Analysis of the Cicatricial Acceleration Method (MAC®) in Skin Repair in Wistar Rattus norvegicus with Induced Chemical Burns

Introduction: The cicatricial acceleration method (MAC®) promotes photobiological effects of an anti-inflammatory and healing nature. Its therapeutic radiation is emitted, producing photobiostimulant effects that result in rapid tissue repair and better tissue quality. The treatment of burns has always been a challenge, which involves both performing surgery and controlling and guiding scar regeneration, avoiding possible morbidities. Objective: To evaluate the effects of applying the MAC methodology with an AlGa (aluminum, gallium arsenide) laser on the time and quality of tissue repair in the skin of rats after induced chemical burns. Method: 22 adult male rats were subjected to a second-degree chemical burn on the back using 50% trichloroacetic acid. After the burns, the animals were randomly separated into 2 groups: control and experimental. The control group (G1) received placebo laser therapy and the laser group (G2) underwent laser irradiation with an energy density of 100 J/cm2. Histological analysis and macroscopic evaluation were carried out by means of the paper template method. Results: Group G1 showed (53%) of the necrosis area and group G2 showed (11%) necrosis area. Conclusion: The cicatricial acceleration method (MAC®) favored the repair of wounds caused by a 2nd-degree chemical burn, optimizing time and improving quality.

Synthesis and Characterization of Y-Doped Mesoporous CeO_2 Using A Chemical Precipitation Method

Using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide （CTAB） as the template agent, cerium nitrate as the cerium resource, yttrium nitrate as the yttrium resource, and ammonium carbonate as the precipitating agent, mesoporous CeO2 powders doped with different yttrium contents were successfully synthesized using a chemical precipitation method, under an alkalescent condition. Properties of the obtained samples were characterized and analyzed with X-ray diffraction （XRD）, energy dispersive analysis of X-rays （EDAX）, transmission electron microscopy （TEM）, infrared （IR） absorbance, and the BET method. For the prepared samples with 20% （molar ratio） Y-doped content, a BET specific surface area of 106. 6 m^2 · g^- 1, with an average pore size of3~27 nm were obtained. XRD patterns showed that the doped samples were with a cubic fluorite structure. TEM micrographs revealed that the doped samples showed a spherical morphology with a diameter ranging from 20 to 30 nm and a round pore shape. IR results indicated that the Ce-O-Ce vibration intensity decreased as the Y-doped content increased. N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms showed that the samples possessed typical mesopore characteristics. The average pore size of the samples decreased alter mesoporous CeO2 was doped with yttrium, and the average pore size decreased largely as the Y-doped content increased.

Elimination of hard aggregation of bismuth-doped tin dioxide nanometer powders prepared by wet chemical method

Bismuth-doped tin dioxide （BTO） nanometer powders were prepared by the wet chemical method using tin tetrachloride （SnCl4）, bismuth nitrate [Bi（NO3） 3 ] and ammonia as raw materials. Non-bridge hydroxides and capillary force between particles were found to be key factors causing hard aggregation of BTO through analyzing the formation mechanism of hard aggregation. The hard aggregation of BTO was eliminated effectively when the Bi-Sn precursor （BSP） was treated with post processing including dispersing with ultrasonic wave, refluxing and distilling with addition of n-butanol and benzene （DRD） and drying by microwave. Characterized with X-ray diffraction （XRD） and transmission electron microscopy （TEM）, BTO spherical particles with tetragonal phase structure are well crystallized, dispersed easily and the average size was less than 10 nm.

Characterization of Calcined Kaolin/TiO_2 Composite Particle Material Prepared by Mechano-Chemical Method

Calcined kaolin/TiO2 composite particle material （CK/TCPM） was prepared with TiO2 coating on the surfaces of calcined kaolin particles by the mechano-chemical method. X-ray diffraction （XRD） and scanning electron microscope （SEM） were used to investigate the microstructures and morphologies, respectively. The mechanism of the mechano-chemical reaction between calcined kaolin and TiO2 was studied by infrared spectra （IR）. The results show that TiO2 coats evenly on the surfaces of calcined kaolin particles by Si-O-Ti and Al-O-Ti bonds on their interfaces. The hiding power and whiteness of CK/TCPM are 17.12 g/m^2 and 95.7%, respectively, presenting its similarity to TiO2 in pigment properties.

