Sedimentary architecture and distribution of intra-platform shoal in sequence framework of Permian Changxing Formation in central Sichuan Basin,SW China

Based on the comprehensive analysis of core, thin section, logging and seismic data, this study carried out the identification and comparison of Permian Changxing Formation sequences, clarified the typical sedimentary architectures of intra-platform shoal, investigated the vertical and horizontal development and distribution of intra-platform shoal in each sequence, and thus established the sedimentary evolution model of shoal body. The study results are reflected in four aspects.First, there are two complete third-order sequences(SQ1 and SQ2) in Changxing Formation in central Sichuan Basin. SQ1 is generally thick in the north and thin in the south, and SQ2 shows a thickness differentiation trend of “two thicknesses and three thinnesses”. Second, the Changxing Formation in central Sichuan Basin mainly develops intra-platform shoal, inter-shoal sea and intra-platform depression subfacies. In the vertical direction, the intra-platform shoal mainly presents two typical sedimentary sequences: stable superposed and high-frequency interbedded. Third, the stable superimposed sedimentary sequence is developed in the shoal belt at the edge of intra-platform depression, which is composed of two shoal-forming periods and located in the highstand systems tracts(HSTs) of SQ1 and SQ2. The high-frequency interbedded sedimentary sequence is developed in the southern shoal belt of intra-platform depression, which is composed of four shoal-forming periods and mainly located in the HST of SQ2. Fourth, during the SQ1 deposition, the intra-platform shoal was mainly developed at the edge of the intra-platform depression on the north side of the study area, and the inter-shoal sea subfacies was mainly developed on the south side. During the SQ2 deposition, the intra-platform shoal was widely developed in the area, forming two nearly parallel intra-platform shoal belts. The study results provide direction and ideas for exploration of Changxing Formation intra-platform shoal reservoirs in central Sichuan Basin.

Sequence Stratigraphy of the Permian--Triassia Boundary Section of Changxing, Zhejiang, Southern China

Three third-order sequences and about one hundred high-frequency cycles or Milankovitchcycles within the Late Permian Changxingian to Early Triassic Griesbachian are identified in theMeishan Section of Changxing, Zhejiang Province, southern China, the candidate stratotype sec-tion of the global Permo-Triassic boundary, based on a detailed study of the biological,ecological and high-resolution allochthonous cyclic events, microfacies and depositional systems.Furthermore, the stacking pattern of the depositional systems across various Changxingian andGriesbachian sedimentary facies of the Lower Yangtze and the sequence stratigraphic frameworkare outlined with the Meishan section as the principal section. In this paper the habitat types offossil biota are applied to semiquantitative palaeobathymetry and the study of relative sea levelchanges.

Geochemical characteristics of the Permian Changxing Formation reef dolomites,northeastern Sichuan Basin,China

The recent discovery of deep and ultra-deep gas reservoirs in the Permian Changxing Formation reefs, northeastern Sichuan Basin is a significant development in marine carbonate oil ＆ gas exploration in China. Reef dolomites and their origins have been major research topics for sedimentologists and oil ＆ gas geologists. The petrography, trace element and isotope geochemistry of the reef dolomites indicated that the dolomites are characterized by low Sr and Mn contents, relatively low Fe contents, very similar δ13C and 6180 values and very different 87Sr/86Sr ratios. Although the calculated results of the fluid mixing suggested that a mixture with 85%-95% meteoric water and 50/o- 15% seawater seemed to be the dolomitizing fluids of the reef dolomites, the low Mn contents, relatively low Fe contents, high δ13c values and high homogenization temperatures of the dolomites did not support that there were large proportions of meteoric water in the dolomitization process, and the 87Sr/86Sr ratios which were close to coeval seawater also did not support the possibility of the mixture of deep-burial circulated fluids from clastic rocks. High temperature deep-burial circulated seawater with low Mn and Fe contents, high Sr content and high δ13C values from the dissolution of widely distributed Triassic evaporites during the burial diagenetic processes （including dehydration of water-bearing evaporites） could have been the dolomitizing fluids of the reef dolomites.

