Background: Seasonal Malaria Chemoprevention (SMC) is a strategy put in place by World Health Organisation (WHO) to fight against malaria in zones of high seasonal malaria transmission since the year 2012. This strate...Background: Seasonal Malaria Chemoprevention (SMC) is a strategy put in place by World Health Organisation (WHO) to fight against malaria in zones of high seasonal malaria transmission since the year 2012. This strategy has been implemented in the Far North and North regions of Cameroon since the year 2016. Despite the implementation of this program the number of cases and deaths from seasonal malaria among the under 5 seems to be rising in Koza health area. Objective: To determine the level of implementation of the SMC Program and its impact on the mortality of children aged 03 to 59 months during the season of high transmission. Methods: This was a community-based cross-sectional and 7-years retrospective study. Data was surveyed for 3 months in 3 health areas of Koza health area. Data were collected and typed in Kobo collect, cleaned in MS Excel and analyzed in SPSS version 25 to come out with descriptive statistics. Results: Among the 172 households, female children were mostly represented 99 (57%) The age group mostly represented was 2 years. The population knowledge on SMC’s overall score was above average. The overall coverage rate (4 cycles) was 84% from interviewed parents and 67.5% from SMC cards. More than 23% of children experienced at least one side effect with the most common being vomiting (72%). The population’s overall impression of the program was good at 85%. The trends SMC coverage showed a sinusoidal fluctuation from 2015 to 2021, 2016 to 2019 and 2020 to 2021. Conclusion: The coverage rate of SMC was high thus the program is well implemented.展开更多
Carcinoma of the stomach is still the second most common cause of cancer death worldwide, although the incidence and mortality have fallen dramatically over the last 50 years in many regions. The incidence of gastric ...Carcinoma of the stomach is still the second most common cause of cancer death worldwide, although the incidence and mortality have fallen dramatically over the last 50 years in many regions. The incidence of gastric cancer varies in different parts of the world and among various ethnic groups. Despite advances in diagnosis and treatment, the 5-year survival rate of stomach cancer is only 20 per cent. Stomach cancer can be classified into intestinal and diffuse types based on epidemiological and clinicopathological features. The etiology of gastric cancer is multifactorial and includes both dietary and nondietary factors. The major diet-related risk factors implicated in stomach cancer development include high content of nitrates and high salt intake. Accumulating evidence has implicated the role of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection in the pathogenesis of gastric cancer. The development of gastric cancer is a complex, multistep process involving multiple genetic and epigenetic alterations of oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, DNA repair genes, cell cycle regulators, and signaling molecules. A plausible program for gastric cancer prevention involves intake of a balanced diet containing fruits and vegetables, improved sanitationand hygiene, screening and treatment of H. pylori infection, and follow-up of precancerous lesions. The fact that diet plays an important role in the etiology of gastric cancer offers scope for nutritional chemoprevention. Animal models have been extensively used to analyze the stepwise evolution of gastric carcinogenesis and to test dietary chemopreventive agents. Development of multitargeted preventive and therapeutic strategies for gastric cancer is a major challenge for the future.展开更多
AIM To investigate the chemopreventiveeffects of green tea and tea pigment on 1,2-dimethylhydrazine(DMH)-induced rat colorectalcarcinogenesis.METHODS Male weaning Wistar rats wererandomly allocated into four groups.Ra...AIM To investigate the chemopreventiveeffects of green tea and tea pigment on 1,2-dimethylhydrazine(DMH)-induced rat colorectalcarcinogenesis.METHODS Male weaning Wistar rats wererandomly allocated into four groups.Rats in thepositive control group were given s.c.injectionof DMH,once a week for ten weeks;rats in tea-treated groups,with the same DMH treatment asin the positive group,received 2% green tea and0.1% tea pigments;rats in the negative controlgroup were given s.c.injection of the samevolume of saline as well as DMH in the positivegroup.Animals were sacrified and necropsied atthe end of week 16 and week 32.RESULTS Aberrant cryptic foci(ACF)wereformed in animals in DMH-treated groups at theend of week 16.Compared to the DMH group,green tea and tea pigments groups had less ACF(148.25 and 204.25,respectively,P【0.01).Atthe end of week 32,all rats in DMH groupdeveloped large intestinal tumors.The resultsalso showed that DMH increased labeling index(LI)of proliferating cell nuclear antigen(PCNA)of intestinal mucosa and the expression of ras-p21.However,in the tea-treated groups,PCNA-LI was significantly reduced as compared withthe positive control group(36.63 and 40.36 inthe green tea group and tea pigment group,respectively,at the end of the experiment,P【0.01).ras-p21 expression was alsosignificantly reduced(2.07 and 2.36 in the colontumors of rats in the green tea group and teapigments group,respectively at the end of theexperiment,P【0.01).Furthermore,green tea and tea pigment inhibited the expression of Bcl-2protein(2,5,1,0 and 2,4,1,0,respectively,at the end of the experiment P【0.01),andinduced expression of Bax protein(0,1,3,4and 0,1,4,3,respectively,P【0.01).CONCLUSION Chinese green tea drinkinginhibited ACF and colonic tumors formation inrats,which showed that tea had a significantchemopreventive effect on DMH-inducedcolorectal carcinogenesis.Such effects may bedue to suppression of cell proliferation andinduction of apoptosis in the intestinal crypts.展开更多
Pancreaticobiliary maljunction (PBM) is a high risk factor for biliary tract cancer. In PBM, since the pancreatic duct and bile duct converge outside the duodenal wall beyond the influence of the sphincter of Oddi, pa...Pancreaticobiliary maljunction (PBM) is a high risk factor for biliary tract cancer. In PBM, since the pancreatic duct and bile duct converge outside the duodenal wall beyond the influence of the sphincter of Oddi, pancreatic juice and bile are constantly mixed, producing a variety of harmful substances. Because of this, the biliary mucosa is repeatedly damaged and repaired, which causes an acceleration of cell proliferative activity and multiple gene mutations. Histological changes such as hyperplasia, metaplasia, and dysplasia ultimately result in a high incidence of carcinogenesis. In a nationwide survey by the Japanese Study Group on PBM, coexisting biliary tract cancer was detected in 278 of the 1627 registered cases of PBM (17.1%). Of these cases, in those with dilatation of the extrahepatic bile duct, cancer was often detected not only in the gallbladder but also in the bile ducts. More than 90% of cancer cases without dilatation of the extrahepatic bile duct develop in the gallbladder. Standard treatment for PBM is a cholecystectomy and resection of the extrahepatic bile duct. However, cholecystectomy alone is performed at nearly half of institutions in Japan. Conversely, reports of carcinogenesis in the remnant bile duct or pancreas after diversion surgery are steadily increasing. One of the causes for this is believed to be an accumulation of gene mutations which were present before surgery. Anticancer drugs are ineffective in preventing such carcinogenesis following surgery, thus the postoperative administration of chemopreventive agents may be necessary.展开更多
