COVID-19 Detection from Chest X-Ray Images Using Convolutional Neural Network Approach

COVID-19 is a respiratory illness caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, first identified in 2019. The primary mode of transmission is through respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes. Symptoms can range from mild to severe, and timely diagnosis is crucial for effective treatment. Chest X-Ray imaging is one diagnostic tool used for COVID-19, and a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) is a popular technique for image classification. In this study, we proposed a CNN-based approach for detecting COVID-19 in chest X-Ray images. The model was trained on a dataset containing both COVID-19 positive and negative cases and evaluated on a separate test dataset to measure its accuracy. Our results indicated that the CNN approach could accurately detect COVID-19 in chest X-Ray images, with an overall accuracy of 97%. This approach could potentially serve as an early diagnostic tool to reduce the spread of the virus.

Robust Machine Learning Technique to Classify COVID-19 Using Fusion of Texture and Vesselness of X-Ray Images

Manual investigation of chest radiography(CXR)images by physicians is crucial for effective decision-making in COVID-19 diagnosis.However,the high demand during the pandemic necessitates auxiliary help through image analysis and machine learning techniques.This study presents a multi-threshold-based segmentation technique to probe high pixel intensity regions in CXR images of various pathologies,including normal cases.Texture information is extracted using gray co-occurrence matrix(GLCM)-based features,while vessel-like features are obtained using Frangi,Sato,and Meijering filters.Machine learning models employing Decision Tree(DT)and RandomForest(RF)approaches are designed to categorize CXR images into common lung infections,lung opacity(LO),COVID-19,and viral pneumonia(VP).The results demonstrate that the fusion of texture and vesselbased features provides an effective ML model for aiding diagnosis.The ML model validation using performance measures,including an accuracy of approximately 91.8%with an RF-based classifier,supports the usefulness of the feature set and classifier model in categorizing the four different pathologies.Furthermore,the study investigates the importance of the devised features in identifying the underlying pathology and incorporates histogrambased analysis.This analysis reveals varying natural pixel distributions in CXR images belonging to the normal,COVID-19,LO,and VP groups,motivating the incorporation of additional features such as mean,standard deviation,skewness,and percentile based on the filtered images.Notably,the study achieves a considerable improvement in categorizing COVID-19 from LO,with a true positive rate of 97%,further substantiating the effectiveness of the methodology implemented.

Automatic Detection of COVID-19 Using Chest X-Ray Images and Modified ResNet18-Based Convolution Neural Networks

The latest studies with radiological imaging techniques indicate that X-ray images provide valuable details on the Coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19).The usage of sophisticated artificial intelligence technology(AI)and the radiological images can help in diagnosing the disease reliably and addressing the problem of the shortage of trained doctors in remote villages.In this research,the automated diagnosis of Coronavirus disease was performed using a dataset of X-ray images of patients with severe bacterial pneumonia,reported COVID-19 disease,and normal cases.The goal of the study is to analyze the achievements for medical image recognition of state-of-the-art neural networking architectures.Transfer Learning technique has been implemented in this work.Transfer learning is an ambitious task,but it results in impressive outcomes for identifying distinct patterns in tiny datasets of medical images.The findings indicate that deep learning with X-ray imagery could retrieve important biomarkers relevant for COVID-19 disease detection.Since all diagnostic measures show failure levels that pose questions,the scientific profession should determine the probability of integration of X-rays with the clinical treatment,utilizing the results.The proposed model achieved 96.73%accuracy outperforming the ResNet50 and traditional Resnet18 models.Based on our findings,the proposed system can help the specialist doctors in making verdicts for COVID-19 detection.

COVID-DeepNet: Hybrid Multimodal Deep Learning System for Improving COVID-19 Pneumonia Detection in Chest X-ray Images

Coronavirus(COVID-19)epidemic outbreak has devastating effects on daily lives and healthcare systems worldwide.This newly recognized virus is highly transmissible,and no clinically approved vaccine or antiviral medicine is currently available.Early diagnosis of infected patients through effective screening is needed to control the rapid spread of this virus.Chest radiography imaging is an effective diagnosis tool for COVID-19 virus and followup.Here,a novel hybrid multimodal deep learning system for identifying COVID-19 virus in chest X-ray(CX-R)images is developed and termed as the COVID-DeepNet system to aid expert radiologists in rapid and accurate image interpretation.First,Contrast-Limited Adaptive Histogram Equalization(CLAHE)and Butterworth bandpass filter were applied to enhance the contrast and eliminate the noise in CX-R images,respectively.Results from two different deep learning approaches based on the incorporation of a deep belief network and a convolutional deep belief network trained from scratch using a large-scale dataset were then fused.Parallel architecture,which provides radiologists a high degree of confidence to distinguish healthy and COVID-19 infected people,was considered.The proposed COVID-DeepNet system can correctly and accurately diagnose patients with COVID-19 with a detection accuracy rate of 99.93%,sensitivity of 99.90%,specificity of 100%,precision of 100%,F1-score of 99.93%,MSE of 0.021%,and RMSE of 0.016%in a large-scale dataset.This system shows efficiency and accuracy and can be used in a real clinical center for the early diagnosis of COVID-19 virus and treatment follow-up with less than 3 s per image to make the final decision.