Geochemical characteristics and diagenetic systems of dolomite reservoirs of the Changxing Formation in the eastern Sichuan Basin, China

In order to discuss the relationship between dolomite reservoirs and diagenetic systems of the Changxing Formation, we studied carbon, oxygen and strontium stable isotopes, iron, manganese and strontium trace elements and the Mg/Ca （mol%） ratio, dolomite order degree, and determined that burial dolomitization is the key to controlling the distribution of high quality dolomite reservoir in the Changxing Formation in the eastern Sichuan Basin. The dolomite of the Changxing Formation is divided into four diagenetic systems： （1） penecontemporaneous stage syngenetic brine diagenetic system, （2） early diagenetic stage strata seal brine diagenetic system, （3） middle-late diagenetic stage mixed hot brine diagenetic system and （4） tectonic uplift stage mixed hydrothermal fluid diagenetic system. New understanding of the controlling factors and distribution of dolomite reservoir development is discussed. Reef shoal facies belts controlled regional reservoir distribution and the scale of development. Burial dolomitization of a strata seal brine diagenetic system is the foundation of reservoir development, mainly developing pore reservoir. Burial dolomitization of mixed hot brine diagenetic system expanded the reservoir distribution and improved the reservoir quality, mainly developing pore-vug reservoir. Fracturing and dissolution of a mixed hydrothermal fluid diagenetic system is the key to improving the reservoir quality, mainly developing pore-vug-crack complex reservoirs.

Formation Mechanism of the Changxing Formation Gas Reservoir in the Yuanba Gas Field,Sichuan Basin,China

In a very gentle platform-margin paleogeographic environment, platform-margin reef flat facies carbonate reservoir rocks were developed in the Changxing Formation of Yuanba field. Later weak structural evolution and diagenetic evolution caused the Changxing Formation to form lithologic traps, with good reservoirs such as dissolved bioclastic dolostone and dissolved pore dolostone. The Changxing Formation gas reservoir is a pseudo-layered porous lithologic gas reservoir under pressure depletion drive, with high H2S and moderate CO2 contents. This paper predictes that the conducting system for the Changxing Formation gas reservoir is possibly composed of the pores and microfractures in the Changxing Formation reservoir, the top erosional surface of the Changxing Formation, as well as the micropores and microfractures in the underlying formations. The Changxing Formation reservoir has experienced 3 hydrocarbon charging stages. This paper suggests that diffusion is the major formation mechanism for this gas reservoir. In the Middle and Late Yanshanian, the Yuanba area entered the major gas charging stage. The gas migrated mainly through diffusion and with the assistance of seepage flow in small faults and microfractures from the source rocks and the other oil-bearing strata to the Changxing Formation carbonate reservoir rocks, forming lithologic gas pools. In the Himalayan Epoch, the lithologic traps were uplifted as a whole without strong modification or overlapping, and were favorable for gas preservation.

Internal Facies Architecture and Evolution History of Changxing Mouth-Bar Complex in the Changjiang(Yangtze)Delta,China

River-mouth bar is a fundamental element to constitute a delta system, and its internal facies architectures are vital to reconstruct delta evolution history and study high-resolution sequence stratigraphy. Changxing Island is a representative mouth-bar complex in the modern Changjiang Delta. Its vertical stacked strata produced by delta progradation were first studied by detailed facies analysis of core CX03, and then a general facies architecture and evolution history of mouth-bar complexes in the modern Changjiang Delta were discussed through a comparative study of 5 different cores and historical charts. A progradational deltaic sequence has generally a similar internal facies architecture, composed of massive muddy deposits of prodelta and delta-front slope facies at the bottom, sand-dominated deposits of delta-front platform, inter-bar channel and mouth-bar facies at the middle, and heterolithic deposits of tidal flat and saltmarsh facies at the top. There is a significant time lag for the initial formation of channel-mouth bar systems between Chongming and Jiuduansha Islands. Compared with subtidal flats, sedimentation rates on intertidal flats were highly accelerated, potentially resulting from weakening wave and tidal strength over extensive intertidal flats and increasing human embankment activities in the last few centuries. These findings provide some new clues to understand modern and ancient mouth-bar evolution and resultant sequence strata in tide-dominated deltas.

Prestack inversion identification of organic reef gas reservoirs of Permian Changxing Formation in Damaoping area, Sichuan Basin, SW China

