Effects of Social and Economic Development of Regions Surrounding Chao Lake on Water Quality Change of Chao Lake

The research analyzed social and economic development around Chao Lake as well as changes of water quality in Chao Lake and explored the relation- ships of local population and GDP with water chemical oxygen demand （COD）, total phosphorus （TP）, total nitrogen （TN）, chlorophyll and eutrophication index. The re- sults showed that population around Chao Lake and GDP kept growing from 2001 to 2013, and water quality was improving. In addition, correlation analysis indicated that except of water eutrophication, GDP and population showed inverse correlation with other indices, demonstrating that water quality has been effectively controlled in Chao Lake recently.

P-wave velocity structure in the crust and the uppermost mantle of Chao Lake region of the Tan-Lu Fault inferred from teleseismic arrival time tomography

Chao Lake is a Geoheritage site on the active Tan-Lu Fault between the Yangtze craton,the North China craton,and the Dabie orogenic belt in the southeast.This segment of the fault is not well constrained at depth partly due to the overprinting of the fault zone by intrusive materials and its relatively low seismic activity and sparse seismic station coverage.This study took advantage of a dense seismic array deployed around Chao Lake to delineate the P-wave velocity variations in the crust and uppermost mantle using teleseismic earthquake arrival time tomography.The station-pair double-difference with waveform crosscorrelation technique was employed.We used a multiscale resolution 3-D initial model derived from the combination of highresolution 3-D v S models within the region of interest to account for the lateral heterogeneity in the upper crust.The results revealed that the velocity of the upper crust is segmented with structures trending in the direction of the strike of the fault.Sedimentary basins are delineated on both sides of the fault with slow velocities,while the fault zone is characterized by high velocity in the crust and uppermost mantle.The high-velocity structure in the fault zone shows characteristics of magma intrusion that may be connected to the Mesozoic magmatism in and around the Middle and Lower Yangtze River Metallogenic Belt(MLYMB),implying that the Tan-Lu fault might have formed a channel for magma intrusion.Magmatic material in Chao Lake is likely connected to the partial melting,assimilation,storage,and homogenization of the uppermost mantle and the lower crustal rocks.The intrusions,however,seem to have suffered severe regional extension along the Tan-Lu fault driven by the eastward Paleo-Pacific plate subduction,thereby losing its deep trail due to extensional erosion.

Quantitative Evaluation on Wetland Ecosystem Service Function in Chao Lake

[Objective] The aim was to better reveal the type of ecosystem service function of wetlands in Chao Lake and provide references for protection and man- agement, restoration and rebuilding of local wetland ecosystem. [Method] The val- ues of ecosystem function was estimated by market value method, opportunity cost approach, replacement cost method, shadow engineering approach, travel cost method, hedonic pricing method and contingent value method. [Result] With wetland ecosystem service function value totals 4.968 billion yuan, the value of eco-environ- ment regulation and maintenance was the highest, followed by the value of cultural and social function. The value of material production was the least. The values of sub-functions can be concluded by comparison of service function va}ue and pro- portions, as follows： flood mitigation 〉water purification 〉water conservation 〉 tourism＆leisure〉material production〉scientific research and education〉water supply〉 biodiversity maintenance〉regulation on atmosphere constituents. [Conclusion] The re- search performed quantitative evaluations on ecosystem service function values of wetlands in Chao Lake and is of significance for specific development and protec- tion of local wetlands.

Water Pollution and Environmental Governance of the Tai and Chao Lake Basins in China in an International Perspective

The Tai and Chao Lake basins are currently facing a serious water pollution crisis associated with the absence of an effective environmental governance system. The water pollution and the water governance system of the two basins will be compared. The reasons for water pollution in both basins are similar, namely the weak current water environmental governance system cannot deal with the consequences of the rapidly growing economy. China’s water governance system is a complicated combination of basin management with both departmental management and regional management. There is an absence of legal support and sound coordination mechanisms, resulting in fragmented management practices in the existing water environmental governance system. A comparison is made for the Tai and Chao Lake basins and Canada, France, the United Kingdom and the United States. Based on China’s present central-local governance structure and departmental system, an integrated reform of basin level and water environmental governance in China should learn from international experiences. The reforms could consist of improved governance structures, rebuilding authoritative and powerful agencies for basin management, strengthening the organizational structure of the basin administrations, improving legislation and regulatory systems for basin management and enhancing public participation mechanisms.

