Isotopic Tracing of Trophication Processes over the Last Millennia on Lake Chenghai

Multi-parameter studies (stable isotopes in carbonate and or ganic matter, pigment, organic carbon and nitrogen contents) from a 660-yr cont inuous sediment core from Lake Chenghai, a closed, eutropic lake in southern Chi na, provide information on lake historical eutrophication. During the last 660 y ears, great changes have taken place in productivity and eutrophication of Lake Chenghai in response to human activities. In 1690, the productivity of the lake began to increase as Lake Chenghai became closed from agriculture in the lake’s watershed. In 1942, Lake Chenghai evolved to eutrophic state, marked by an incr ease in organic carbon, nitrogen, CaCO\-3, pigment contents and obvious negative values of stable isotopes, which is more or less simultaneous with the large-s cale population immigration during the period. In 1984, intensive human activiti es induced modern lacustrine productivity and eutrophic level. Human-induced tr ophic changes during the past few decades have affected the Lake Chenghai ecosys tem to such an extent that it has never experienced before in the last 660 years .

Paleoearthquake Investigation along the Chenghai Fault Zone since~500 ka,Southeast Margin of the Tibetan Plateau

The Chenghai fault zone is located in the Sichuan–Yunnan rhombus block,which is surrounded by the Honghe River,Xianshuihe–Xiaojiang,and Jinsha River fault zones.As a mid-continental active fault,it is one of the most important seismogenic fractures in the southeast margin of the Tibetan Plateau.Geological seismic study is an important supplement to the historical seismic record;therefore,identification of paleoearthquake events in this region is of great significance to reveal the pattern and mechanism of earthquake development.In this study,detailed investigation has been carried out on the earthquake traces that formed in the Quaternary sediments in the Jinsha River section of the Chenghai fault zone,and samples for dating chronology testing were also collected.Many paleoearthquake traces were discovered in the field,including earthquake fissions,dammed lake sediments and landslides,earthquake-generated rock falls,seismic faults,and sand liquefaction veins.The collected samples were tested using optically stimulated luminescence,electron-spin resonance,and U-series methods.A total of 68 chronological samples were dated,combined with the results of field investigations,and 10 large paleoearthquake events were discovered in this region since 500 ka,which are at approximately 450,400,345,300,250,190,155,105,75,and 25 ka.Ten tectonic activity periods that produced multiple paleoearthquake events were identified since 500 ka.This study identifies paleoearthquake events in longer scales,larger spaces,and more extensive sediments,which provides new perspectives and new ideas for paleoearthquake research.

Research on the carbon isotopic composition of organic matter from Lake Chenghai and Caohai Lake sediments

The carbon isotopic composition of organic matter from lake sediments has been extensively used to infer variations in productivity. In this paper, based on the study of the contents and δ13C values of organic matter in different types of lakes, it has been found that δ13C values of organic matter have different responses to lake productivity in different lakes. As to the lakes dominated by aqutic macrophytes such as Lake Caohai, organic matter becomes enriched in 13C with increasing productivity. As to the lakes dominated by aquatic algae such as Lake Chenghai, δ13C values of organic matter decrease with increasing productivity, and the degradation of aquatic algae is the main factor leading to the decrease of δ13C values of organic matter with increasing productivity. Therefore, we should be cautious to use the carbon isotopic composition of organic matter to deduce lake productivity.

The Correlation of Inorganic C, O Isotopic Values for Lake Chenghai Sediments and Its Environmental Implications

As one of the lakes on the Yunnan-Guizhou plateau, Lake Chenghai, which is a typical closed lake with the precipitation accounting for one-third or more of the annual water input, has a high total salinity (almost like a saline lake).The inorganic C,O isotopic composition of lake sediments bears much sensitive information about environmental change in the catchment, while their correlations revealed the hydrological conditions under which the lake was closed. Their compositional variations are controlled by temperature, precipitation, photosynthesis, dissolving equilibrium of the carbonate system and hydrological condition. According to our research on inorganic C, O isotopic composition of Lake Chenghai sediments, we investigated the environmental change of this catchment several decades ago. The results showed that Lake Chenghai has kept good hydrological closing conditions in the past several decades, as indicated by the good correlation of inorganic C, O isotopic composition of sediments; and that the environmental change in this catchment shows a tendency of periodical evolution on a 10\+\{-11\}-years scale, although the signal noise is relatively high at the bottom of the sediment core. And we also can extend C, O isotopes, a sensitive environmental indicator, to nearly saline lake environments with a high degree of mineralization.