Colorectal cancer represents the third most common and the second deadliest type of cancer for both men and women in the United States claiming over 50000 lives in 2014. The 5-year survival rate for patients diagnosed...Colorectal cancer represents the third most common and the second deadliest type of cancer for both men and women in the United States claiming over 50000 lives in 2014. The 5-year survival rate for patients diagnosed with metastatic colon and rectal cancer is < 15%. Early detection and more effective treatments are urgently needed to reduce morbidity and mortality of patients afflicted with this disease. Here we will review the risk factors and current treatment paradigms for colorectal cancer, with an emphasis on the role of chemoprevention as they relate to epidermal growth factor receptor(EGFR) blockade. We will discuss how various EGFR ligands are upregulated in the presence of Western diets high in saturated and N-6 polyunsaturated fats. We will also outline the various mechanisms of EGFR inhibition that are induced by naturally occurring chemopreventative agents such as ginseng, green tea, and curcumin. Finally, we will discuss the current role of targeted chemotherapy in colon cancer and outline the limitations of our current treatment options, describing mechanisms of resistance and escape.展开更多
Flavonoids are polyphenols that are found in numerous edible plant species. Data obtained from preclinical and clinical studies suggest that specific flavonoids are chemo-preventive and cytotoxic against various cance...Flavonoids are polyphenols that are found in numerous edible plant species. Data obtained from preclinical and clinical studies suggest that specific flavonoids are chemo-preventive and cytotoxic against various cancers via a multitude of mechanisms. However, the clinical use of flavonoids is limited due to challenges associated with their e ective use, including(1) the isolation and purification of flavonoids from their natural resources;(2) demonstration of the e ects of flavonoids in reducing the risk of certain cancer, in tandem with the cost and time needed for epidemiological studies, and(3) numerous pharmacokinetic challenges(e.g., bioavailability, drug–drug interactions, and metabolic instability). Currently, numerous approaches are being used to surmount some of these challenges, thereby increasing the likelihood of flavonoids being used as chemo-preventive drugs in the clinic. In this review, we summarize the most important challenges and e orts that are being made to surmount these challenges.展开更多
Interferon(IFN) therapy has been reported to decrease the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) and improve survival by preventing liver-related deaths in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus(HCV) infection, while ...Interferon(IFN) therapy has been reported to decrease the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) and improve survival by preventing liver-related deaths in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus(HCV) infection, while the role of IFN therapy on the natural history of hepatitis C related cirrhosis is still under debate. The ideal goal of therapy is to prevent the progression into end-stage disease. The use of IFN in patients with HCV compensated cirrhosis reduces the negative clinical evolution independently of the type of laboratoristic and virological response. In our experience, IFN therapy in HCV compensated cirrhosis is barely useful in prevention of HCC, as cirrhosis itself represents a risk of cancer.Some authors noted that IFN treatment reduces the risk of HCC independently of the virological response. It would probably be interesting to evaluate the efficacy of weekly low-dose pegylated(PEG)-IFN therapy in patients with HCV cirrhosis and to assess potential benefits of long-term PEG-IFN plus Ribavirin treatment.展开更多
As cell and tissue homeostasis are mediated by the balance between proliferation and apoptosis, controlling this balance is important for cancer chemoprevention. Cancer chemoprevention can be achieved by the use of na...As cell and tissue homeostasis are mediated by the balance between proliferation and apoptosis, controlling this balance is important for cancer chemoprevention. Cancer chemoprevention can be achieved by the use of natural, synthetic or biologic compounds that reverse, suppress or prevent the development of epithelial malignancies. Natural compounds including flavonoids are able to reduce oxidative stress, which is the most likely mechanism mediating the protective effects against cancer development. In addition, in vitro and in vivo studies have suggested that flavonoids, such as (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallete (EGCG), quercetin, and curcumin, act by induction of apoptosis. Several natural compounds inhibit cell proliferation and angiogenesis. Certain natural products have been shown to inhibit the activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and Akt signaling pathways, both of which are known to maintain a homeostatic balance between cell survival and apoptosis. Understanding the mechanism of these natural products will contribute to the development of more specific preventive strategies against cancer development. Here we focus on the ability of natural cancer chemopreventive agents to induce apoptosis, and attempt to provide evidence for the preventive and therapeutic effects of natural compounds, EGCG, quercetin, and curcumin, in a succinct manner highlightingκand Akt signaling pathways in vivo.展开更多
Globally,the risk of colorectal cancer(CRC) as well as the incidence of mortality associated with CRC is increasing.Thus,it is imperative that we look at alternative approaches involving intake of non-toxic natural ...Globally,the risk of colorectal cancer(CRC) as well as the incidence of mortality associated with CRC is increasing.Thus,it is imperative that we look at alternative approaches involving intake of non-toxic natural dietary/non-dietary agents,for the prevention of CRC.The ultimate goal of this approach is to reduce the incidence of pre-neoplastic adenomatous polyps and prevent their progression to more advanced forms of CRC,and use these natural agents as a safe intervention strategy during the clinical course of this deadly malignancy.Over the years,pre-clinical studies have shown that silibinin(a flavonolignan isolated from the seeds of milk thistle,Silybum marianum) has strong preventive and therapeutic efficacy against various epithelial cancers,including CRC.The focus of the present review is to provide a comprehensive tabular summary,categorically for an easy accessibility and referencing,pertaining to the efficacy and associated mechanisms of silibinin against CRC growth and progression.展开更多