A Novel Method for Automated Lung Region Segmentation in Chest X-Ray Images

Detecting and segmenting the lung regions in chest X-ray images is an important part in artificial intelligence-based computer-aided diagnosis/detection (AI-CAD) systems for chest radiography. However, if the chest X-ray images themselves are used as training data for the AI-CAD system, the system might learn the irrelevant image-based information resulting in the decrease of system’s performance. In this study, we propose a lung region segmentation method that can automatically remove the shoulder and scapula regions, mediastinum, and diaphragm regions in advance from various chest X-ray images to be used as learning data. The proposed method consists of three main steps. First, employ the simple linear iterative clustering algorithm, the lazy snapping technique and local entropy filter to generate an entropy map. Second, apply morphological operations to the entropy map to obtain a lung mask. Third, perform automated segmentation of the lung field using the obtained mask. A total of 30 images were used for the experiments. In order to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method, two other texture maps, namely, the maps created from the standard deviation filtering and the range filtering, were used for comparison. As a result, the proposed method using the entropy map was able to appropriately remove the unnecessary regions. In addition, this method was able to remove the markers present in the image, but the other two methods could not. The experimental results have revealed that our proposed method is a highly generalizable and useful algorithm. We believe that this method might act an important role to enhance the performance of AI-CAD systems for chest X-ray images.

Chest Radiographs Based Pneumothorax Detection Using Federated Learning

Pneumothorax is a thoracic condition that occurs when a person’s lungs collapse,causing air to enter the pleural cavity,the area close to the lungs and chest wall.The most persistent disease,as well as one that necessitates particular patient care and the privacy of their health records.The radiologists find it challenging to diagnose pneumothorax due to the variations in images.Deep learning-based techniques are commonly employed to solve image categorization and segmentation problems.However,it is challenging to employ it in the medical field due to privacy issues and a lack of data.To address this issue,a federated learning framework based on an Xception neural network model is proposed in this research.The pneumothorax medical image dataset is obtained from the Kaggle repository.Data preprocessing is performed on the used dataset to convert unstructured data into structured information to improve the model’s performance.Min-max normalization technique is used to normalize the data,and the features are extracted from chest Xray images.Then dataset converts into two windows to make two clients for local model training.Xception neural network model is trained on the dataset individually and aggregates model updates from two clients on the server side.To decrease the over-fitting effect,every client analyses the results three times.Client 1 performed better in round 2 with a 79.0%accuracy,and client 2 performed better in round 2 with a 77.0%accuracy.The experimental result shows the effectiveness of the federated learning-based technique on a deep neural network,reaching a 79.28%accuracy while also providing privacy to the patient’s data.

Chest radiological finding of COVID-19 in patients with and without diabetes mellitus:Differences in imaging finding

The pandemic of novel coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2).Diabetes mellitus is a risk factor for developing severe illness and a leading cause of death in patients with COVID-19.Diabetes can precipitate hyperglycaemic emergencies and cause prolonged hospital admissions.Insulin resistance is thought to cause endothelial dysfunction,alveolar capillary micro-angiopathy and interstitial lung fibrosis through pro-inflammatory pathways.Autopsy studies have also demonstrated the presence of microvascular thrombi in affected sections of lung,which may be associated with diabetes.Chest imaging using x-ray(CXR)and computed tomography(CT)of chest is used to diagnose,assess disease progression and severity in COVID-19.This article reviews current literature regarding chest imaging findings in patients with diabetes affected by COVID-19.A literature search was performed on PubMed.Patients with diabetes infected with SARSCoV-2 are likely to have more severe infective changes on CXR and CT chest imaging.Severity of airspace consolidation on CXR is associated with higher mortality,particularly in the presence of co-morbidities such as ischaemic heart disease.Poorly controlled diabetes is associated with more severe acute lung injury on CT.However,no association has been identified between poorlycontrolled diabetes and the incidence of pulmonary thromboembolism in patients with COVID-19.