Environmental evolution recorded by multi-proxy evidence in Lake Chenghai sediments, Yunnan Province during recent 100 years

Lacustrine sediments can provide potential information about environmental changes in the past. On the basis of high-resolution multi-proxy analysis including carbon and nitrogen contents of organic matter, C/N ratios, inorganic carbon contents, and carbon and oxygen isotopic composition of carbonate, together with precise 137Cs dating, the environmental evolution of Lake Chenghai, Yunnan Province, during the past 100 years has been investigated. It is shown that the carbonate in Lake Chenghai is authigenic, and the organic matter is mainly derived from aquatic plants and algae, instead of terrestrial-source materials. The environmental evolution of Lake Chenghai can be diverged into three periods with the contrasting characteristics during the past 100 years. Before 1940, the stable carbon and oxygen isotope values, the poor correlation between them and the lower carbon and nitrogen contents of organic matter suggested that Lake Chenghai was open, and the lake water was oligotrophic during that period. During 1940-1993, the negative δ13C values and the gradual increase of carbon and nitrogen contents of organic matter and C/N ratios indicated that the eutrophication was aggravated. The closeness of Lake Chenghai and human activities may be responsible for this eutrophication. After 1993, notable increases in carbon and oxygen isotopic values of carbonate, carbon and nitrogen contents of organic matter, C/N ratios and inorganic carbon contents demonstrated that the increase of lacustrine productivity and the serious eutrophication were resulted from strong human activities. Therefore, the multi-proxy in Lake Chenghai sediments has reliably recorded the natural environmental evolution and the impacts from human activities.

Sudden enhancement of sedimentation flux of^(210)Pb_(ex) as anindicator of lake productivity as exemplified by Lake Chenghai

The fundamental assumption of 210Pbsediment dating is the stable flux of 210Pbse, which was derived from atmosphere and then transferred into sediments via lake water. When the sedimentation rate is relatively constant, the 210Pbse activity in sediments will be exponentially reduced with sedimentation age. 210Pbse in lake water is incorporated into sediments mainly via organic particulates. If the sedimentation flux of organic matter in lake water is suddenly in- creased, 210Pbse will be significantly deposited and then transferred into sediments. On the one hand such sudden purification effect is obviously unfit for the fundamental assumption of 210Pbse dating; on the other hand, the sudden enhancement of 210Pbse flux would be indicative of the conspicuous variation of primary productivity of lake water. This problem will be discussed in accordance with the variation trend of 210Pbex in the vertical profile of recent sediments of Lake Chenghai, Yunnan Province. The sediment core was collected from the deep-water area of Lake Chenghai in June 1997. The vertical profile of 137 Cs activity is characterized by a tree-peak pat- tern. This profile gave reliable ages, and also showed the stability of sediment accumulation in the recent ten years. The vertical profile of210Pbse activity displays a specific distribution of peaks, and is similar to the vertical profile of Corg. This phenomenon seems to be related to the mecha- nism of constraining the transfer of 210Pbse into lake sediments. The average atomic ratios of Horg/Corg and Corg/Norg in Lake Chenghai sediments are 5.51 and 7.04, respectively, indicating that the organic matter was predominantly derived from the remains of endogenic algae. In terms of the three-stage evolutionary characteristics of organic matter in sediments, i.e., “deposition-de- composition-accumulation”, the sedimentation fluxes （F（Corg）） of organic carbon （Corg） since 1970 were calculated by modeling. The sedimentation fluxes of 210Pbse (F(210Pbse)) in different years display good synchronous relations with the sedimentation flux of organic carbon （F（Corg））, es- pecially in the years of 1972─1974 and 1986─1989. The variation of F（Corg） led to the variation of F(210Pbse); the variation of F（210Pbex） reflects, to some extent, the historical variation of lake pro- ductivity.