Michael Spom over 2 decades ago introduced the concept of chemoprevention: the use of compounds intended to decrease the risk of cancer for broad proportions of the world' s population. Evidence that this was possib...Michael Spom over 2 decades ago introduced the concept of chemoprevention: the use of compounds intended to decrease the risk of cancer for broad proportions of the world' s population. Evidence that this was possible came from epidemiologic literature, as well as from basic science. A wide range of compounds has been investigated, and much of this investigation is under way.展开更多
Colorectal cancer remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality throughout the world.The incidence of colorectal cancer is nearly four-fold higher in more-developed as compared with less-developed regions of ...Colorectal cancer remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality throughout the world.The incidence of colorectal cancer is nearly four-fold higher in more-developed as compared with less-developed regions of the world.At present an early detection of colorectal cancer remains a crucial step in determining the therapeutic outcomes.Screening programmes have been introduced in an effort to detect colorectal cancer at an early stage or at a precancerous colonic polyp stage.These programmes should be used by the health professionals as an opportunity to educate the public regarding the use of chemoprevention in colorectal cancer,which is the main focus of this review and an attractive concept needing further evaluation.展开更多
Since 1984, mass screening for cancer and chemopreventive trials in the two high incidence areas of lung cancer have been carried out. Chemo preventive trials on the subjects having moderate or severe atypical hyperpl...Since 1984, mass screening for cancer and chemopreventive trials in the two high incidence areas of lung cancer have been carried out. Chemo preventive trials on the subjects having moderate or severe atypical hyperplasia cells in the sputum were done by treatment with R1 [N-(p-ethoxycarbophenyl) retinamide] and R2 [N-(p-carboxyphenyl) retina-mide]. Results showed that the general status of the patients had improved. IgA and IgM in the serum were increased and the arsenic skin lesions were relieved after the treatment with Rl and R2. The ratio of the incidence of lung cancer for the treated group and the control group was 1:4, and the mean degree of hyperplasia in the sputum had dropped. It is suggested that these drugs are both safe and effective in the chemoprevention of lung cancer.展开更多
Tumor chemoprevention and treatment are two approaches aimed at improving the survival of patients with cancers.An ideal anti-tumor drug is that which not only kills tumor cells but also alleviates tumor-causing risk ...Tumor chemoprevention and treatment are two approaches aimed at improving the survival of patients with cancers.An ideal anti-tumor drug is that which not only kills tumor cells but also alleviates tumor-causing risk factors,such as precancerous lesions,and prevents tumor recurrence.Chinese herbal monomers are considered to be ideal treatment agents due to their multi-target effects.Astragaloside has been shown to possess tumor chemoprevention,direct anti-tumor,and chemotherapeutic drug sensitization effects.In this paper,we review the effects of astragaloside on tumor prevention and treatment and provide directions for further research.展开更多
Background:Many nutritional supplements and pharmacological agents have been reported to show preventive effects on colorectal adenoma and colorectal cancer(CRC).We performed a network meta-analysis to summarize such ...Background:Many nutritional supplements and pharmacological agents have been reported to show preventive effects on colorectal adenoma and colorectal cancer(CRC).We performed a network meta-analysis to summarize such evidence and assess the efficacy and safety of these agents.Methods:We searched PubMed,Embase,and the Cochrane Library for studies published in English until October 31,2021 that fit our inclusion criteria.We performed a systematic review and network meta-analysis to assess the comparative efficacy and safety of candidate agents(low-dose aspirin[Asp],high-dose Asp,cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors[coxibs],calcium,vitamin D,folic acid,ursodeoxycholic acid[UDCA],estrogen,and progesterone,alone or in combination)for preventing colorectal adenoma and CRC.Cochrane risk-of-bias assessment tool was employed to evaluate the quality of each included study.Results:Thirty-two randomized controlled trials(278,694 participants)comparing 13 different interventions were included.Coxibs significantly reduced the risk of colorectal adenoma(risk ratio[RR]:0.59,95%confidence interval[CI]:0.44–0.79,six trials involving 5486 participants),advanced adenoma(RR:0.63,95%CI:0.43–0.92,four trials involving 4723 participants),and metachronous adenoma(RR:0.58,95%CI:0.43–0.79,five trials involving 5258 participants)compared with placebo.Coxibs also significantly increased the risk of severe adverse events(RR:1.29,95%CI:1.13–1.47,six trials involving 7109 participants).Other interventions,including Asp,folic acid,UDCA,vitamin D,and calcium,did not reduce the risk of colorectal adenoma in the general and high-risk populations compared with placebo.Conclusions:Considering the balance between benefits and harms,regular use of coxibs for prevention of colorectal adenoma was not supported by the current evidence.Benefit of low-dose Asp for chemoprevention of colorectal adenoma still requires further evidence.展开更多
Background Children under five are the vulnerable population most at risk of being infected with Plasmodium para-sites,especially in the Sahel region.Seasonal malaria chemoprevention(SMC)recommended by World Health Or...Background Children under five are the vulnerable population most at risk of being infected with Plasmodium para-sites,especially in the Sahel region.Seasonal malaria chemoprevention(SMC)recommended by World Health Organi-zation(WHO),has proven to be a highly effective intervention to prevent malaria.Given more deaths reported during the COVID-19 pandemic than in previous years due to the disruptions to essential medical services,it is,therefore,necessary to seek a more coordinated and integrated approach to increasing the pace,coverage and resilience of SMC.Towards this end,fully leverage the resources of major players in the global fight against malaria,such as China could accelerate the SMC process in Africa.Methods We searched PubMed,MEDLINE,Web of Science,and Embase for research articles and the Institutional Repository for Information Sharing of WHO for reports on SMC.We used gap analysis to investigate the challenges and gaps of SMC since COVID-19.Through the above methods to explore China's prospective contribution to SMC.Results A total of 68 research articles and reports were found.Through gap analysis,we found that despite the delays in the SMC campaign,11.8 milion children received SMC in 2020.However,there remained some challenges:(1)a shortage of fully covered monthly courses;(2)lack of adherence to the second and third doses of amodiaquine;(3)four courses of SMC are not sufficient to cover the entire malaria transmission season in areas where the peak transmission lasts longer;(4)additional interventions are needed to consolidate SMC efforts.China was certified malaria-free by WHO in 2021,and its experience and expertise in malaria elimination can be shared with high-burden countries.With the potential to join the multilateral cooperation in SMC,including the supply of quality-assured health commodities,know-how transfer and experience sharing,China is expected to contribute to the ongoing Scale-up of SMC.Conclusions A combination of necessary preventive and curative activities may prove beneficial both for targeted populations and for health system strengthening in the long run.More actions are entailed to promote the partner-ship and China can be one of the main contributors with various roles.展开更多