巢湖及入湖河流氮素变化特征分析

基于安徽省地表水环境质量监测网监测数据,研究了2013—2022年巢湖主要入湖河流和湖体氮素变化特征。结果表明:10年来,主要入湖河流和湖体总氮年均值范围分别为2.93~6.52 mg/L、1.18~1.72mg/L,氨氮年均值范围分别为0.49~4.98mg/L、0.10~0.44mg/L,入湖河流总氮、氨氮浓度均远高于湖泊。入湖河流和湖体氮素呈现出较为相似的年际变化、季节变化和月度变化特征,总氮、氨氮浓度均冬、春季高,夏、秋季低。巢湖入湖河流新旧污染同时存在。对于Ⅴ类和劣Ⅴ类等污染严重的水体,氨氮占比较高;水质较好的水体,氨氮占比较低。

不同施氮量对巢湖流域水稻生长及氮素吸收的影响

[目的]研究巢湖流域水稻氮肥最佳施用量,为提高该区域水稻产量和氮素利用效率提供指导。[方法]采用大田试验方法,分别设置不施氮肥(N0)和施氮105 kg/hm^(2)(N1)、210 kg/hm^(2)(N2)、315 kg/hm^(2)(N3)共4个处理,分析水稻生长及氮素利用效率的变化。[结果]水稻有效穗数随着施氮量的增加呈现出先增加后降低的规律,N2最高,为196.7万/hm^(2);施氮可以显著增加水稻每穗实粒数,但各施氮处理间差异不显著;施氮与水稻产量符合报酬递减律,二者关系呈现为开口向下的抛物线,经拟合,当施氮量为202.6 kg/hm^(2)时,水稻可达到最高产量,为8732.5 kg/hm^(2)(R2=0.9892);水稻籽粒氮素含量在8.91~15.01 g/kg,各处理水稻籽粒氮素含量由高到低顺序为N3>N2>N1>N0;不同处理间水稻籽粒氮吸收量差异显著,N2最高,为132.12 kg/hm^(2),N0最低,为54.81 kg/hm^(2),各处理水稻籽粒氮吸收量由大到小顺序为N2>N3>N1>N0;各处理秸秆氮吸收量均远低于籽粒,N2、N3处理显著高于N1和N0;N2的氮素当季回收率最高,为48.62%,而N1的氮素农学利用率和氮素偏生产力则最高。[结论]在巢湖流域水稻产区,氮肥施用量为210 kg/hm^(2)时,水稻生长及氮素利用效率较高,是较为适宜的施氮量。

不同施肥模式对巢湖流域麦田氮磷流失及小麦产量的影响

为了减轻巢湖流域农业氮磷流失对巢湖的污染,以巢湖流域稻麦轮作的麦季为研究时段,通过田间小区实验,研究不同施肥模式对麦田径流中氮磷流失、小麦产量及肥料利用率的影响。结果表明:施肥能显著增加麦田径流中氮磷流失浓度(p<0.05);与常规施肥(CG)相比,测土配方施肥(CT)、化肥减施+有机肥(YH1)、化肥减施+生物炭(YH2)、控释肥(KS)4种施肥模式总氮减排33.35%~38.73%,总磷减排22.95%~34.43%。与不施肥(CK)相比,施肥后小麦产量显著提高(p<0.05),不同施肥模式下小麦产量差异不显著(p≥0.05),但经济效益存在差异性。与CG相比,CT、YH1、YH2、KS可以提高氮肥和磷肥利用率,氮肥利用率提高了6.89%~14.47%,磷肥利用率提高了16.39%~31.71%。KS施肥模式在麦田氮磷减排和经济效益方面具有优势。

黑龙江省河湖“清四乱”规范化常态化工作实践与对策建议

水利部在全国部署开展河湖“清四乱”专项行动,历经五年实践,黑龙江省以河湖长制为重要抓手,坚持高位推动、严格督查考核、强化法治保障、跨界协调联动、规范标准程序、全面系统排查、强化宣传引导,向河湖“顽疾”宣战,有效遏制了损害河湖行为,河湖面貌发生历史性改变,连续三年获得国务院激励奖励。在总结黑龙江省经验的基础上,剖析了北方地区“清四乱”工作难点,提出对策建议。

