Stromal CD4+ and CD8+ T Cells in Human Breast Carcinomas. Its Correlation with Chemokine MIG/CXCL9

The interaction between some chemokines with tumoral and stromal cells can influence tumor progression. CXCL9, a monokine induced by interferon gamma (MIG), targets lymphocytes.The aim of our study was to identify and quantify CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the stroma of human breast cancer and correlate them with the presence of MIG/CXCL9. In 58 specimens of human breast carcinoma and 10 normal breast tissue from mammoplasty surgery, immunohistochemistry and ELISA methods were performed. The number of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in breast cancer tissue was significantly increased compared with normal breast tissue with a clear predominance of CD8+ T cells. MIG/CXCL9 levels were significantly elevated respect normal breast tissue. This chemokine correlated with the number of CD8+ T cells only in non-metastatic tumors. These data suggest that MIG targets cytotoxic T cells. Their recruitment into breast carcinoma can play a critical role in malignant progression, inhibiting the production of metastasis.

Cytokines predict virological response in chronic hepatitis B patients receiving peginterferon alfa-2a therapy

BACKGROUND Chronic hepatitis B virus infection remains a major global public health problem.Peginterferon-alpha-2a(PEG-IFN)has direct antiviral and immunoregulatory effects,and it has become one of the first choice drugs for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B(CHB).Cytokines play an important role in immunity,and they directly inhibit viral replication and indirectly determine the predominant pattern of the host immune response.AIM To determine the correlation between cytokine/chemokine expression levels and response to PEG-IFN treatment in patients with CHB.METHODS Forty-six kinds of cytokines were analyzed before PEG-IFN therapy and at 24 wk during therapy in 26 CHB patients.RESULTS The monokine induced by INF-γ(CXCL9)and serum interferon-inducible protein 10(IP-10)levels at baseline were higher in virological responders than in nonvirological responders(NRs)and decreased during treatment,whereas the NRs did not exhibit significant changes.The macrophage inflammatory protein 1d(MIP-1d)levels at baseline and during treatment were significantly higher in the virological responders than in the NRs,while thymus and activation-regulated chemokine(TARC)levels at baseline and during treatment were significantly lower in the virological responders than in the NRs.The CXCL9,IP-10,MIP-1d,and TARC baseline levels exhibited the expected effects for interferon treatment.The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve values of CXCL9,IP-10,MIP-1d,and TARC for predicting virological responses were 0.787,0.799,0.787,and 0.77(P=0.01,0.013,0.01,and 0.021),respectively.CONCLUSION We found that cytokine levels before and during treatment may represent potential biomarkers to select CHB patients who can respond to PEG-IFN.Therefore,cytokines can be used as an indicator of antiviral drug selection before CHB treatment.