Preparation of microsized silver crystals with different morphologies by a wet-chemical method

A wet-chemical method was presented for preparation of spherical, flowerlike, hexagonal, and triangular microsized silver crystals. Well-defined particles were prepared by mixing of iron（II） sulfate heptahydrate solution with silver nitrate solution at the presence of different modifiers with high-speed stirring at 8-20℃. It is found that the diameters of resulting products are 0.6-6.0 um and the morphologies of the silver microcrystals are greatly affected by the introduced modifiers. It is concluded that the microsized silver crystals with different morphologies can be synthesized by introducing appropriate modifiers at appropriate experimental parameters. Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to characterize the resulting products.

Synthesis and characteristics of large-scale ZnO rods by wet chemical method

The large-scale ZnO rods of submicrometer were prepared on the bare glass using a wet chemical method under different experimental parameters,such as the reactant concentration and the growth time.The microstructure of the ZnO rods was characterized by X-ray diffractometry(XRD) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) with the energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EDX),and the optical property was investigated by the room-temperature photoluminescence (PL) spectra.XRD and FESEM results show that the wurtzite structure and rod-like ZnO is obtained.The length (3-8 μm) and the diameter (400 nm-3 μm) vary with the experimental parameters.A strong UV emission at 384 nm and a weak visible yellow-green emission around 570 nm are observed in the PL spectrum.After annealing at 600 ℃ in air,the UV peak intensity increases obviously and the yellow-green peak intensity decreases greatly.The near-band-edge UV emission is attributed to the exciton recombination; the yellow-green emission can be associated with the defect recombination; and some defect complexes may be responsible for the latter emission.

Preparation of calcium stannate by modified wet chemical method

A modified wet chemical route for low-temperature synthesis of the calcium stannate CaSnO3, a potentialmaterial for dielectric applications is reported. Firstly, a precursor CaSn(OH)6 was prepared using tin tetrachloride,calcium chloride and sodium hydroxide at room temperature. Then the precursor was annealed at relatively low tem-perature of 600 ℃ to obtain CaSnO3. The phase identification, thermal behavior and surface morphology of the sam-ples were characterized by element analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermo-gravimetric (TG) analysis and deriva-tive thermo-gravimetric (DTG) analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron mi-croscopy (SEM) in detail. The results show that CaSnO3 obtained by this method possesses a cubic perovskitestructure with average grain size of 5 μm.

Synthesis of γ-Al_2O_3 nanoparticles by chemical precipitation method

Highly pure active γ-Al2O3 nanoparticles were synthesized from aluminum nitrate and ammonium carbonate with a little surfactant by chemical precipitation method. The factors affecting the synthesis process were studied. The properties of γ-Al2O3 nanoparticles were characterized by DTA, XRD, BET, TEM, laser granularity analysis and impurity content analysis. The results show that the amorphous precursor AI（OH）3 sols are produced by using 0.1 mol/L Al（NO3）3·9H2O and 0.16 mol/L （NH4）2CO3·H2O reaction solutions, according to the volume ratio 1.33, adding 0.024%（volume fraction） surfactant PEG600, and reacting at 40℃, 1000 r/min stirring rate for 15min. Then, after stabilizing for 24 h, the precursors were extracted and filtrated by vacuum, washed thoroughly with deionized water and dehydrated ethanol, dried in vacuum at 80℃ for 8h, final calcined at 800℃ for 1h in the air, and high purity active γ-Al2O3 nanoparticles can be prepared with cubic in crystal system, OH^7-FD3M in space group, about 9 nm in crystal grain size, about 20 nm in particle size and uniform size distribution, 131.35 m^2/g in BET specific surface area, 7 - 11 nm in pore diameter, and not lower than 99.93% in purity.

Chemical Analysis Method for Carbon Bearing Refractory Products——Determination of the Total Carbon by Combustion Gravimetric Method

GB/T 13245-91 1 Theme and Scope This standard specifies the method abstract, reagents, apparatus, specimen, analyzing procedure, result calculation and permissible tolerance used for determination of the total carbon with combustion gravimetric method.