The development of gastric cancer is a multi-factor process. In addition to genetic factors, environmental factors including smoking, low gastric acidity, excessive intake of salt or salty food and low consumption of ...The development of gastric cancer is a multi-factor process. In addition to genetic factors, environmental factors including smoking, low gastric acidity, excessive intake of salt or salty food and low consumption of fresh fruits and vegetables all contribute to the development of gastric cancer. Of particular interest, epidemiological and experimental studies have demonstrated that Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is causally linked to gastric cancer. Most studies using micronutrient supplementation have failed to demonstrate any preventive effect against the development of gastric cancer. The use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs has been consistently observed to protect against the development of gastric cancer. Recently, eradication of H. pylori infection by a chemopreventative approach is being studied in a number of trials. Studies using precancerous lesions as an end point of the treatment have produced conflicting and mostly negative results. Trials using cancer as an end point are being cautiously carried out in high-risk populations, and will provide the definitive answer to this important question. In the end, vaccination may be proven to be the optimal strategy in human for the management of H. pylori infection and prevention of gastric cancer.展开更多
Prostate cancer is the second leading cancer among men in the United States. Several studies have correlated the development of prostate cancer with diet and life-style. Therefore, a balanced diet and improved life st...Prostate cancer is the second leading cancer among men in the United States. Several studies have correlated the development of prostate cancer with diet and life-style. Therefore, a balanced diet and improved life style might inhibit prostate cancer progression. Cancer chemoprevention has emerged as an important factor in controlling cancer development through natural or synthetic compounds. Oxidative stress is among the factors contributing to prostate cancer development. The transcription factor nuclear factor(erythroid-derived 2)-like 2(Nrf2) controls detoxifying antioxidant enzymes expression by binding to the antioxidant response element(ARE) in the promoter of these genes to activate their expression. Many natural products can fight oxidative stress and protects cells from DNA damage by activating the Nrf2/ARE pathway. High consumption of fruits and vegetables can reduce disease incidence and invasive tumors. In this review, the roles of important fruit and vegetable phytochemicals in regulating prostate cancer progression and tumor growth are discussed.展开更多
The unending morbidity and mortality that results from cancer,as well as adverse reactions due to chemotherapy and the enormous economic burden of treatment and hospitalization,advocates for the necessity of chemoprev...The unending morbidity and mortality that results from cancer,as well as adverse reactions due to chemotherapy and the enormous economic burden of treatment and hospitalization,advocates for the necessity of chemopreventive measures.Cancer chemoprevention refers to the use of agents capable of reversing,reducing,or slowing down the pathology of cancer at various stages.Fortunately,a few therapeutic drugs with relatively low toxicity(e.g.,tamoxifen,finasteride),and a sparse number of vaccines(hepatitis B,HPV),are used to prevent specific cancers.In the general population,however,therapeutic options for cancer prevention are not common.Nonetheless,it is generally agreed that diet affects the genesis of cancer,and phytochemicals have the capacity of functioning as cancer chemoprevention agents.This is supported by epidemiological studies and clearly documented with animal models designed to mimic human carcinogenesis.Additionally,some public health strategies,such as recommendations for greater consumption of fruits and vegetables,reflect the merits of cancer chemoprevention.Here,we focus on some well-established natural product cancer chemopreventive agents,including resveratrol(grapes),epigallocatechin-3-gallate(green tea),sulforaphane(cruciferous vegetables),anthocyanins(grapes and berries),curcumin(turmeric),silibinin(milk thistle),and lycopene(tomatoes).As aptly demonstrated by genomic analysis and other methods,the mechanistic underpinning is variable and complex.In addition,responses may be mediated through indirect mechanisms,such as interaction with the microbiome.Furthermore,ancillary applications of chemopreventive agents are worthy of consideration,such as management of sequelae induced by chemotherapy.Recognizing the loss of millions of cancer patients every year,it is obvious that negating malignant metastatic conditions remains of paramount importance.In meeting this objective,cancer chemoprevention offers great promise.展开更多
Achieving effective municipal solid waste (MSW) management remains a major challenge and waste generation and accumulation continue to constitute important environmental and public health concern, particularly in mo...Achieving effective municipal solid waste (MSW) management remains a major challenge and waste generation and accumulation continue to constitute important environmental and public health concern, particularly in most developing countries. Although the general population is at risk of adverse health consequences and hazards associated with exposure to MSW, the waste management workers (WMWs) are the most vulnerable because of their direct involvement in the disposal of waste, with increasing evidence of work-related health and safety risks among these individuals. Among the numerous work-related health hazards prevalent in WMWs, development of toxic neuropathies following chronic occupational exposure remains poorly recognized. However, the risk or predisposition to toxic neuropathies is becoming evident considering the increasing recognition of large amount of neurotoxic heavy metals and hazardous industrial materials present in MSW in mostparts of the world. The present review seeks to draw attention to the continuous vulnerability of the WMWs to developing toxic neuropathies. This is aimed at facilitating conscious efforts by relevant governmental and non- governmental agencies towards promoting risk reduction and ensuring adequate protection against possible toxic polyneuropathies associated with occupational exposure to solid wastes. While continuous education of the WMWs on the need for adequate compliance to safety regulations and practice remains sacrosanct towards achieving significant reduction in toxic neuropathies and related adverse health consequences of waste handling, it is also our intention in this review to underscore the possible relevance of nutrient supplementation and alternative medicines in chemoprevention.展开更多
