岱山—洋山跨海通道水沙环境影响数值模拟研究

杭州湾是世界闻名的强潮河口,具有不规则的岸线边界、独特的地形地貌特征和复杂的水动力泥沙环境。岱山—洋山跨海通道位于杭州湾湾口水域,将岱山与洋山近35km连通,实现了上海—洋山—岱山—舟山—宁波跨海通道的全线贯通,其建设具有非常重要的意义。基于考虑波浪作用的潮流泥沙数值模型,讨论了岱山—洋山跨海通道几种工况对杭州湾大范围海域水沙环境的影响。研究结果表明:跨海通道实施后潮位变化在大桥轴线附近较为敏感,远离则基本没有影响,高低潮位变化幅度大多在2 cm以内。杭州湾涨落潮量减小小于0.6%。水流流态和水下地形仅在大桥附近水域存在明显变化。从对杭州湾水沙环境影响角度考虑,岱山—洋山跨海通道几种工况均可行,建议关注桥墩和人工岛附近的局部冲刷问题。

基于生物资源的万山海洋牧场生境适宜性评估

万山群岛海域生态环境日益恶化、渔业资源持续衰退,因此建设万山群岛海洋牧场,修复海域生态环境、实现渔业资源可持续利用迫在眉睫。针对现阶段基于海洋生物资源的海洋牧场适宜性评估的研究较少,本研究利用渔业资源调查和全球物种数据库记录数据及13个环境因素数据,采用物种分布模型MaxEnt对选择的白姑鱼、日本金线鱼、红星梭子蟹和浅缝骨螺潜在分布区进行预测,探讨海洋生物地理分布与海洋环境因素之间的关系进而进行万山海洋牧场生境适宜性评估,结果表明:(1)各模型AUC值均大于0.9,说明构建的模型对这些物种潜在分布的模拟效果较好,后续可采用MaxEnt模型对4种生物的栖息地分布区进行预测;(2)海底浮游植物密度、海底温度以及海底硅酸盐浓度是影响这4种海洋生物栖息地分布的关键环境因子;(3)基于该4种海洋物种MaxEnt模型的HSI分布区所存在重叠区域来看,海洋牧场拟建设区域应为纬度21.85°N~22.15°N,经度113.6°E~114.2°E。研究结果可为万山海洋牧场规划和建设提供科学依据。

略论《南海寄归内法传》的文献价值

唐代高僧义净所著《南海寄归内法传》作为研究印度佛教史、中国佛教史的重要资料,在汉语词汇史、唐代中外关系、中外医药学交流、古印度及南海地区历史、地理、文化、社会生活等方面都有较高的研究价值。《南海寄归内法传》在较早时期便引起了国内外学者的关注,自公元19世纪末以来陆续译成法、俄、英、日等外文。该著作在各类佛教史著中多有引用,是了解公元6世纪佛教历史以及印度四大教派的第一手资料,是研究印度佛教及藏传佛教各教派的综合性资料,是直观了解外器世界的形成、外道观点、佛教源流、各闻道宗派的传播地区、大乘与小乘区别等方面不可多得的珍贵文献。