大港油田埕海海洋土动剪切模量与阻尼比试验研究

大港油田埕海区块是我国渤海湾海洋油气的重要产区,位于渤海湾西部沿海,属于地震高发区,因此,在该海域进行海洋工程设计建造时,必须根据工程场地的动剪切模量和阻尼比等动力学参数进行地震安全性评价。采用共振柱试验仪对大港埕海海域0~120 m不同深度的海洋土土样进行土体动参数测试与研究。研究发现埕海海洋土动剪切模量随着动剪应变的增大而降低、阻尼比随着动剪应变的增大而增大,同时发现围压与动剪切模量、阻尼比近似成线性关系等规律。相关研究成果可为海洋工程场地的设计、施工及抗震分析提供技术参考依据。

广东汕头澄海区地下水资源评价分析

广东汕头地区改革开放以来,城市化进程显著扩大、人口数量迅猛增加。导致符合饮用水标准的水资源量逐渐减少,水质性缺水逐年严重。本文基于前人工程地质、水文地质、环境地质成果,结合相关部门的气象、水文、江河、湖泊、水库资料以及水资源开发利用现状,工农业等国民经济发展规划等资料,研究分析广东汕头澄海区水文地质规律、地下水分布及化学特征,为正确评价地下水资源量提供水文地质学基础。

Initiation and evolution of coarse-grained deposits in the Late Quaternary Lake Chenghai source-to-sink system:From subaqueous colluvial apron(subaqueous fans)to Gilbert-type delta

Investigating the formation and evolution of coarse-grained deposits in modern lakes and the relevant controlling conditions is indispensable to the prediction of reservoir sandbodies, disaster prediction,and limnological research. The source-to-sink system of coarse-grained deposits in Lake Chenghai, a deep,scarped Late Quaternary lake, was investigated in this study based on 62 outcrops, Advanced Land Observing Satellite(ALOS) digital elevation model(DEM) data, and regional geological survey data. The findings include the following:(1) the source areas of coarse-grained deposits in Lake Chenghai were lithologically classified into carbonate source areas, basaltic source areas and siliciclastic source areas, and were geomorphically categorized as scarp type or confluence type. Subaqueous colluvial aprons have formed downstream of the carbonate source areas and scarp-type basaltic source areas, while Gilbert-type deltas have formed downstream of siliciclastic source areas and confluence-type basaltic source areas.(2) The formation and evolution of coarse-grained deposits are controlled by the sediment flux that evolves in synchrony with the geomorphic evolution of the source areas and the sink regimes. Scarps represent the initial landform of the source areas.Source material rolls off or slides down scarps or forms small-scale debris flows before entering the lake. The source material initially formed subaqueous colluvial apron(synonymous with subaqueous fans) where sufficient space was present to accommodate sediments and the basement angle exceeded than the natural angle of repose. As weathering and denudation have progressed, the initial scarps have transformed into confluencetype slopes, and the source material has formed medium-and large-scale debris flows that have entered the lake, resulting in an increase in sediment flux. Consequently, the subaqueous colluvial aprons have rapidly grown and developed subaerial deposits, which have evolved into larger-scale Gilbert-type deltas that overlie the initial aprons.(3) The morphology and distribution of coarse-grained deposits vary in response to differences in quantity and composition of materials from different source areas, which resulting from different rates of weathering and denudation and different sediment input regimes. Firstly, the size and surface slope angle of a subaqueous colluvial apron from a carbonate source are smaller than those of a subaqueous colluvial apron of basaltic origin. Secondly, a Gilbert-type delta from a basaltic source features a greater slope angle and a thicker topset than does a Gilbert-type delta of siliciclastic origin, and the latter exhibits a longer foreset and a thicker bottomset than in the former. Thirdly, the sizes of subaqueous colluvial aprons are not strongly correlated with the sizes of the source areas, while the sizes of Gilbert-type deltas are.

多维要素视角下乡村型半城镇化地区演化特征及机制研究——以汕头市澄海区为例

文章基于多维要素视角,以广东省汕头市澄海区中部片区为例,总结乡村型半城镇化地区的演化特征,从市场力、政府力与社会力3个维度揭示半城镇化现象的演化机制。研究表明,案例地区在土地利用、经济产业和社会结构方面呈现出半城镇化的典型特征,在演化过程中,市场力的引领是基础动力,决定了区域空间的开发形态,政府力的调控是制度保障,引导了空间资源的有效配置,社会力的嵌入培育了内生性力量,为乡村型半城镇化地区的发展注入强劲动力。最后提出,强化空间规划的引领作用,探索差异化的转型路径,创新空间管控模式与治理平台,将成为引导半城镇化地区转型的关键。