Organic reef reservoirs in the platform margin of Kaijiang-Liangping trough in Damaoping area, Sichuan Basin are thin in single layer, fast in lateral variation, and have small P-impedance difference from the surrounding rock, it is difficult to identify and predict the reservoirs and fluid properties by conventional post-stack inversion. Through correlation analysis of core test data and logging P-S wave velocity, this work proposed a formula to calculate the shear wave velocity in different porosity ranges, and solved the issue that some wells in the study area have no S-wave data. AVO forward analysis reveals that formation porosity is the main factor affecting the variation of AVO type, the change of water saturation cannot affect the AVO type, but it has an effect on the change range of AVO. Through cross-plotting analysis of elastic parameters, it is found that fluid factor is a parameter sensitive to gas-bearing property of organic reef reservoir in the study area. By comparing results of post-stack impedance inversion, post-stack high frequency attenuation property, pre-stack simultaneous inversion and AVO anomaly analysis of angle gathers, it is found that the gas-bearing prediction of organic reef reservoirs by using fluid factor derived from simultaneous pre-stack inversion had the highest coincidence rate with actual drilling data. At last, according to the characteristics of fluid factor distribution, the favorable gas-bearing area of the organic reef reservoir in Changxing Formation was predicted, and the organic reef trap at the top of Changxing Formation in Block A of Damaoping area was sorted out as the next exploration target.

Paleomagnetic Polarity Research of Paleobiology Boundary(Bed27) of Meishan,Changxing,Zhejiang Province

The magnetostratigraphic sampling was carried out respectively in the inside part (14 cm away from the section surface along the bed) and outside part (5 cm away from the section surface along the bed) with no interval at the same bed (Bed 27) which the paleobiology boundary (PBB) of A and D sections lies in of Meishan, Changxing. This research shows that the deep samples suffered slighter secondary magnetization than the shallow ones did and in comparison with D section ’s samples, the samples of A section sustained slighter secondary magnetization. On the bases of the data, the secondary magnetization influence of which is relatively weak, this paper obtains the conclusion that the bed, in which the paleobiology boundary lies, lies within the reverse polarity subzone.

The Geochemical Characteristics of Stable Carbon and Oxygen Isotope and Analysis of Diagenetic Environment --A Case Study of Upper Permian Changxing Formation Dolostone in Northeast of Sichuan

四川盆地东北部上二叠统长兴组白云岩为重要的优质储层,近年来,长兴组白云岩成岩环境或成因问题成为研究者讨论的热点话题。在岩石学研究的基础上,运用稳定碳、氧同位素,对研究区长兴组白云岩进行综合研究表明,白云石化具有多期次的特点,按照成岩环境划分为蒸发环境下的准同生白云岩和埋藏条件下的早、中、晚期成岩白云岩。并划分为早、中、晚成岩阶段,结合碳、氧同位素分析结果进一步表明晚成岩阶段白云岩是构造热液白云石化的结果。

Reservoir Prediction Restricted by Sequence Stratigraphy--A Case Study of Bioclastic Shoal Reservoir in Changxing Formation of Jiannan Area

Bioclastic shoal reservoir in Changxing Formation of Jiannan area is characterized by small thickness and strong heterogeneity. The uncertainty of the reservoir distribution pattern has confined the effective development of this area, so the accurate bioclastic shoal reservoir prediction would be the key to achieve development breakthroughs. Based on drilling, well-log, seismic and core analysis data, this article conducted exquisite sequence stratigraphic classification and established isochronal regional stratigraphic framework of Changxing Formation in Jiannan area. The reservoir seismic corresponding features were determined by exquisite calibrating bioclastic shoal reservoir in Changxing Formation. Therefore, seismic processing methods, such as multiple attribute analysis and amplitude inversion, were applied to attain more reliable reservoir prediction results, which indicated the distribution of vertical reservoir in SSQ2, the IV sequence order and the distribution of horizontal reservoir around Well J43 and JZ1 in the platform margin of the study area.

四川盆地五百梯地区长兴组古地貌恢复及地震预测

四川盆地五百梯地区长兴组地层分布范围广、勘探潜力大,但存在礁滩储层厚度薄、礁滩体刻画难、演化规律不明显、非均质性强等问题,增加了储层预测的多解性。对此,从生物礁岩石学特征及储层特征研究出发,提出了生物礁储层的纵向发育规律和部位,并利用生物礁储层的地震异常特征,刻画礁滩体优质储层横向展布特征,并重点分析了古地貌对礁滩储层发育特征的关键性控制作用,最后结合古地貌恢复及储层反演等方法,对礁滩储层进行综合评价,并总结形成了长兴组礁滩体储层地震识别模式,降低了礁滩储层预测的多解性。研究发现,长兴组沉积前已形成了海槽雏形,长兴组早中期形成了台缘及台内二排礁区域高地貌基本格局,到长兴组沉积末期海槽特征明显,古地貌高部位是储层发育的最有利区域,优势储层主要集中在台缘外带及台内二排礁局部区域,该认识为四川盆地长兴组台内礁勘探提供了重要的依据及借鉴意义。