Fischer–Tropsch synthesis using Co and Co-Ru bifunctional nanocatalyst supported on carbon nanotube prepared via chemical reduction method

We used a chemical reduction method to synthesize the catalysts of cobalt(Co) and cobalt-ruthenium(Co-Ru) bifunctional supported on carbon nanotubes(CNTs) for Fischer–Tropsch synthesis(FTS) in a fixedbed reactor. These Co-Ru/CNTs catalysts were synthesized with various weight proportions of Ru/Co(0.1 to 0.4 wt%) with keeping a fixed amount of cobalt(10 wt%). Moreover, for comparison purpose, CNTs supported Co-and Co(Ru)-based catalysts at same loading as the above catalysts were prepared through impregnation method. We characterize the present catalysts through the various techniques such as Energy–dispersive X-ray(EDX), Transmission Electron Microscopy(TEM), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller(BET),Hydrogen-Temperature-Programmed Reduction(H_2-TPR), Hydrogen-Temperature-Programmed Desorption(H_2-TPD) and O_2 titration. Thus using the chemical reduction method, a narrow particle size distribution was obtained so that the small cobalt particles were confined inside the CNTs. The Co-based catalyst prepared by impregnation was compared with the Co-Ru catalysts at the same loading. The results demonstrated that the use of chemical reduction method led to decrease the average Co oxide cluster size to8.7 nm so that the reduction enhanced about 24% and stabilized an earlier time at the stream. Among the prepared catalysts, the results indicated that the Co-Ru/CNTs catalysts demonstrated high catalytic activity with the highest long-chain hydrocarbons(C_(5+)), selectivity up to 74.76%, which was higher than those we obtained by the Co-Ru/γ-Al_2O_3(61._20%), Co/CNTs(43.68%) and Co/γ-Al_2O_3(37.69%). At the same time, comparing with those catalyst synthesized by impregnation, the use of chemical reduction led to enhancement of the C_(5+) selectivity from 59.30% to 68.83% and increment in FTS rate about 11% for the Co-Ru/CNTs catalyst.

Improvements of marine clay slurries using chemicale-physical combined method(CPCM)

In this paper, the effectiveness, applicability and validity of chemicalephysical combined methods（CPCMs） for treatment of marine clay （MC） slurries were evaluated. The method CPCM1 combineschemical stabilization and vacuum preloading （VP）, while CPCM2 is similar to CPCM1 but includes boththe application of surcharge and use of geo-bags to provide confinement during surcharge preloading.The key advantage of CPCM2 using geo-bags is that the surcharge can be immediately applied on thechemically stabilized slurries. Two types of geo-bags were investigated under simulated land filling anddyke conditions, respectively. The test results show that the shear strength （cu） of treated slurry byCPCM2 is generally much higher than that by CPCM1. Besides, the use of CPCM2 can significantly reducethe treatment time due to the short drainage paths created by geo-bags. Overall, CPCM2 allows fasterconsolidation and higher preloading that help to achieve higher mechanical properties of the stabilizedslurry. There are consistent relationships between cU and water content of slurries treated by CPCM2.Several important observations were also made based on comparisons of experimental data. 2015 Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Production and hosting byElsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Chemical Analysis Method for Magnesia and Magnesia-Alumina Refractories——Gravimetric-Molybdenum Blue Photometric Method for Determination of Silicon Dioxide Content

This standard specifies the gravimetric-molybdenum blue photometric method for determination of silicon dioxide content.

Effects of Varieties and Cooking Methods on Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Cooked Rice

To analyze the effect of different lowland rice varieties and different cooking methods on physical and chemical characteristics of cooked rice. A factorial randomized block design with two factors was used and each combination of the factors was repeated three times. The first factor was rice variety（Ciherang and Ciliwung） and the second factor was the cooking method（stovetop, boiling and steaming, and rice cooker）. Results showed that Ciherang and Ciliwung varieties were classified into slender grain rice type with yellowred color. The amylose content of Ciherang was classified as moderate, while the amylose content of Ciliwung classified as low. The most abundant amino acid contained in Ciherang and Ciliwung varieties was glutamic acid. Statistical analysis showed that cooking method had significant effects on texture, lightness, chroma, hue and moisture content of cooked rice. Rice cooked with liwet method had the lowest texture value, lowest lightness value, highest chroma value, and highest moisture content.