Non-melanoma skin cancer(NMSC) is one of the most common cancers in the US, although the role of obesity in skin cancer remains unclear. In vivo studies have consistently demonstrated that obese mice challenged with U...Non-melanoma skin cancer(NMSC) is one of the most common cancers in the US, although the role of obesity in skin cancer remains unclear. In vivo studies have consistently demonstrated that obese mice challenged with UVB radiation show increased skin tumorigenesis in comparison with leaner control mice. Growing evidence suggests that enhanced inflammation, oxidative stress and impaired apoptosis may play important roles in the development of skin cancer. Interventions such as voluntary exercise and the surgical removal of parametrial fat have been demonstrated to be effective in reducing adipose tissue that may influence the development of skin cancer; however, these interventions are not achievable in all obese patients. Therefore, the use of dietary natural phytochemicals that may modify and reverse the deregulated molecular and epigenetic events related to obesity and cancer development might represent a potential therapeutic modality due to their potential efficacy and low toxicity. In this review, we aim to provide the molecular and epigenetic basis of the NMSC-obesity relationship and to highlight the potential anti-cancer chemopreventive benefits of dietary phytochemicals such as sulforaphane and epigallocatechin-3-gallate.展开更多
文摘Background: Seasonal Malaria Chemoprevention (SMC) is a strategy put in place by World Health Organisation (WHO) to fight against malaria in zones of high seasonal malaria transmission since the year 2012. This strategy has been implemented in the Far North and North regions of Cameroon since the year 2016. Despite the implementation of this program the number of cases and deaths from seasonal malaria among the under 5 seems to be rising in Koza health area. Objective: To determine the level of implementation of the SMC Program and its impact on the mortality of children aged 03 to 59 months during the season of high transmission. Methods: This was a community-based cross-sectional and 7-years retrospective study. Data was surveyed for 3 months in 3 health areas of Koza health area. Data were collected and typed in Kobo collect, cleaned in MS Excel and analyzed in SPSS version 25 to come out with descriptive statistics. Results: Among the 172 households, female children were mostly represented 99 (57%) The age group mostly represented was 2 years. The population knowledge on SMC’s overall score was above average. The overall coverage rate (4 cycles) was 84% from interviewed parents and 67.5% from SMC cards. More than 23% of children experienced at least one side effect with the most common being vomiting (72%). The population’s overall impression of the program was good at 85%. The trends SMC coverage showed a sinusoidal fluctuation from 2015 to 2021, 2016 to 2019 and 2020 to 2021. Conclusion: The coverage rate of SMC was high thus the program is well implemented.
基金Supported by A Grant from the Department of Biotechnology,New Delhi, India under the 7th FP of the Indo-EU Joint Collaborative Project on "FUNCFOOD"
文摘Carcinoma of the stomach is still the second most common cause of cancer death worldwide, although the incidence and mortality have fallen dramatically over the last 50 years in many regions. The incidence of gastric cancer varies in different parts of the world and among various ethnic groups. Despite advances in diagnosis and treatment, the 5-year survival rate of stomach cancer is only 20 per cent. Stomach cancer can be classified into intestinal and diffuse types based on epidemiological and clinicopathological features. The etiology of gastric cancer is multifactorial and includes both dietary and nondietary factors. The major diet-related risk factors implicated in stomach cancer development include high content of nitrates and high salt intake. Accumulating evidence has implicated the role of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection in the pathogenesis of gastric cancer. The development of gastric cancer is a complex, multistep process involving multiple genetic and epigenetic alterations of oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, DNA repair genes, cell cycle regulators, and signaling molecules. A plausible program for gastric cancer prevention involves intake of a balanced diet containing fruits and vegetables, improved sanitationand hygiene, screening and treatment of H. pylori infection, and follow-up of precancerous lesions. The fact that diet plays an important role in the etiology of gastric cancer offers scope for nutritional chemoprevention. Animal models have been extensively used to analyze the stepwise evolution of gastric carcinogenesis and to test dietary chemopreventive agents. Development of multitargeted preventive and therapeutic strategies for gastric cancer is a major challenge for the future.
文摘AIM To investigate the chemopreventiveeffects of green tea and tea pigment on 1,2-dimethylhydrazine(DMH)-induced rat colorectalcarcinogenesis.METHODS Male weaning Wistar rats wererandomly allocated into four groups.Rats in thepositive control group were given s.c.injectionof DMH,once a week for ten weeks;rats in tea-treated groups,with the same DMH treatment asin the positive group,received 2% green tea and0.1% tea pigments;rats in the negative controlgroup were given s.c.injection of the samevolume of saline as well as DMH in the positivegroup.Animals were sacrified and necropsied atthe end of week 16 and week 32.RESULTS Aberrant cryptic foci(ACF)wereformed in animals in DMH-treated groups at theend of week 16.Compared to the DMH group,green tea and tea pigments groups had less ACF(148.25 and 204.25,respectively,P【0.01).Atthe end of week 32,all rats in DMH groupdeveloped large intestinal tumors.The resultsalso showed that DMH increased labeling index(LI)of proliferating cell nuclear antigen(PCNA)of intestinal mucosa and the expression of ras-p21.However,in the tea-treated groups,PCNA-LI was significantly reduced as compared withthe positive control group(36.63 and 40.36 inthe green tea group and tea pigment group,respectively,at the end of the experiment,P【0.01).ras-p21 expression was alsosignificantly reduced(2.07 and 2.36 in the colontumors of rats in the green tea group and teapigments group,respectively at the end of theexperiment,P【0.01).Furthermore,green tea and tea pigment inhibited the expression of Bcl-2protein(2,5,1,0 and 2,4,1,0,respectively,at the end of the experiment P【0.01),andinduced expression of Bax protein(0,1,3,4and 0,1,4,3,respectively,P【0.01).CONCLUSION Chinese green tea drinkinginhibited ACF and colonic tumors formation inrats,which showed that tea had a significantchemopreventive effect on DMH-inducedcolorectal carcinogenesis.Such effects may bedue to suppression of cell proliferation andinduction of apoptosis in the intestinal crypts.