典型海湾与海岛近海脉红螺碳、氮稳定同位素特征差异

为深入了解不同大小脉红螺(Rapana venosa)的碳、氮稳定同位素特征,探究其在典型海湾和海岛水域生态系统所处营养位置,于2022年春季和夏季在胶州湾和长岛近海通过拖网和潜水采集160个脉红螺样本,详细分析了不同体长、体重脉红螺的δ^(13)C和δ^(15)N变化,并计算各研究区域的脉红螺核心生态位宽度及相关参数。结果显示,脉红螺δ^(13)C值范围在-22.12‰—-16.63‰,四组数据均值为-19.74‰—-17.42‰,δ^(15)N值范围在8.77‰—13.48‰,均值为9.64‰—12.81‰,各组数据营养级均值在2.63—3.57;胶州湾春季脉红螺δ^(13)C值与体长、体重呈显著负相关,夏季呈显著正相关,长岛近海区域无明显变化,表明不同季节和不同区域的食物多样性水平存在差异,胶州湾脉红螺δ^(13)C、δ^(15)N的变化更为突出;两个研究区域δ^(15)N值和营养级与体长、体重呈显著正相关,主要由于脉红螺摄食偏好性差异,较大的脉红螺倾向于摄食高营养级生物,造成营养级较高。此外,胶州湾脉红螺营养级高于长岛近海,表明其^(15)N来源更为广泛。营养生态位总面积、δ^(15)N差值、δ^(13)C差值、校正后标准椭圆面积等评价指标,揭示了不同区域、不同季节的脉红螺稳定同位素营养生态位的显著差异,反映了区域地理位置与食物来源对脉红螺δ^(13)C和δ^(15)N的影响。上述研究结果为近海生态系统食物网的构建提供了重要数据,并为区域生物资源的管理和生态系统修复工作提供了科学支撑。

长岛毗邻海域底层鱼类和无脊椎动物群落多样性及关键种

为了解长岛毗邻海域底层鱼类和无脊椎动物的种类组成和群落多样性,筛选该海域中对生物群落具有重要调节作用的关键种,基于2021年3-12月阿氏网调查数据,研究长岛毗邻海域鱼类和无脊椎动物的种类组成、物种多样性的季节性变化及关键种的确定。结果显示,该海域共捕获鱼类38种,以温水性、底层、低值鱼类为主;无脊椎动物50种,以小型甲壳类为主。优势种组成季节变化明显,春季为日本鼓虾(Alpheus japonicus)、口虾蛄(Oratosquilla oratoria)等,夏、秋季以矛尾[鱼叚]虎鱼(Chaeturichthys stigmatias)、口虾蛄等为主,冬季仅有矛尾[鱼叚]虎鱼和日本鼓虾。物种丰富度指数在夏季最高,多样性指数和物种均匀度指数在秋季最高。底层鱼类和无脊椎动物群落食物网结构存在季节性变化,其中,物种13~23个,摄食关系数量32~113个,食物网拓扑结构连结密度范围为2.46~5.65,种间关联度范围为0.18~0.28。矛尾[鱼叚]虎鱼、白姑鱼(Pennahia argentata)、日本鼓虾、口虾蛄既是优势种也是关键种,关键种具有多样化、小型化的特点。当食物网去除关键种后,连接稳健性和摄食关系数量呈显著降低趋势,表明关键种在维持食物网稳健性方面发挥重要作用。春季关键捕食者为口虾蛄,扁玉螺(Glossaulax didyma)为关键饵料种,矛尾[鱼叚]虎鱼和日本鼓虾是关键中间种;夏季关键捕食者增加了白姑鱼和许氏平鲉(Sebastes schlegelii),日本鼓虾转变为关键饵料种;在冬季,关键捕食者由口虾蛄、白姑鱼更替为矛尾[鱼叚]虎鱼,日本鼓虾由关键饵料种类更替为关键中间种;关键种生态位更替导致底层食物网拓扑结构简单化发展,一定程度上加剧了长岛毗邻海域底层生物群落结构的脆弱性。

舟山群岛海域近十年波浪能资源评估

海洋波浪能资源储量巨大,前景广阔,充分做好波浪能评估工作有助于产业开发规划和能源持续供给。基于舟山近海单点长时间浮标观测资料,参考国际电工委员会海洋能技术委员会发布的波浪资源评估方法和技术规范(IEC TS 62600-101),应用第三代近岸海浪谱模型SWAN(simulating waves nearshore)验证并执行了舟山群岛海域近10年的波浪场模拟计算,生成包括6项IEC评估参数在内的可用于描述资源分布特征的高精度波浪数据集,进而对舟山海域波浪能资源进行了详细的分析和评估。研究表明,舟山群岛海域的波浪能资源受岛屿遮蔽的影响严重且季节性特征明显,资源量在空间上大致呈东高西低的分布状态;马鞍列岛东南岸、中奎岛东岸以及岱山-东福山岛屿群东半部分沿岸均为不错的波能开发选址地,后者最为理想。10年高精度波浪信息数据集可为舟山群岛的波浪能资源开发提供有价值的参考。