推荐一条GSSP的辅助剖面

该文赞同以Ｈｉｎｄｅｏｄｕｓｐａｒｖｕｓ的首次出现作为划分二叠－三叠系界线的生物标志．笔者强调只有以正模及其描述为准所厘订的Ｈ．ｐａｒｖｕｓ，且以主齿、细齿均保存完美、距界线粘土层顶面位置最低以及其顶面至界线生物面之上均为单一岩相的Ｈ．ｐａｒｖｕｓ的首次出现点位，才有可能成为二叠－三叠系全球界线层型剖面点的位置．东岭剖面可以它典型的Ｈ．ｐａｒｖｕｓ距界线粘土层顶面仅高出１３ｃｍ，化石保存完好以及界线粘土层至Ｐ／Ｔ界线附近均为单一的灰泥岩三特点弥补煤山剖面之不足．为使作为二叠－三叠系全球界线层型剖面点（ＧＳＳＰ）的候选剖面的浙江长兴煤山剖面更臻完善。

四川仪陇—平昌地区长兴组-飞仙关组层序地层及沉积演化

四川仪陇—平昌地区,特别是环开江-梁平海槽区域的长兴组—飞仙关组蕴藏着大量油气资源,但其三级层序划分方案有待统一。基于最新的钻井岩心、测井、野外露头资料综合分析,识别出岩性岩相突变界面及局部暴露不整合界面2种Ⅱ型层序界面,将仪陇—平昌地区的长兴组-飞仙关组划分为4个三级层序,建立了层序地层格架。该区目的层主要发育典型的镶边台地沉积体系,至晚期海槽消失,发育陆表海型台地体系开阔台地及蒸发台地。长兴组沉积期,开江-梁平海槽范围逐渐扩大,高位域是生物礁发育的有利阶段,由于SQ2晚期海平面急速下降,其生物礁规模较SQ1时期有所减小;飞仙关组沉积早期海平面快速上升,鲕粒滩难以形成,随后进入整体海退阶段,至SQ3高位域时期,鲕粒滩连片发育。层序划分方案与礁、滩储层发育特征匹配,能够应用于下一步油气勘探。

四川盆地蓬溪-武胜台凹西侧长兴组成藏主控因素

蓬溪-武胜台凹为开江-梁平海槽同期构造产物,其两侧的油气勘探一直未取得较大突破,成藏特征认识也不够清晰。文中在系统梳理烃源岩、储层、构造等成藏条件基础上,结合最新钻探成果,开展了成藏主控因素研究。结果表明,长兴组成藏具有3个基本条件,即多套优质烃源岩的发育,规模发育的礁滩储层,通源断层提供的油气垂向进入长兴组的通道。长兴组油气富集规律取决于2个要素:1)源储匹配。源储匹配不佳决定了长兴组未能大规模成藏,多套烃源岩中仅筇竹寺组在生、排烃期上与断层活动期的匹配较好,其余烃源岩对长兴组供烃有限;由于延伸至长兴组的断层较少,源储间有效通道缺乏又进一步导致了气源不足。2)生物礁滩储层发育状况。生物礁滩储层的连续发育促成了垂侧向复合输导体系的形成,在此基础上有限的烃类会逐步向斜坡高部位运移聚集,气水分布受构造影响较大,非“一礁一藏”。据此研究结果,优选了4个勘探有利区。

深层碳酸盐岩沉积微相决策树测井识别方法

深层海相碳酸盐岩储层是油气勘探开发的重要领域,沉积微相识别与划分是开展储层精细描述的基础与关键。为建立以测井资料为基础的复杂礁滩相碳酸盐岩储层沉积微相自动识别方法,以元坝长兴组礁滩相储层为例,结合常规测井、电成像测井及地质资料,明确不同微相的测井响应特征,建立涵盖不同沉积微相岩石物理与测井曲线形态差异的智能识别样本集。针对现有C4.5决策树算法在缺失属性样本分类问题中表现出的建树结构复杂、精度低等问题,提出一种基于贝叶斯原理的适用于缺失值问题的决策树新方法,降低了建树的不确定性,提高了运算效率。经7口井检验,沉积微相识别符合率达到90%以上,新方法丰富并完善了深层海相碳酸盐岩储层勘探开发技术体系,为利用测井资料开展复杂礁滩相碳酸盐岩沉积微相划分提供可靠依据。