文摘Pancreaticobiliary maljunction (PBM) is a high risk factor for biliary tract cancer. In PBM, since the pancreatic duct and bile duct converge outside the duodenal wall beyond the influence of the sphincter of Oddi, pancreatic juice and bile are constantly mixed, producing a variety of harmful substances. Because of this, the biliary mucosa is repeatedly damaged and repaired, which causes an acceleration of cell proliferative activity and multiple gene mutations. Histological changes such as hyperplasia, metaplasia, and dysplasia ultimately result in a high incidence of carcinogenesis. In a nationwide survey by the Japanese Study Group on PBM, coexisting biliary tract cancer was detected in 278 of the 1627 registered cases of PBM (17.1%). Of these cases, in those with dilatation of the extrahepatic bile duct, cancer was often detected not only in the gallbladder but also in the bile ducts. More than 90% of cancer cases without dilatation of the extrahepatic bile duct develop in the gallbladder. Standard treatment for PBM is a cholecystectomy and resection of the extrahepatic bile duct. However, cholecystectomy alone is performed at nearly half of institutions in Japan. Conversely, reports of carcinogenesis in the remnant bile duct or pancreas after diversion surgery are steadily increasing. One of the causes for this is believed to be an accumulation of gene mutations which were present before surgery. Anticancer drugs are ineffective in preventing such carcinogenesis following surgery, thus the postoperative administration of chemopreventive agents may be necessary.
文摘Colorectal cancer represents the third most common and the second deadliest type of cancer for both men and women in the United States claiming over 50000 lives in 2014. The 5-year survival rate for patients diagnosed with metastatic colon and rectal cancer is < 15%. Early detection and more effective treatments are urgently needed to reduce morbidity and mortality of patients afflicted with this disease. Here we will review the risk factors and current treatment paradigms for colorectal cancer, with an emphasis on the role of chemoprevention as they relate to epidermal growth factor receptor(EGFR) blockade. We will discuss how various EGFR ligands are upregulated in the presence of Western diets high in saturated and N-6 polyunsaturated fats. We will also outline the various mechanisms of EGFR inhibition that are induced by naturally occurring chemopreventative agents such as ginseng, green tea, and curcumin. Finally, we will discuss the current role of targeted chemotherapy in colon cancer and outline the limitations of our current treatment options, describing mechanisms of resistance and escape.
基金supported by seed-fund to AKT from Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics at UT
文摘Flavonoids are polyphenols that are found in numerous edible plant species. Data obtained from preclinical and clinical studies suggest that specific flavonoids are chemo-preventive and cytotoxic against various cancers via a multitude of mechanisms. However, the clinical use of flavonoids is limited due to challenges associated with their e ective use, including(1) the isolation and purification of flavonoids from their natural resources;(2) demonstration of the e ects of flavonoids in reducing the risk of certain cancer, in tandem with the cost and time needed for epidemiological studies, and(3) numerous pharmacokinetic challenges(e.g., bioavailability, drug–drug interactions, and metabolic instability). Currently, numerous approaches are being used to surmount some of these challenges, thereby increasing the likelihood of flavonoids being used as chemo-preventive drugs in the clinic. In this review, we summarize the most important challenges and e orts that are being made to surmount these challenges.
文摘Interferon(IFN) therapy has been reported to decrease the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) and improve survival by preventing liver-related deaths in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus(HCV) infection, while the role of IFN therapy on the natural history of hepatitis C related cirrhosis is still under debate. The ideal goal of therapy is to prevent the progression into end-stage disease. The use of IFN in patients with HCV compensated cirrhosis reduces the negative clinical evolution independently of the type of laboratoristic and virological response. In our experience, IFN therapy in HCV compensated cirrhosis is barely useful in prevention of HCC, as cirrhosis itself represents a risk of cancer.Some authors noted that IFN treatment reduces the risk of HCC independently of the virological response. It would probably be interesting to evaluate the efficacy of weekly low-dose pegylated(PEG)-IFN therapy in patients with HCV cirrhosis and to assess potential benefits of long-term PEG-IFN plus Ribavirin treatment.
文摘As cell and tissue homeostasis are mediated by the balance between proliferation and apoptosis, controlling this balance is important for cancer chemoprevention. Cancer chemoprevention can be achieved by the use of natural, synthetic or biologic compounds that reverse, suppress or prevent the development of epithelial malignancies. Natural compounds including flavonoids are able to reduce oxidative stress, which is the most likely mechanism mediating the protective effects against cancer development. In addition, in vitro and in vivo studies have suggested that flavonoids, such as (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallete (EGCG), quercetin, and curcumin, act by induction of apoptosis. Several natural compounds inhibit cell proliferation and angiogenesis. Certain natural products have been shown to inhibit the activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and Akt signaling pathways, both of which are known to maintain a homeostatic balance between cell survival and apoptosis. Understanding the mechanism of these natural products will contribute to the development of more specific preventive strategies against cancer development. Here we focus on the ability of natural cancer chemopreventive agents to induce apoptosis, and attempt to provide evidence for the preventive and therapeutic effects of natural compounds, EGCG, quercetin, and curcumin, in a succinct manner highlightingκand Akt signaling pathways in vivo.
文摘Globally,the risk of colorectal cancer(CRC) as well as the incidence of mortality associated with CRC is increasing.Thus,it is imperative that we look at alternative approaches involving intake of non-toxic natural dietary/non-dietary agents,for the prevention of CRC.The ultimate goal of this approach is to reduce the incidence of pre-neoplastic adenomatous polyps and prevent their progression to more advanced forms of CRC,and use these natural agents as a safe intervention strategy during the clinical course of this deadly malignancy.Over the years,pre-clinical studies have shown that silibinin(a flavonolignan isolated from the seeds of milk thistle,Silybum marianum) has strong preventive and therapeutic efficacy against various epithelial cancers,including CRC.The focus of the present review is to provide a comprehensive tabular summary,categorically for an easy accessibility and referencing,pertaining to the efficacy and associated mechanisms of silibinin against CRC growth and progression.