澄海区古树名木资源分析及保护策略

古树名木是人类珍贵的自然资源,为全面了解澄海区古树名木的资源特征,进行科学地保护,对澄海区古树名木进行了实地调查,对种类、数量、空间分布特征及生长状况等方面进行分析。结果表明:澄海区现有古树名木253株,隶属13科17属18种;其中,一级古树4株,二级古树25株,三级古树224株,以三级古树为主;古树名木在澄海区11个街道(镇)均有分布,主要分布在乡村,其中莲下镇古树名木数量最多;古树名木总体的生长势较好,生长环境较好,但仍有数株古树生长势较差以及生长环境较差,需要进一步加强保护管理,根据古树名木生长状况,制定“一树一策”保护方案,采取扩大生长空间、土壤改良、支撑加固或进行生理复壮等技术措施确保每一株古树都能得到科学、有效地保护。

以河长制为抓手构建河湖管理保护机制探讨——以云南省程海为例

程海属于内陆封闭型湖泊,近年来程海周边旅游业崛起,人为活动日渐频繁,对湖水需求量逐日增加,导致本不能对外出水的程海流域沉积了超出湖体自身净化能力的污染物质,从而影响整个生境的自然循环能力。深入贯彻落实习近平生态文明思想,积极践行“绿水青山就是金山银山”理念,按照中央、省、市决策部署,坚持问题导向和目标导向,制定《关于全面推行河长制的实施意见》,在全县范围内全面推行河长制、湖长制,推动山水林田湖草沙系统治理,既治乱又治病治根,打造生态美丽河湖,使程海流域的河湖面貌得到初步改善。

音频大地电磁法(AMT)在永胜县程海—宾川断裂跨断层监测选址中的应用

牛顿力NPR锚索监测钻孔应设置在尽量靠近深大断裂的最佳位置,使用音频大地电磁法(AMT)对目标断裂进行探测,准确地探测出深大断裂在地下的分布情况,为钻孔选址提供准确可靠的地球物理参数.文章首先阐述了音频大地电磁法(AMT)的基本原理,介绍了Aether大地电磁系统,然后结合工程实例,探讨了方法在永胜县程海—宾川断裂中的实际应用效果.实践表明,音频大地电磁法(AMT)具有数据采集时间短、探测深度大、能够有效地反映断裂在深部的视倾向、视倾角等优点.

潮汕澄海方言地方性普通话语言特征分析

潮汕澄海地区的地方性普通话具有明显的当地特色,而且生活在不同年代的当地人所表达的语言特征也不尽相同。通过对二百多位潮汕澄海地区的原住民进行田野调查,总结出20世纪50-60年代、20世纪70-80年代、20世纪90年代-21世纪00年代三批潮汕人的具体的地方性普通话发音特征并做分析,试从该地方性普通话中发掘潮汕话和普通话的主要差异和寻找借此提高当地普通话教学效率的方法。主要结论如下:随着世代的交替,越年轻的澄海人所说的普通话中所附带的地方性语言特征越少,其中至今最顽固地存在于发音特征中的地方话语音特征有后鼻音代替前鼻音、翘舌音和儿化音发音不到位等。

云南程海近500年来湖泊初始生产力的演化

程海为富营养化封闭湖泊。通过对程海 CH0 1孔沉积物色素分析 ,定性恢复了近 5 0 0 a来程海湖泊初始生产力演化过程。结果表明 ,近 5 0 0 a来程海湖泊初始生产力总体上呈现由低到高的上升趋势。其中 170 0 AD前后、1790 AD前后是湖泊初始生产力出现变化的界限。另外 ,色素含量变化揭示研究时期内存在 175 0 AD前后、1930

高原深水湖泊程海氮磷形态分布特征及其与叶绿素a的相关性

湖泊水体氮、磷形态分布特征及其与藻类生长的关系是湖泊富营养化研究的重要方面。采用GPS定位,在程海湖设置了3个断面9个采样点,研究了氮、磷形态分布特征,并分析了各形态氮磷与叶绿素a的相关性。结果表明:总氮(TN)质量浓度为0.773 mg.L-1,总磷(TP)质量浓度为0.046 mg.L-1,叶绿素a质量浓度为0.024 mg.L-1。氮素的赋存形态特征是以溶解态总氮(DTN)占大部分,DTN中又以溶解态有机氮(DON)占绝大部分;磷素的存在特点是溶解态无机磷(DIP)含量比重较大。各形态氮、磷都有明显的季节性波动但区域性差异不明显,叶绿素a则有明显的季节节律和时空差异。叶绿素a很好地响应了总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、溶解态总氮(DTN)、溶解态总磷(DTP)、颗粒态总氮(PTN)、颗粒态总磷(PTP)的变化。程海富营养化受氮和磷共同限制,控制富营养化必须同时削减氮和磷。

