the highest in 2013. [Conclusion] In general, soil nutrients show insignificant differences internannually in Zhaotong.

Assessing the impacts of ecological-living-productive land changes on eco-environmental quality in Xining City on Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China

The Ecological-living-productive land(ELPL)classification system was proposed in an effort to steer China's land pattern to an ecological-centered path,with the development model shifting from a single function into more integrated multifunction land use.The focus is coordinating the man-land contradictions and developing an intensive,efficient and sustainable land use policy in an increasingly tense relationship between humans and nature.Driven by socioeconomic change and rapid population growth,many cities are undergoing urban sprawl,which involves the consumption of cropland and ecological land and threatens the ecological balance.This paper aims to quantitatively analyze the critical effects of ELPL changes on eco-environmental quality according to land use classification based on leading function of ecology,living and production from 1990 to 2015 with a case study of Xining City.Also,four future land use scenarios were simulated for 2030 using the Future Land Use Simulation(FLUS)model that couples human and natural effects.Our results show a decrease in productive land(PL)and an increase in ecological land(EL)and living land(LL)in Xining City.Forestry ecological land(FEL)covered the top largest proportion;agriculture productive land(APL)showed the greatest reduction and urban and rural living land(U-RLL)presented a dramatic increase.The eco-environmental quality improved in 1990-2010,mainly affected by the conversion of APL to FEL and GEL.However,the encroachment of U-RLL into APL,other ecological land(OEL)and FEL was the main contributor to the decline in eco-environmental quality in 2010-2015 as well as the primary reason for the increase area of lower-quality.The Harmonious Development(HD)-Scenario,characterized by a rational allocation of LL and PL and a better eco-environment,would have implications for planning and monitoring future management of ELPL,and may represent a valuable reference for local policy-makers.

Remote Sensing &GIS Based Spatio-Temporal Change Analysis of Wetland in Dhaka City, Bangladesh

Landscape of Dhaka city—one of the fastest growing mega cities in the world, is continuously changing due to un-planned urbanization. For example, the wetlands of the city have been shrinking. This study evaluates wetland changes in Dhaka Metropolitan Area (DMA), Bangladesh, between 1978 and 2009. Spatial and temporal dynamics of wetland changes were quantified using four Landsat images, a supervised classi?cation algorithm and the post-classi?cation change detection technique in GIS environment. Accuracy of the Landsat-derived wetland maps ranged from 87% to 92.5%. The analysis revealed that area of wetland and Rivers & Khals in Dhaka city decreased significantly over the last 30 years by 76.67% and 18.72% respectively. This changing trend of wetlands makes the drainage system of Dhaka City vulnerable, creating water logging problems and their consequences. Land filling and encroachment were recognized to be the main reasons for shrinking of the wetlands in the city. Development and alteration of the existing water bodies should consider the natural hydrological conditions.

Dynamic Change Analysis of Urban Green Land in Jinan City Based RS and Geo-information Tupu

The three-period (1995, 1998 and 2003) remote sensing images in Jinan City, China are selected. And the information of green land, construction land, woodland and water body is extracted by using the image processing module of remote-sensing software and computerized interpretation module. Both the change table and transfer matrix table of land use area are analyzed by modeling module of remote-sensing software. Then, the Geo-information Tupu is obtained; and the temporal and spatial variation of land use in Jinan City is monitored and analyzed by Geo-information Tupu and transfer matrix. Result shows that land use structure change of Jinan City in the years 1995-1998 shows a transformation from green land to construction land. Area of green land circulating into construction land reaches 62.27 square kilometers, accounting for 25.84% of the initial green land. In the year 1998, areas of woodland and green land are reduced due to the urban expansion of Jinan City. However, with the enhancement of people's awareness of environmental protection, areas of woodland and green land gradually increase in the year 2003, which are still less than those in the year 1995.

Analysis of Spatio-Temporal Changes of Land Usein Xuzhou City Based on Remote Sensing

Based on the satellite remote sensing TM/ETM images of Xuzhou city, basic data about land use of the city from 1994 to 2000 are obtained with the neural network classification module of PCI software, and the dynamic con- version matrix of land use is thus calculated. The areas of construction land and water body have increased by 1833.93 hm2 and 804.87 hm2, respectively. On the contrary, the area of cropland has decreased by 3207.24 hm2. The area of cropland converted into construction land makes up 26.84%, and that converted into water body amounts for 8.17% of the total area of cropland in 1994. The variation index of land use degree and the dynamic degree index of land use computed are 1.38 and 57.81%, respectively, which demonstrate that land use in Xuzhou is in a development period and the changes are drastic. The frequency index and importance index of the form in which cropland converted into con- struction land are 29.91% and 68.93% respectively. The results indicate that the change is not only widespread in space but a major form of spatial change of land use in the area.

Land-use Change and Ecological Footprint Analysis of Harbin City

Appraisaling the land-use change degree of urban land objectively, analyzing the reasons, and proposing the countermeasures have important meanings to promote land sustainable development. The article analyzed the dynamic change of land-use ecological footprint in Harbin City from 1996 to 2006. Through the measurement of ecological footprint to assess the social impact and the extent of sustainable land-use. The results showed that the per capita ecological footprint in Harbin had increased year by year, while the per capita ecological carrying capacity had decreased, the per capita ecological deficit was increasing, and land-use in Harbin City was in an overload status. Finally, reasonable land-use proposals were proposed.