Effects of Controlled Release Fertilizer on Loss of Nitrogen and Phosphorus from Farmland

[Objective] The aim was to study on effects of controlled release fertilizer on loss of nitrogen and phosphorus from farmland. [Method] Experiment was conducted in fields planted with rice and corn around Chao Lake and effects of compound fertilizer, controlled release fertilizer and controlled release fertilizer （reduced by 20%） on loss of nitrogen and phosphorus through runoff and leaching were analyzed. [Result] Loss of nitrogen and phosphorus mainly occurred in early stage of fertilizing; loss caused by runoff accounted for over 98% and caused by leaching was lower than 2%, indicating that nutrients of rice and corn mainly lost through runoff. As for controlled release fertilizers with 20% reduced, total loss of N and P decreased by 60% and 63% in rice field and reduced by 27.8% and 34% in corn field, respectively, indicating that controlled release fertilizer would maintain nutrients in soils high in later period of plant growth, improve use efficiency of N and P, reduce N and P loss in rice and corn fields in rainy season, and decrease non-point pollution. [Conclusion] The research suggested that controlled release fertilizer would slow down the loss of nutrients in farmlands, providing scientific references and technological support for extension of controlled release fertilizer and reduction of agricultural non-point pollution.

环巢湖治理项目——双桥河沿岸农村地区水环境治理工程设计研究

以双桥河下游沿岸的农村地区水环境治理工程为例,研究探讨了设计方案及设计要点。工程包括两部分:农村生活污水收集和村内池塘改造整治。通过在村内布设污水管道,收集各户排放的污水,末端接入已建的沿河截污管,最终进入岗岭污水处理厂;并将6个村内的池塘根据具体形态及功能针对性地制定改造方案,削减入河污染负荷,提升区域水环境质量,实现环境、社会和经济效益的双丰收。

巢湖底泥磷的释放模拟实验研究

在实验室条件下 ,模拟了DO控制、pH值调节、温度调节、水动力条件等 ,进行了底泥释磷实验 .实验表明 :(1)厌氧条件下 ,底泥中的磷向水体释放 ,且释放强度随pH值的升高而升高 .好氧条件下 ,底泥非但没有向水体释放磷 ,反而从水体中吸附磷 ,呈“负释放”状态 ;且pH值越低 ,“负释放强度”越大 .(2 )温度升高有利于底泥中磷的释放 ,最大释放强度随温度的升高而提前 .(3)搅动条件下的底泥磷释放量大于静置条件下的底泥磷释放量 .(4)微生物对磷释放有明显的影响 .从本次模拟实验结果看 ,体系温度升高、减少溶解氧、提高pH以及施以水动力作用 ,均可使底泥中的磷释放量增加 ,在常温 (2 5℃ )、厌氧、pH =7 5条件下 ,底泥中磷向水体的释放量将增加 17%左右 .

巢湖流域氮磷面源污染与水华空间分布遥感解析

基于遥感监测手段,分别应用DPe RS模型和MODIS水华提取方法对巢湖流域氮磷面源污染特征和巢湖水体水华爆发规律进行遥感像元尺度解析,结果表明:2010年巢湖流域总氮产生量为1900.3t,入河量为846.5t;总磷为244.1t,入河量为76t.巢湖流域农业面源污染对氮素污染贡献最大,而水土流失则对磷面源污染贡献最大;综合巢湖流域氮磷面源污染和水华爆发的时空特征分析,明确氮磷面源污染与巢湖水华具有相关性,并且时间上水华爆发频率较氮磷面源污染具有先滞后后同步的特征,且面源污染负荷与水华爆发面积的相关系数为0.45;在空间上,面源污染负荷较大区域与水华爆发频度较高区域也有较好的匹配性;基于这种相关性,应用DPe RS模型对巢湖流域进行氮磷减排情景分析,结果表明在施肥量减少30%,农村生活垃圾处理率提高到60%,畜禽粪便处理率和城市垃圾处理率提高到80%的情况下,氮磷面源污染平均削减率可以达到50%.