G60科创走廊建设下洞泾智能公交站台设计研究

积极响应上海市洞泾镇人民政府智能公交站台设计项目,以长兴路/同乐路为基点,探讨G60科创走廊建设下的智能公交站台设计策略。对标洞泾镇政府“城市客厅”建设要求,分别采用个案研究法、文献分析法、田野调查法,对国内外智能公交车站案例和洞泾镇域文化进行剖析;依据上海市工程建设规范,开展对洞泾智能公交站台的设计实践。设计一款集防晒、防雨、共享、阅读、投影显示、信息追踪多功能于一体的智能公交站台概念方案。该方案不仅满足了乘客候车刚需,同时体现了洞泾传统文化与现代文化的相融共生,符合洞泾人工智能基地品牌发展的需要。

川东地区新钻区块礁滩沉积模式及有利相带——以板东南缘上二叠统长兴组为例

近年来,四川盆地东部武胜-石柱台内洼地两侧上二叠统长兴组礁滩气藏勘探开发不断突破,卧龙河南缘地区3口生物礁钻井已获天然气近5×10^(8)m^(3),与其相邻的板东南缘长兴组也发现大面积相同的礁滩地震异常体,但其“亚平行层状反射”特征与典型的生物礁地震响应特征具有明显差异,由于该区块钻井少(仅板东18井1口井),研究程度较低,对于该异常体是礁还是滩的地质认识仍然模糊不清。因此,亟待建立本区的沉积模式,为下一步的勘探部署提供理论依据。在对比分析卧龙河南缘及广安高带地区的薄片、测井曲线及地震资料的基础上,结合正演及古地貌分析,开展了本区沉积储层模式及有利相带预测的研究。结果表明:①板东南缘地区长二段岩性以生屑灰岩为主,长三段见生物礁灰岩,认为板东南缘地区具有生物礁和生屑滩纵向叠置发育的条件;②板东南缘台洼边缘前端长顶上隆、振幅减弱、内部断续及空白反射为生物礁的响应特征,台洼边缘后端长顶上隆、振幅减弱、内部亚平行层状反射为礁滩叠置体的响应特征;③恢复了长兴组古地貌,预测了礁滩体有利相带共8.8km^(2);④通过与邻区的井震对比及正演分析,建立了本区台洼边缘前端生物礁、台洼边缘后端礁滩叠置体的沉积模式。板东南缘地区长兴组礁滩沉积模式的建立对台洼礁滩气藏的勘探开发具有重要的指导意义。

A proposed GSSP for the base of the Middle Ordovician Series： the Huanghuachang section,Yichang, China

The Huanghuachang section near Yichang, southern China meets the requirements of Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Middle Ordovician Series and the yet-to-be-named third stage of the Ordovician System (or lower stage of Middle Ordovician Series). The conodont succession at the section is complete across the Lower to Middle Ordovician series boundary and several excellent phylogenetic lineages of Baltoniodus, Trapezognathus, Periodon, and Microzarkodina are represented. The definition of the base of the Middle Ordovician is proposed to be the first appearance datum (FAD) of Baltoniodus? triangularis in the section. It is followed closely by the FAD of Microzarkodina flabellum, which is taken as a reasonable proxy for the boundary. This level approximates the boundary between the lower and upper intervals of the Azygograptus suecicus graptolite Biozone, and nearly coincides with the base of the Belonechitina henryi chitinozoan Biozone.The proposed GSSP for the base of the international Middle Ordovician Series is located in a roadside exposure at the base of Bed (SHod) 16, 10.57 m above the base of the Dawan Formation in the measured Huanghuachang section near Yichang City, southern China. The same faunal succession is also recorded from the Chenjiahe (formerly Daping) section, 5 km to the north of the Huanghuachang section. The proposed boundary horizon can be recognized and correlated globally with high precision in both relatively shallow-water carbonate facies as well as in deep-water graptolite facies.

Suggestion of Meishan Section as GlobalStratotype Section and Point （GSSP） of Permian－Triassic Boundary

The Meishan Section of Changxing County, Zhejiang Province, China and the base of its Bed 27c,in which Hindeodus parvus first occurs, are recommended as the GSSP of Permian-Triassic boundary (PTB).The present paper introduces a description of the section. Biostratigraphic correlation with other famous sections shows the completeness of this section and justifies choice of H. Parvus as the index fossil. Chemostratigraphic investigation provides the δ￣13C excursion and the moderate but inconsistent Ir spike as auxiliary symbols for the PTB. This boundary is closely related to transgression,anoxia,volcanism,mass extinction and possible impact events which can be correlated with those in South China and other parts of the world .