文摘Michael Spom over 2 decades ago introduced the concept of chemoprevention: the use of compounds intended to decrease the risk of cancer for broad proportions of the world' s population. Evidence that this was possible came from epidemiologic literature, as well as from basic science. A wide range of compounds has been investigated, and much of this investigation is under way.
文摘Colorectal cancer remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality throughout the world.The incidence of colorectal cancer is nearly four-fold higher in more-developed as compared with less-developed regions of the world.At present an early detection of colorectal cancer remains a crucial step in determining the therapeutic outcomes.Screening programmes have been introduced in an effort to detect colorectal cancer at an early stage or at a precancerous colonic polyp stage.These programmes should be used by the health professionals as an opportunity to educate the public regarding the use of chemoprevention in colorectal cancer,which is the main focus of this review and an attractive concept needing further evaluation.
文摘Since 1984, mass screening for cancer and chemopreventive trials in the two high incidence areas of lung cancer have been carried out. Chemo preventive trials on the subjects having moderate or severe atypical hyperplasia cells in the sputum were done by treatment with R1 [N-(p-ethoxycarbophenyl) retinamide] and R2 [N-(p-carboxyphenyl) retina-mide]. Results showed that the general status of the patients had improved. IgA and IgM in the serum were increased and the arsenic skin lesions were relieved after the treatment with Rl and R2. The ratio of the incidence of lung cancer for the treated group and the control group was 1:4, and the mean degree of hyperplasia in the sputum had dropped. It is suggested that these drugs are both safe and effective in the chemoprevention of lung cancer.
基金Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.81902484,82002809)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2020M670864)+3 种基金Jilin Province young health scientist training program(No.2020Q017)Medical and Health Talents Project of Jilin Province(Nos.2020SCZT039,2020SCZT097)Youth Support Project of Jilin Association for Science and Technology(No.202028)Jilin Province Science and Technology Development Plan(No.20210204028YY)
文摘Tumor chemoprevention and treatment are two approaches aimed at improving the survival of patients with cancers.An ideal anti-tumor drug is that which not only kills tumor cells but also alleviates tumor-causing risk factors,such as precancerous lesions,and prevents tumor recurrence.Chinese herbal monomers are considered to be ideal treatment agents due to their multi-target effects.Astragaloside has been shown to possess tumor chemoprevention,direct anti-tumor,and chemotherapeutic drug sensitization effects.In this paper,we review the effects of astragaloside on tumor prevention and treatment and provide directions for further research.
基金CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences(No.CIFMS2021-I2M-C&T-A-001)
文摘Background:Many nutritional supplements and pharmacological agents have been reported to show preventive effects on colorectal adenoma and colorectal cancer(CRC).We performed a network meta-analysis to summarize such evidence and assess the efficacy and safety of these agents.Methods:We searched PubMed,Embase,and the Cochrane Library for studies published in English until October 31,2021 that fit our inclusion criteria.We performed a systematic review and network meta-analysis to assess the comparative efficacy and safety of candidate agents(low-dose aspirin[Asp],high-dose Asp,cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors[coxibs],calcium,vitamin D,folic acid,ursodeoxycholic acid[UDCA],estrogen,and progesterone,alone or in combination)for preventing colorectal adenoma and CRC.Cochrane risk-of-bias assessment tool was employed to evaluate the quality of each included study.Results:Thirty-two randomized controlled trials(278,694 participants)comparing 13 different interventions were included.Coxibs significantly reduced the risk of colorectal adenoma(risk ratio[RR]:0.59,95%confidence interval[CI]:0.44–0.79,six trials involving 5486 participants),advanced adenoma(RR:0.63,95%CI:0.43–0.92,four trials involving 4723 participants),and metachronous adenoma(RR:0.58,95%CI:0.43–0.79,five trials involving 5258 participants)compared with placebo.Coxibs also significantly increased the risk of severe adverse events(RR:1.29,95%CI:1.13–1.47,six trials involving 7109 participants).Other interventions,including Asp,folic acid,UDCA,vitamin D,and calcium,did not reduce the risk of colorectal adenoma in the general and high-risk populations compared with placebo.Conclusions:Considering the balance between benefits and harms,regular use of coxibs for prevention of colorectal adenoma was not supported by the current evidence.Benefit of low-dose Asp for chemoprevention of colorectal adenoma still requires further evidence.
文摘Background Children under five are the vulnerable population most at risk of being infected with Plasmodium para-sites,especially in the Sahel region.Seasonal malaria chemoprevention(SMC)recommended by World Health Organi-zation(WHO),has proven to be a highly effective intervention to prevent malaria.Given more deaths reported during the COVID-19 pandemic than in previous years due to the disruptions to essential medical services,it is,therefore,necessary to seek a more coordinated and integrated approach to increasing the pace,coverage and resilience of SMC.Towards this end,fully leverage the resources of major players in the global fight against malaria,such as China could accelerate the SMC process in Africa.Methods We searched PubMed,MEDLINE,Web of Science,and Embase for research articles and the Institutional Repository for Information Sharing of WHO for reports on SMC.We used gap analysis to investigate the challenges and gaps of SMC since COVID-19.Through the above methods to explore China's prospective contribution to SMC.Results A total of 68 research articles and reports were found.Through gap analysis,we found that despite the delays in the SMC campaign,11.8 milion children received SMC in 2020.However,there remained some challenges:(1)a shortage of fully covered monthly courses;(2)lack of adherence to the second and third doses of amodiaquine;(3)four courses of SMC are not sufficient to cover the entire malaria transmission season in areas where the peak transmission lasts longer;(4)additional interventions are needed to consolidate SMC efforts.China was certified malaria-free by WHO in 2021,and its experience and expertise in malaria elimination can be shared with high-burden countries.With the potential to join the multilateral cooperation in SMC,including the supply of quality-assured health commodities,know-how transfer and experience sharing,China is expected to contribute to the ongoing Scale-up of SMC.Conclusions A combination of necessary preventive and curative activities may prove beneficial both for targeted populations and for health system strengthening in the long run.More actions are entailed to promote the partner-ship and China can be one of the main contributors with various roles.