巢湖流域麦稻轮作农田径流氮磷流失研究

采用田间径流池法,在巢湖流域麦稻轮作种植条件下,研究农田地表径流氮磷流失的特征。研究结果表明:麦稻轮作农田径流总氮流失量为45.27～101.38kg/hm2,总磷流失量为0.302～0.612kg/hm2。总氮的66%以上是在麦季流失的,总磷的89%以上是在稻季流失的。常规施肥条件下麦稻轮作农田氮肥流失率在6%左右,磷肥流失率在0.45%左右。水稻和小麦氮肥减施30%和磷肥减施50%能够减少氮磷的径流流失量,分别减少总氮径流流失量2.83kg/hm2,减少4.1%左右,减少总磷径流流失量0.055kg/hm2,减少10.7%以上。氮肥减施30%对第一年的作物产量没有造成较大减产,可以实现减量不减产的目标。

施肥对巢湖流域稻季氨挥发损失的影响

采用通气法对巢湖流域稻季土壤氨挥发原位监测,研究了不同施肥量及秸秆还田处理对稻季氨挥发的影响。结果表明,氨挥发峰值发生在施肥后的第1—3天,氨挥发损失主要集中于施肥后的1周。2010年整个稻季氨挥发净损失量为7.22—14.20 kg/hm2,占氮肥施用量的4.59%—6.64%,基肥期是主要的氨挥发时期,约占总氨挥发量的60%,穗肥期氨挥发总损失量最小。常规施肥处理氨挥发总损失量最大,与常规施肥相比,优化施肥、减量化施肥均能减少稻田土壤氨挥发损失1%—2%,氮磷肥减量同时秸秆还田处理氨挥发量最小,其总氨挥发量占常规处理的54%。施肥后的1—2d内田面水中的NH+4-N浓度达到最大值,且各施肥处理的氨挥发量与同期田面水中的NH+4-N浓度呈线性正相关。结合经济效益和环境效应分析发现,秸秆还田处理可减少氨挥发损失,同时获得较高的经济效益,适宜在巢湖流域水稻季推广。

巢湖5种鱼类肌肉部位有机氯农药分布特征研究及风险评估

为了了解不同食性鱼类不同肌肉组织的有机氯农药（OCPs）富集特征,探讨鱼类监测背部肌肉取样的合理性及巢湖鱼类有机氯农药风险。通过索氏提取—磺化去脂—层析柱净化—旋转蒸发和氮吹浓缩—气相色谱与质谱联用仪分析的方法,对巢湖5种鱼类的4个不同肌肉部位的六六六（HCHs）和滴滴涕（DDTs）质量分数进行了分析。结果表明：巢湖5种鱼类肌肉部位的OCPs的平均浓度为2.929-10.523 ng/g。其中肉食性鲶鱼（10.523 ng/g）〉植食性鲢鱼（6.407 ng/g）〉肉食性乌鳢（4.514 ng/g）〉杂食性青鱼（3.390 ng/g）〉杂食性鲫鱼（2.292 ng/g）。整体上呈现出肉食性鱼类（鲶鱼）〉植食性（鲢鱼）〉杂食性（青鱼等）的特点。鲶鱼和乌鳢的尾上肌肉、鲢鱼和鲫鱼的腹部肌肉OCPs含量显著高于其背部肌肉富集含量。背部肌肉不能完全代表整个鱼体肌肉的富集特征。建议在鱼类肌肉OCPs含量分析时选择各肌肉部位的混合样品来进行分析。巢湖鱼类体内的六六六和滴滴涕估算每日摄食量远低于国家标准所规定的每日摄食量。食用巢湖鱼类产生有机氯农药危害的风险较低。