杭州湾及舟山海域可能最大台风风暴潮增水的数值研究

基于有限体积海洋模型(FVCOM)构建了一个覆盖中国渤海、黄海和东海的高分辨率风暴潮模型,模拟了1509号台风“灿鸿”引发的风暴潮事件,风暴潮水位模拟结果与实测数据吻合良好。基于最佳台风路径集数据集提供的风场和气压数据,建立了中国近海台风最大风速和最低中心气压的线性回归联系,相关系数达到0.96。在此基础上,以可能最大热带气旋参数为基础,构造了多种假想台风路径,计算了杭州湾和舟山海域的可能最大风暴潮增水。结果表明,沿垂直于海岸线方向登陆的台风在杭州湾和舟山海域引起的风暴潮增水极值最高。杭州湾湾顶可能最大风暴潮水位达8.76 m,舟山海域可能最大风暴潮水位达2.62 m。结果可为杭州湾和舟山海域海洋工程的风险评估和防灾减灾提供参考。

On the beginning of the Japanese Upper Paleolithic:A review of recent archaeological and anthropological evidence

The beginning of the Japanese Upper Paleolithic has mainly been examined using two major models:the Middle Paleolithic evolutionary model within the archipelago and the continental Upper Paleolithic diffusion/migration model.However,recent archeological data from Japan and nearby countries are challenging such simple models.This paper critically reviews previous chronology of the Japanese Paleolithic,including possible Lower and Middle Paleolithic(LP/MP),and attempts to show an alternative model of the beginning of the Japanese Upper Paleolithic.This paper suggests several possible specimens of LP/MP and recommends further geoarchaeological investigation to understand the reliability and cultural relationship between possible LP/MP specimens and the Early Upper Paleolithic(EUP).The start of the Japanese EUP is presently characterized by a flake industry with trapezoids and denticulates around 39-37 kaBP cal on Paleo-Honshu Island,which has partial resemblance with contemporary assemblages in China and the Korean Peninsula,although trapezoids are endemic only to the Japanese EUP and may have derived from the ancestral lithic tradition.Blade technology appeared earliest on Central Paleo-Honshu Island,about 1000 years later than the earliest flake technology.Although blade technology may have originated from the elongated flake technology of the previous period,the sudden simultaneous emergence implies that it diffused from the Korean Peninsula.This paper proposes that blade technology from the Korean Peninsula arrived on the northeastern Paleo-Honshu Island,including the Japan Sea coastal region of western Honshu,rather than the southwest,where flake technology long prospered,due to differences in ecological settings and adaptation strategies between the two regions.

废墟·过程·群岛——世界主义者矶崎新的城市思想简析

文章围绕矶崎新1960年代以来主要的城市提案、展览装置和文字著述,对其城市思想进行简述。分析矶崎新如何从“废墟”的概念出发,逐渐形成“过程规划论”的方法,通过1990年代与海洋相关的3个提案,将“群岛”城市的未来构想具象化;并试图呈现矶崎新对全球化时代的建筑、城市和社会形态的再思考及其背后的世界主义特征,以此追忆矶崎新始于废墟、终于大海的一生。

越南建构的南海历史地名叙事及其存在的逻辑问题

在中越之间关于南海的争议中,越南方面找到诸多历史资料来支撑其主张。这些史料中的地名繁杂而混乱,但却被罗织成相互关联的地名关系。这种历史叙述看似系统而完整,但其各个节点却缺乏充分的证据和合理的逻辑。以越南发行的白皮书为线索,可以找到越南建构南海历史叙述的主要依据。详细考察这些越南和西方文献中相关地名之间的关系,即可进一步发现越南南海主张中的历史地名叙事逻辑及其问题所在。