Preparation of tetragonal CaO-ZrO_2 nano-powder by chemical coprecipitation method

With zirconium oxychloride, nitrate of lime and ammonia as raw materials, nano powder of CaO ZrO 2 was prepared by chemical coprecipitation method. By use of azeotropic distillation processing, chemical coprecipitation precursor was obtained. Phase transformation of the precursor was observed at the temperature of 593.81 ℃ and 1 234.56 ℃ respectively with DTA analyses. Phase structure was analyzed through XRD and Raman spectra. The average particle size of tetragonal zirconium oxide powder was 9.8 and 43.7 nm after calcination at 600 and 1 100 ℃ respectively which was tested by TEM and BET analyses. Furthermore, the influences of the doping of nitrate of lime and the average particle size of zirconium oxide on the stability of tetragonal zirconium oxide were also discussed.

The Study of Alcoholysis of 1,2-Thiazetidine-l,l-dioxide with Quantum Chemical Method

The alcoholysis mechanism of 1,2-thiazetidine-1,1-dioxide with methanol, in which the relatively stable product is sulfonate ester, has been investigated by quantum chemical method. Our calculations indicate the reaction for alcoholysis of 1,2-thiazetidine-1,1-dioxide proceeds via two possible mechanisms: concerted and stepwise. In the stepwise mechanism, two possible reaction pathways can be followed while only one possible reaction pathway can be followed in the concerted mechanism.

The Preparation of Nano Silver by Chemical Reduction Method

A silver nanostructures prepared by using chemical reduction method. The silver nanoparticles were prepared with diameters of about (20 nm). Numerous techniques had been used to study the optical, structural like the UV-Vis absorption spectrometer, Ttransmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Field-Emission Scanning Electron microscope (FESEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The practical results exhibited the absorption spectrum of the prepared nanoparticles at (357 nm), it was found that there is a relationship between the positions of the optical absorption peak and the size of the silver nanoparticles. The analysis of TEM results showed the presence of nanoparticles in the range (20 nm). The analyzing of XRD results explained the crystal structure for silver nanoparticles. It is found a cubic unit cell have a lattice constants (a = 4.0855 Å), with the Miller indices were (111), (002), (002), and (113).

Preparation of Superhydrophobic ZnO Films on Zinc Substrate by Chemical Solution Method

Superhydrophobic surface was prepared on the zinc substrate by chemical solution method via immersing clean pure zinc substrate into a water solution of zinc nitrate hexahydrate[Zn（NO3）2.6H2O] and hexamethylenete- traamine（C6H12N4） at 95 ℃ in water bath for 1.5 h, then modified with 18 alkanethiol. The best resulting surface shows superhydrophobic properties with a water contact angle of about 158° and a low water roll-off angle of around 3°. The prepared samples were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction（XRD）, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy （XPS）, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy（EDX）, transmission electron microscopy（TEM）, and scanning electron microscopy（SEM）. SEM images of the films show that the resulting surface exhibits flower-shaped micro- and nano-structure. The surfaces of the prepared films were composed of ZnO nanorods which were wurtzite structure. The special flower-like micro- and nano-structure along with the low surface energy leads to the surface superhydro- phobicity.

Chemical Analysis Method for Carbon Bearing Refractory Products——Determination of Magnesium Oxide Content by CyDTA Volumetric Method

This standard specifies the method summary, reagents, apparatus, sampling, procedure, test results calculation and permissible tolerance of the determination of magnesium oxide by CyDTA volumetric method.

Source Apportionment of Ambient PM_(10) in the Urban Area of Longyan City,China:a Comparative Study Based on Chemical Mass Balance Model and Factor Analysis Method

In order to identify the day and night pollution sources of PM10 in ambient air in Longyan City,the authors analyzed the elemental composition of respirable particulate matters in the day and night ambient air samples and various pollution sources which were collected in January 2010 in Longyan with inductivity coupled plasma-mass spectrometry（ICP-MS）.Then chemical mass balance（CMB） model and factor analysis（FA） method were applied to comparatively study the inorganic components in the sources and receptor samples.The results of factor analysis show that the major sources were road dust,waste incineration and mixed sources which contained automobile exhaust,soil dust/secondary dust and coal dust during the daytime in Longyan City,China.There are two major sources of pollution which are soil dust and mixture sources of automobile exhaust and secondary dust during the night in Longyan.The results of CMB show that the major sources are secondary dust,automobile exhaust and road dust during the daytime in Longyan.The major sources are secondary dust,soil dust and automobile exhaust during the night in Longyan.The results of the two methods are similar to each other and the results will guide us to plan to control the PM10 pollution sources in Longyan.