Analysis of Land Use Change and Driving Force of Bole City Based on Remote Sensing Image

[Objectives] The land use change and its influence has been the frontier and hotspot in the research of the surface process of change. The aim of this study was to provide a reasonable scientific basis for the more reasonable use of regional land resources of Bole City by study of land use change and driving force of Bole City.[Methods] Through geometric correction, image mosaic and image registration processing and classification of the remote sensing images of Bole City in 2006, 2011 and 2016, the three images of land use change in land use types （land use change range, dynamic degree and variation degree） were studied, and the natural and social economy in terms of the driving forces of land use change were analyzed.[Results] In the 2006 to 2016 period, cultivated land of Bole City had the land use dynamic growth state, and the average growth rate was 0.26%; and forest land, construction land, water, grassland and unused land showed a decreasing trend, decreased by 0.23%, 0.22%, 0.75%, 3.85% and 1.52%, respectively. In the entire study period, the change of grassland was the biggest, the changes of unused land and water were the second, and the changes of cultivated land, construction land and forest land were lesser.[Conclusions] The main driving factors that effected on land use change of the study area were climate, industrialization, urbanization, social and economic activities, adjustment of agricultural structure and population expansion.

Climate Change and Its Influence on Crop Farming in Xintai City

[Objective] The research aimed to study the variation characteristics of climate and its influence on the crop farming in Xintai City.[Method] By using the yearly and monthly average temperature,rainfall,first and last frost dates,frost-free period,sunshine hours,etc.in Xintai City during 1957-2009,the variation characteristics of climate and its influence on the crop farming in Xintai City in recent 53 years were analyzed.[Result] The temperature rose in the fluctuation in Xintai City.The warm winter phenomenon was prominent,and ≥0℃ accumulated temperature increased yearly.In recent 10 years,the first frost postponed,and the last frost advanced.The growth season of crop prolonged.The annual rainfall decreased in the fluctuation,and the annual sunshine hours presented the decrease trend as a whole.For the accumulated temperature increased,and the frost-free period prolonged,the sowing date and farming system of main crops in Xintai City changed.The rising of winter temperature was favorable for the development of industrialized agriculture,such as the warm house booth.The multiple-cropping index improved,and the characteristic planting advantage was prominent.The climate warming made that the planting areas of yellow ginger and day lily enlarged,and the planting boundary moved northward.The sowing dates of wheat and peanut postponed.The sowing date of yellow ginger advanced,and the growth period prolonged.Meanwhile,the climate variation also made that the plant diseases and insect pests,spring frozen injury aggravated in Xintai.The influence of extreme weather induced by the increasing of extreme climate event on the yield and quality of fruit tree was stronger.The planting risks of yellow ginger and day lily increased.[Conclusion] The research provided the scientific basis for promoting the sustainable development of economic society in Xintai.

Vulnerability assessment of water resources to climate change in Chinese cities

Climate change is an inevitable trend,which challenges security of water resources in China,especially in cities.Assessing vulnerability of water resource to climate change in cities has important role for policy makers. The paper constructs a vulnerability function,including exposure,sensitivity and adaptive capacity,according to the vulnerability concept proposed by IPCC,establishes an assessment indicators system of water resources to climate change in cities,and analyzes vulnerability features of Chinese cites based on 655 cities＇data in 2006.The vulnerability assessment results show that there are distinctive differences among all the cities,between east,central and west cities,between ordinary,big and mega cities,while there is no statistical significant difference between north and south cities.Based on the research,the paper suggests that strategic emphasis should focus on the central cities and ordinary cities

Evaluation of carbon emissions associated with land use and cover change in Zhengzhou City of China

Studies on carbon emissions associated with land use and cover change(LUCC)are key to understanding the impact of human activities on regional sustainability.In this study,we analyzed the temporal and spatial changes in carbon emissions associated with LUCC for production,living,and ecological spaces in Zhengzhou City of China.Landsat remote sensing images were used to classify the land use and land cover(LULC)types in Zhengzhou City in 1988,2001,2009,and 2015.Carbon emissions associated with LUCC were evaluated using a spatial gradient model and the niche mechanism.It was found that during 1988-2015,carbon emissions associated with LUCC in Zhengzhou City increased by 17.1×10^(6) t,while the carbon sink resulted from cultivated land,forests,water bodies,and unused land decreased significantly.Most of the increase in carbon emissions associated with LUCC occurred in the center of the city.The peak carbon emissions were located in the northeastern,southeastern,northwestern,and southwestern regions of Zhengzhou City,and carbon emissions varied considerably in the different spatial gradient rings over time.Among the three spaces,carbon emissions associated with LUCC were mainly affected by the living space.The population size and population urbanization rate were negatively correlated with the ecological space and positively correlated with the production and living spaces.Our results highlight that Zhengzhou City should take the new urbanization path of urban transformation development and ecological civilization construction to ensure the realization of the promised carbon emission reduction targets.

Analysis on Climate Change in Zhucheng City of Shandong Province in Recent 50 Years

[Objective[ The aim was to analyze the characteristics of climate changes in Zhucheng City in Shandong Province from 1961 to 2010. [Method] The temperature and precipitation in Zhucheng City from 1961 to 2010 were chosen to analyze its annual and seasonal changes based on linear trend estimation method. [ Result]The average temperature in recent 50 years rose at a speed of 0.383 ℃/10 a. The mean temperature in each season increased. As the temperature increase span in winter 〉 autumn 〉 spring 〉 summer, the mean precipitation in recent 50 years de- creased at a speed of 18.7 mm/10 a, increased in spring and winter but decreased in summer and autumn. Temperature reduced most distinctly in summer at a speed of 20.9 mm/10 a. The abnormal temperature reduction happened only once in Zhucheng in recent 50 years. Abnormal high temperature happened in seven years, after 1990s. In recent 50 years, only six years had abnormal precipitation and the annual total precipitation decreased, which indicated that the spatial distribution of precipitation was uneven. [ Conclusionl The study provided reference for the increasing accuracy of temperature and of precipitation report.