庙岛群岛海域理化环境及水质状况研究

文章于2018年8月和10月,2019年3月和6月对庙岛群岛海域展开4个航次的表层海水水质调查,布设100个监测站位,分析了水温、pH、溶解氧、化学需氧量、溶解无机氮、活性磷酸盐、总氮、总磷、石油类等理化参数的平面分布,并对该海域的营养状况和有机污染状况进行评价。调查结果显示,水温均值为(16.8±5.69)℃,pH均值为8.13±0.074,溶解氧浓度均值为(8.62±1.46)mg/L,化学需氧量浓度均值为(0.85±0.29)mg/L,溶解无机氮浓度均值为(0.070 6±0.054 5)mg/L,活性磷酸盐浓度均值为(0.070 6±0.054 5)mg/L,总氮浓度均值为(0.255±0.148)mg/L,总磷浓度均值为(0.013 3±0.006 39)mg/L,石油类浓度均值为(0.013 5±0.007 55)mg/L。庙岛群岛海域的理化参数基本符合第二类海水水质标准。海域监测站位水质富营养化指数基本小于1,营养状况为贫营养。有机污染评价指数法评价结果显示,该海域4个月份中96%监测站位的等级为较好。

庙岛群岛南五岛岸线变迁及岛体形态变化分析

针对当前庙岛群岛南五岛长时序海岸线和岛体形态变化过程不清楚的问题,本文基于1980—2020年的陆地卫星(Landsat)影像,分析了40年来庙岛群岛南五岛岸线长度与结构的时空变化特征及岛体形态变化,并探讨了主要驱动因素。结果表明:近40年来,研究区岸线总长度增长了13.58 km,增长幅度为21.68%,年均增长0.34 km;研究区自然岸线占比不断下降,且逐渐向港口码头和建设围堤类型转变;研究区岸线曲折度增加,各海岛形态呈现不同程度变化,且南长山岛形态变化最大,其他4个海岛表现相对稳定;研究区岸线和岛体形态变化受到人类活动、政策因素和自然因素的共同影响,以向海扩张为主导,主要为港口码头、围海养殖等海岸工程建设。研究结果可为深入认识庙岛群岛空间资源的变化及开展生态修复提供基础数据和科学依据。

功能翻译理论视角下对外宣传翻译研究——以舟山市政府网站英文版为例

外宣翻译不仅是提升城市文化软实力的需要,也是增进跨文化交流的需要。在众多外宣文本中,政府的英文版网站公信力较高,是对外宣传的重要平台。文章基于功能翻译理论,选取舟山市政府网站外宣英文文本作为研究材料,从语用、文化、语言和特定翻译四类失误,分析探讨外宣翻译的现状与问题,进而提出对应的外宣翻译策略:第一,翻译方法上,采用翻译补偿,去繁就简,内容注意内外有别。第二,译者素养上,译内功与译外功兼具。第三,政府管理上,加大翻译类人才培养及网站建设财力物力投入,制定外宣翻译规范,充分利用信息化时代的融媒体宣传功能。

Post-Rifting Magmatism and the Drowned Reefs in the Xisha Archipelago Domain

Fourteen isolated drowned reefs have been identified around the Xisha Uplift by multibeam and seismic data. The drowning processes of these reefs can be divided into three different stages, which correspond to three different accelerated tectonic subsidence periods. The drowning of the Xisha reefs is the result of the combined action of tectonic subsidence and sea level fluctuations, and the tectonic subsidence rate had to remain above 0.2 mm yr^(-1 )for a long time. Three abrupt accelerated tectonic subsidence events that occurred in the late Miocene, Pliocene and early Quaternary in the Xisha Uplift were closely related to the thermal subsidence processes after three stages of post-rifting magmatism. The magmatism of the middle Miocene and the following thermal subsidence resulted in the drowning of reefs in the northwestern Xisha uplift(Zone A). During the early Pliocene, massive magmatic intrusions and volcanic eruptions occurred in the Xisha Uplift. Then, the subsequent thermal subsidence started the drowning process of reefs in the northeastern and western regions of the Xisha Uplift(Zone B and C). During the early Quaternary, large-scale magmatism also occurred in the Xisha Uplift. The subsequent thermal subsidence resulted in a new rapid tectonic subsidence, which caused the reefs in the southern and southeastern regions of the Xisha Uplift to drown(Zone D and E).