巢湖流域地下水硝态氮含量空间分布和季节变化格局

2009年冬季、2010年春季和夏季分别在巢湖流域采集了253个、249个和230个水井的地下水样品,分析了其硝态氮含量。结果表明,巢湖流域的地下水硝酸盐污染比较严重,冬季、春季和夏季的地下水硝态氮的超标率(≥10 mg/L)均超过20%。巢湖北部区的地下水硝态氮含量高于南部地区。在巢湖北部区,东北部江淮分水岭丘陵区的地下水硝态氮含量较低。在巢湖南部区,地下水硝态氮含量具有从西部山区向东部平原逐渐升高的趋势。不同土地利用类型的地下水硝态氮含量排序是村庄>菜地>旱地>乡镇>水稻-油菜(或小麦)轮作田>果园>单季水稻田>养殖场,传统水稻田>绿色水稻田。巢湖流域地下水硝态氮含量的季节变化总趋势为冬季≈春季>夏季,主要与降水有关。不同土地利用类型的地下水硝态氮含量的季节变化格局不同,其中地下水硝态氮含量呈现冬季>春季>夏季的土地类型为菜地、果园和水稻田,春季>冬季>夏季的土地类型为旱地、乡镇、畜禽养殖场,春季>夏季>冬季的土地类型为村庄,这种季节变化格局主要与不同土地利用类型的施肥量、施肥时间的不同有关。

长江下游湖泊中可溶性有机碳的时空分布

20 0 1年 7月至 2 0 0 3年 1月对长江下游的太湖、巢湖和龙感湖水体中可溶性有机碳 ( DOC)的时空分布进行了研究。结果显示 ,太湖水体中 DOC的平均浓度最高 ,巢湖次之 ,龙感湖最低 ;秋季水体中的 DOC浓度较冬季高 ;藻型湖泊水体中 DOC浓度较草型湖泊高 ;下午水体中 DOC的浓度较上午高。水体中 DOC浓度的垂直分布无明显的规律性。从周年来看 。

基于可变模糊集模型的区域生态环境质量评价

【目的】建立基于可变模糊集的环境生态评价模型,为有效评价区域生态环境质量提供参考。【方法】基于可变模糊集理论,建立区域生态环境综合评价模型,并运用该模型对巢湖流域的生态环境进行评价,对流域中的合肥市、巢湖市、六安市及巢湖流域的生态环境质量进行了排序。【结果】巢湖流域整体的生态环境质量属第3等级,即处于及格状态,流域的生态环境质量优劣排序为巢湖流域>巢湖市>合肥市>六安市。【结论】实例表明,可变模糊集评价模型可以充分考虑评价指标的"优"与"劣"2方面,使评价结果更具合理性,且简单方便、有效可行,能较好地应用于生产实际。

巢湖低丘山区典型植被群落与土壤环境因子特征研究

本文系统调查了巢湖低丘山区5种典型植被类型,即弃耕地、灌木林、人工马尾松林、草地以及次生马尾松林植被群落学特征、土壤养分状况,并分析了巢湖低丘山区典型植被群落与土壤环境因子的关系。研究结果表明:弃耕地显示了最高的植物物种数,其次为人工马尾松林和灌木林,草地物种数最低,平均仅为4种。总盖度以草地最高,达到95%,其次为次生马尾松林和灌木林,人工马尾松林总盖度最低。此外,弃耕地显示了最高的生物多样性与均匀度指数,其次为灌木林,而草地多样性指数和均匀度指数均最低。弃耕地土壤养分含量最高;次生马尾松林表层土壤有机碳、总氮、总磷与有效氮高于灌木林与草地,显示了较明显的土壤养分随植被演替过程的积累效应。相关分析表明生物多样性指数和均匀度指数与土壤养分状况呈良好的正相关关系,表明这一地区植被恢复处于演替发展阶段。

模糊综合评价在巢湖水质评价中的应用

运用模糊综合评价和单因子评价对巢湖水质进行综合评价,通过确定湖区12个监测断面的8个主要影响因子的权重和隶属度得出评价结果:巢湖主要超标指标为TN、TP,12个断面中水质为劣Ⅴ类的所占比例较大,巢湖水质总体状况差,富营养化严重,其中西半湖污染重于东半湖。将模糊综合评价结果与单因子评价结果进行对比分析,结果表明单因子评价在判定水质级别归属时具有从严性,而模糊综合评价可以有效地解决在水质级别划定时由于中介过渡引起的亦此亦彼性,能为制定巢湖的环保政策和水污染防治规划起到借鉴作用。