水平井裸眼砾石充填防砂工艺研究与应用

埕海一区采用水平井开发,水平段长且油层易出砂。通过储层、流体性质分析,在理论分析和地层砂粒分析试验的基础上,提出水平井裸眼砾石充填防砂工艺。对砾石尺寸和筛管进行了优化设计,确定施工用砾石直径0.45～1.05mm,筛管缝隙0.23～0.3mm,优选了施工参数,在整体施工过程中注意油层保护,实施后取得了显著效果。该工艺的成功实施对环渤海类似储层的滩海油田开发具有良好的借鉴作用。

利用密集台阵近震层析成像研究云南宾川上地壳速度结构

滇西北宾川盆地是发育于红河断裂和程海断裂交汇处的晚新生代张扭断陷盆地,该区活动断裂发育且历史地震比较活跃.对宾川盆地及邻区进行高精度浅层和上地壳精细结构研究,有助于深入认识该区主要发震构造的深浅部特征.基于2017年在宾川盆地及其附近开展的为期2个月的密集台阵观测数据,我们对该区96个小震共拾取了117221条初至P波和5475条初至S波震相,并利用simul2000开展了地震重定位和体波层析成像研究.结果表明:(1)小震活动主要集中在宾川盆地东缘断裂的弧形转折部位,并在洱海南侧呈现沿北东向断裂的条带状分布现象,反映了区域上近南北向至北东向断裂是主要控震构造,其次是北西向断裂带.(2)0 km的速度分布与区域地形有很好的对应关系.山地呈现高速异常,宾川盆地呈现低速异常.从3 km至9 km,高低速分界与断层有很好的对应,并且越往深部,近南北向至北北东向的宾川盆地东缘断裂在上地壳构造的控制作用越明显.(3)上地壳层析成像结果同时揭示了宾川盆地东缘断裂的三维形态变化在空间上呈现出南北部倾角大、中部倾角缓的变化特征,可能与区域地块的旋转变形过程有关.(4)综合高精度浅层速度结构和地震重定位结果可知,区域上的近南北向至北北东向断裂正逐步取代北西向构造,成为主要的区域分界断裂和控震构造.新的研究结果为深入理解该区的主要控震构造及其深部结构特征提供了重要依据.

程海藻类植物种群结构和数量的周年变化特征

2009年10月—2010年9月,在程海湖设置了3个断面9个采样点,对程海藻类植物进行了逐月采样调查。结果表明：程海藻类植物种类175种（变种）,种类组成结构特点以硅藻、绿藻、蓝藻为主;数量组成结构特点则是蓝藻占绝对优势,表现出典型的富营养化蓝藻型特征。细胞丰度为390.16×104~51 435.0×104个.L-1之间,年平均4 851.75×104个.L-1。年内时间分布呈现出3次波峰与3次波谷,每一次高峰的出现都伴随着不同种类为主的蓝藻水华暴发;水平分布在种类上无明显差异,数量上则表现出南部断面最低,中部断面次之,北部断面最高;垂直分布以表层最多,底层最低,5.0~20.0 m水柱中差异不明显。与1985年相比,种类组成中硅藻比重下降而蓝绿藻比重上升,一些对环境敏感的种类消失,优势种群发生演变,年内数量变动由单峰型发展为多峰型,湖泊富营养化进一步发展。提出了大力削减入湖污染物、增强湖泊生态系统的功能等控制富营养化的对策建议。

源外地层-岩性油气藏成藏与富集高产主控因素

埕海斜坡区是歧口凹陷重要的"源外"油气勘探区带,尤其是地层-岩性油气藏勘探程度较低,剩余勘探潜力较大。通过对埕海斜坡区古近系地层-岩性油气藏成藏条件的研究表明,该区邻近歧口生烃凹陷,存在多个继承性古沟槽,为砂体输送提供了重要通道,发育2类5种地层-岩性圈闭,储盖组合条件良好,具备地层-岩性油气藏形成的地质条件。研究区与生烃中心存在的源储压差是埕海斜坡区地层-岩性油气藏富集的基础,断层、不整合面和渗透性砂层组成的复式输导体系控制了油气运移方向和聚集方式,沉积微相控制了油气的平面分布。通过地层-岩性油藏特征及分布规律研究,建立埕海斜坡区油气富集成藏模式,明确了北部断阶区主要发育构造-岩性油藏,南部高斜坡区主要发育地层-岩性油藏。