Summertime community structure of intertidal macrobenthos in Changdao Archipelago,Shandong Province,China

The community structure of intertidal macrobenthos in Changdao Archipelago(north of Shandong Peninsula,between Bohai Bay and the northern Yellow Sea) was examined based on samples collected from 14 stations in five transects in June 2007.Three stations corresponding to high,medium and low tidal areas were set up for each transect.A total of 68 macrobenthic species were found in the research region,most of which belonged to Mollusca and Crustacea.The average abundance and biomass of the macrobenthos was 1 383 ind./m2 and 372.41 g/m2,respectively.The use of an arbitrary similarity level of 20% resulted in identification of five groups among the 14 stations in the research region.There were remarkable differences in the biomass,abundance and Shannon-Wiener diversity index of the different sediments.Specifically,the order of biomass was rocky shores > gravel > mud-sand > coarse sand > stiff mud,while the order of abundance was rocky shores > coarse sand > mud-sand > gravel > stiff mud,and that of the diversity index was mud-sand > gravel > stiff mud > rocky shores > coarse sand.The above results revealed that the sediment type was the most important factor affecting the structure of the macrobenthic community of the intertidal zone.

Suspended Sediment Transport and Deposition in the Zhoushan Archipelago Sea Area

The transport mechanism and settlement characteristics of suspended sediments are analyzed in this article on the basis of measured data. Results indicate that the concentration and flux of suspended sediments decrease sharply from Hangzhou Bay to the offshore area. Suspended sediment transport is mainly controlled by advection transport and gravitational circulation transport. The settling velocity of suspended sediments gradually decreases from Hangzhou Bay to the offshore area. The settlement of suspended sediments mainly takes place during the turning phase of the tidal currents.

Regional characteristics of sea ice thickness in Canadian shelf and Arctic Archipelago measured by Ground Penetrating Radar

Ground Penetrating Radar （GPR） measurements of sea ice thickness including undeformed ice and ridged ice were carried out in the central north Canadian Archipelago in spring 2010. Results have shown a significant spatial heterogeneity of sea ice thickness across the shelf. The undeformed multi-year fast ice of （2.05±0.09） m thick was investigated southern inshore zone of Borden island located at middle of the observational section, which was the observed maximum thickness in the field work. The less thick sea ice was sampled across a flaw lead with the thicknesses of （1.05±0.11） m for the pack ice and （1.24±0.13） m for the fast ice. At the northernmost spot of the section, the undeformed multi-year pack ice was （1.54±0.22） m thick with a ridged ice of 2.5 to 3 m, comparing to the multi-year fast ice with the thickness of （1.67±0.16） m at the southernmost station in the Prince Gustaf Adolf Sea.

A model to assess fundamental and realized carrying capacities of island ecosystem:A case study in the southern Miaodao Archipelago of China