文摘The development of gastric cancer is a multi-factor process. In addition to genetic factors, environmental factors including smoking, low gastric acidity, excessive intake of salt or salty food and low consumption of fresh fruits and vegetables all contribute to the development of gastric cancer. Of particular interest, epidemiological and experimental studies have demonstrated that Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is causally linked to gastric cancer. Most studies using micronutrient supplementation have failed to demonstrate any preventive effect against the development of gastric cancer. The use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs has been consistently observed to protect against the development of gastric cancer. Recently, eradication of H. pylori infection by a chemopreventative approach is being studied in a number of trials. Studies using precancerous lesions as an end point of the treatment have produced conflicting and mostly negative results. Trials using cancer as an end point are being cautiously carried out in high-risk populations, and will provide the definitive answer to this important question. In the end, vaccination may be proven to be the optimal strategy in human for the management of H. pylori infection and prevention of gastric cancer.
基金supported in part by Institutional Funds and from the National Cancer Institute(Grant No.R01-CA118947,R01-CA152826)the National Center for Complementary and Alt ernative Medicines and the Office of Dietary Supplements(Grant No.R01AT007065)
文摘Prostate cancer is the second leading cancer among men in the United States. Several studies have correlated the development of prostate cancer with diet and life-style. Therefore, a balanced diet and improved life style might inhibit prostate cancer progression. Cancer chemoprevention has emerged as an important factor in controlling cancer development through natural or synthetic compounds. Oxidative stress is among the factors contributing to prostate cancer development. The transcription factor nuclear factor(erythroid-derived 2)-like 2(Nrf2) controls detoxifying antioxidant enzymes expression by binding to the antioxidant response element(ARE) in the promoter of these genes to activate their expression. Many natural products can fight oxidative stress and protects cells from DNA damage by activating the Nrf2/ARE pathway. High consumption of fruits and vegetables can reduce disease incidence and invasive tumors. In this review, the roles of important fruit and vegetable phytochemicals in regulating prostate cancer progression and tumor growth are discussed.
基金This work was supported in part by the California Table Grape Commission.
文摘The unending morbidity and mortality that results from cancer,as well as adverse reactions due to chemotherapy and the enormous economic burden of treatment and hospitalization,advocates for the necessity of chemopreventive measures.Cancer chemoprevention refers to the use of agents capable of reversing,reducing,or slowing down the pathology of cancer at various stages.Fortunately,a few therapeutic drugs with relatively low toxicity(e.g.,tamoxifen,finasteride),and a sparse number of vaccines(hepatitis B,HPV),are used to prevent specific cancers.In the general population,however,therapeutic options for cancer prevention are not common.Nonetheless,it is generally agreed that diet affects the genesis of cancer,and phytochemicals have the capacity of functioning as cancer chemoprevention agents.This is supported by epidemiological studies and clearly documented with animal models designed to mimic human carcinogenesis.Additionally,some public health strategies,such as recommendations for greater consumption of fruits and vegetables,reflect the merits of cancer chemoprevention.Here,we focus on some well-established natural product cancer chemopreventive agents,including resveratrol(grapes),epigallocatechin-3-gallate(green tea),sulforaphane(cruciferous vegetables),anthocyanins(grapes and berries),curcumin(turmeric),silibinin(milk thistle),and lycopene(tomatoes).As aptly demonstrated by genomic analysis and other methods,the mechanistic underpinning is variable and complex.In addition,responses may be mediated through indirect mechanisms,such as interaction with the microbiome.Furthermore,ancillary applications of chemopreventive agents are worthy of consideration,such as management of sequelae induced by chemotherapy.Recognizing the loss of millions of cancer patients every year,it is obvious that negating malignant metastatic conditions remains of paramount importance.In meeting this objective,cancer chemoprevention offers great promise.
文摘Achieving effective municipal solid waste (MSW) management remains a major challenge and waste generation and accumulation continue to constitute important environmental and public health concern, particularly in most developing countries. Although the general population is at risk of adverse health consequences and hazards associated with exposure to MSW, the waste management workers (WMWs) are the most vulnerable because of their direct involvement in the disposal of waste, with increasing evidence of work-related health and safety risks among these individuals. Among the numerous work-related health hazards prevalent in WMWs, development of toxic neuropathies following chronic occupational exposure remains poorly recognized. However, the risk or predisposition to toxic neuropathies is becoming evident considering the increasing recognition of large amount of neurotoxic heavy metals and hazardous industrial materials present in MSW in mostparts of the world. The present review seeks to draw attention to the continuous vulnerability of the WMWs to developing toxic neuropathies. This is aimed at facilitating conscious efforts by relevant governmental and non- governmental agencies towards promoting risk reduction and ensuring adequate protection against possible toxic polyneuropathies associated with occupational exposure to solid wastes. While continuous education of the WMWs on the need for adequate compliance to safety regulations and practice remains sacrosanct towards achieving significant reduction in toxic neuropathies and related adverse health consequences of waste handling, it is also our intention in this review to underscore the possible relevance of nutrient supplementation and alternative medicines in chemoprevention.
基金Institutional funds,R01-CA118947 and R01-CA152826 from the National Cancer Institute(NCI)R01AT007065 from the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicines(NCCAM)and the Office of Dietary Supplements(ODS)
文摘Non-melanoma skin cancer(NMSC) is one of the most common cancers in the US, although the role of obesity in skin cancer remains unclear. In vivo studies have consistently demonstrated that obese mice challenged with UVB radiation show increased skin tumorigenesis in comparison with leaner control mice. Growing evidence suggests that enhanced inflammation, oxidative stress and impaired apoptosis may play important roles in the development of skin cancer. Interventions such as voluntary exercise and the surgical removal of parametrial fat have been demonstrated to be effective in reducing adipose tissue that may influence the development of skin cancer; however, these interventions are not achievable in all obese patients. Therefore, the use of dietary natural phytochemicals that may modify and reverse the deregulated molecular and epigenetic events related to obesity and cancer development might represent a potential therapeutic modality due to their potential efficacy and low toxicity. In this review, we aim to provide the molecular and epigenetic basis of the NMSC-obesity relationship and to highlight the potential anti-cancer chemopreventive benefits of dietary phytochemicals such as sulforaphane and epigallocatechin-3-gallate.