Research on carrying capacity, aiming at maintaining the limited ability of the Earth＇s life supporting system to sustain human development, requires a comprehensive and ecosystem-based approach to monitor and assess the localized sustainability of coupled social and ecological systems. A definition termed the ecosystem-based carrying capacity of island（EBCCI） was developed in this paper of which the indices of fundamental and realized carrying capacities of island（FCCI and RCCI） were highlighted to emphasize the inter-dependencies between social systems and ecological systems. In order to avoid the difficulties and uncertainties of direct assessment, the related assessment model was established on the basis of synthetic evaluation of inherent and external factors affecting the EBCCI. The southern Miaodao Archipelago（SMA） located in the intersection of the Bohai Sea and the Yellow Sea, China, was taken as a typical example to acquire integrated recognition of the island ecosystem and its carrying capacity so as to discuss its sustainable development. The index scores of FCCI and RCCI in the SMA were 0.818 5 and 0.712 9 out of 1.0, respectively, with acceptable uncertainties. The results showed a relatively well capacity to sustain progress and relatively well realization of the carrying capacity of island ecosystem, owing to a well capacity of ecologically regulating, general performance of both ecologically supporting and resource provisioning, and a relatively high level of social supporting system. The study implied that it was critical to optimize the inter-dependencies and to sustain the relative balance between social systems and ecological systems so as to improve the RCCI and further facilitate the sustainability of SMA. The approach proposed in this paper provides a powerful tool which is well applicative to the regional level of an oceanic island or archipelago to study the sustainable development and can be further popularized to the coastal zone.

Spatiotemporal heterogeneity of phytoplankton diversity and its relation to water environmental factors in the southern waters of Miaodao Archipelago,China

To study the water quality influenced by the anthropogenic activities and its impact on the phytoplankton diversity in the surface waters of Miaodao Archipelago, the spatiotemporal variations in phytoplankton communities and the environmental properties of the surface waters surrounding the Five Southern Islands of Miaodao Archipelago were investigated, based on seasonal field survey conducted from November 2012 to August 2013. During the survey, a total of 109 phytoplankton species from 3 groups were identified in the southern waters of Miaodao Archipelago, of which 77 were diatoms, 29 were dinoflagellates, and 3 were chrysophytes. Species number was higher in winter（73）, moderate in autumn（70）, but lower in summer（31） and spring（27）. The species richness index in autumn（5.92） and winter（4.28） was higher than that in summer（2.83） and spring（1.41）.The Shannon-Wiener diversity index was high in autumn（2.82）, followed by winter（1.99） and summer（1.92）, and low in spring（0.07）. The species evenness index in autumn（0.46） and summer（0.39） was higher than that in winter（0.32） and spring（0.02）. On the basis of principal component analysis（PCA） and redundancy analysis（RDA）, we found that dissolved inorganic nitrogen（DIN） and chemical oxygen demand（COD） in spring, COD in summer, p H in autumn, and salinity and oil pollutant in winter, respectively, showed the strongest association with the distribution of phytoplankton diversity. The spatial heterogeneity of the southern waters of Miaodao Archipelago was quite obvious, and three zones, i.e., northeastern, southwestern and inter-island water area, were identified by cluster analysis（CA） based on key environmental variables.

Spratlies Archipelago as the Australasian Tektite Impact Crater, Details of Formation &Richard Muller’s Dust Cloud Explanation for the Mid-Pleistocene Ice Age Cycle Transition

Several significant events of a geological nature occurred approximately 800 ka before the present: (1) Australasian tektite fall (AA), (2) Brunhes-Matuyama geomagnetic reversal (BMR), (3) mid-Pleistocene changes in ice age cycles. Add to these the undated fault system (4) in the South-West (SW) of the South China Sea (SCS). Here we offer a unified cause for all four of these in (5), an impact in the SCS of a large, massive cosmic object, likely a comet, obliquely coming from the SW at an extremely shallow angle, striking the Sunda shelf yet unexploded with the shock of its compressed air bow wave, and causing the continual shelf and slope to collapse, resulting in the fault system (4), then traveling almost tangentially to the surface, exploding at impact with the sea surface, ejecting the tektites (1), creating the formation underlying the later atolls of Spratlies Archipelago (6), Nansha Islands in Chinese, & causing the BMR (2). An explanation of event (3) was Richard Muller’s hypothesis of planet Earth passing through an interplanetary dust cloud periodically due to ecliptic precession. Here we hypothesize this cloud actually is a belt of Australasian tektites ejected into space at super-orbital velocities that Earth encounters about every 100 ka.