A COVID-19 Detection Model Based on Convolutional Neural Network and Residual Learning

Amodel that can obtain rapid and accurate detection of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)plays a significant role in treating and preventing the spread of disease transmission.However,designing such amodel that can balance the detection accuracy andweight parameters ofmemorywell to deploy a mobile device is challenging.Taking this point into account,this paper fuses the convolutional neural network and residual learning operations to build a multi-class classification model,which improves COVID-19 pneumonia detection performance and keeps a trade-off between the weight parameters and accuracy.The convolutional neural network can extract the COVID-19 feature information by repeated convolutional operations.The residual learning operations alleviate the gradient problems caused by stacking convolutional layers and enhance the ability of feature extraction.The ability further enables the proposed model to acquire effective feature information at a lowcost,which canmake ourmodel keep smallweight parameters.Extensive validation and comparison with other models of COVID-19 pneumonia detection on the well-known COVIDx dataset show that(1)the sensitivity of COVID-19 pneumonia detection is improved from 88.2%(non-COVID-19)and 77.5%(COVID-19)to 95.3%(non-COVID-19)and 96.5%(COVID-19),respectively.The positive predictive value is also respectively increased from72.8%(non-COVID-19)and 89.0%(COVID-19)to 88.8%(non-COVID-19)and 95.1%(COVID-19).(2)Compared with the weight parameters of the COVIDNet-small network,the value of the proposed model is 13 M,which is slightly higher than that(11.37 M)of the COVIDNet-small network.But,the corresponding accuracy is improved from 85.2%to 93.0%.The above results illustrate the proposed model can gain an efficient balance between accuracy and weight parameters.

A Novel-based Swin Transfer Based Diagnosis of COVID-19 Patients

The numbers of cases and deaths due to the COVID-19 virus have increased daily all around the world.Chest X-ray is considered very useful and less time-consuming for monitoring COVID disease.No doubt,X-ray is considered as a quick screening method,but due to variations in features of images which are of X-rays category with Corona confirmed cases,the domain expert is needed.To address this issue,we proposed to utilize deep learning approaches.In this study,the dataset of COVID-19,lung opacity,viral pneumonia,and lastly healthy patients’images of category X-rays are utilized to evaluate the performance of the Swin transformer for predicting the COVID-19 patients efficiently.The performance of the Swin transformer is compared with the other seven deep learning models,including ResNet50,DenseNet121,InceptionV3,EfficientNetB2,VGG19,ViT,CaIT,Swim transformer provides 98%recall and 96%accuracy on corona affected images of the X-ray category.The proposed approach is also compared with state-of-the-art techniques for COVID-19 diagnosis,and proposed technique is found better in terms of accuracy.Our system could support clin-icians in screening patients for COVID-19,thus facilitating instantaneous treatment for better effects on the health of COVID-19 patients.Also,this paper can contribute to saving humanity from the adverse effects of trials that the Corona virus might bring by performing an accurate diagnosis over Corona-affected patients.

A Systematic Literature Review of Deep Learning Algorithms for Segmentation of the COVID-19 Infection

Coronavirus has infected more than 753 million people,ranging in severity from one person to another,where more than six million infected people died worldwide.Computer-aided diagnostic(CAD)with artificial intelligence(AI)showed outstanding performance in effectively diagnosing this virus in real-time.Computed tomography is a complementary diagnostic tool to clarify the damage of COVID-19 in the lungs even before symptoms appear in patients.This paper conducts a systematic literature review of deep learning methods for classifying the segmentation of COVID-19 infection in the lungs.We used the methodology of systematic reviews and meta-analyses(PRISMA)flow method.This research aims to systematically analyze the supervised deep learning methods,open resource datasets,data augmentation methods,and loss functions used for various segment shapes of COVID-19 infection from computerized tomography(CT)chest images.We have selected 56 primary studies relevant to the topic of the paper.We have compared different aspects of the algorithms used to segment infected areas in the CT images.Limitations to deep learning in the segmentation of infected areas still need to be developed to predict smaller regions of infection at the beginning of their appearance.

A Lightweight CNN Based on Transfer Learning for COVID-19 Diagnosis

The key to preventing the COVID-19 is to diagnose patients quickly and accurately.Studies have shown that using Convolutional Neural Networks(CNN)to analyze chest Computed Tomography(CT)images is helpful for timely COVID-19 diagnosis.However,personal privacy issues,public chest CT data sets are relatively few,which has limited CNN’s application to COVID-19 diagnosis.Also,many CNNs have complex structures and massive parameters.Even if equipped with the dedicated Graphics Processing Unit(GPU)for acceleration,it still takes a long time,which is not conductive to widespread application.To solve above problems,this paper proposes a lightweight CNN classification model based on transfer learning.Use the lightweight CNN MobileNetV2 as the backbone of the model to solve the shortage of hardware resources and computing power.In order to alleviate the problem of model overfitting caused by insufficient data set,transfer learning is used to train the model.The study first exploits the weight parameters trained on the ImageNet database to initialize the MobileNetV2 network,and then retrain the model based on the CT image data set provided by Kaggle.Experimental results on a computer equipped only with the Central Processing Unit(CPU)show that it consumes only 1.06 s on average to diagnose a chest CT image.Compared to other lightweight models,the proposed model has a higher classification accuracy and reliability while having a lightweight architecture and few parameters,which can be easily applied to computers without GPU acceleration.Code:github.com/ZhouJie-520/paper-codes.

Optimized Deep Learning-Inspired Model for the Diagnosis and Prediction of COVID-19

Detecting COVID-19 cases as early as possible became a critical issue that must be addressed to avoid the pandemic’s additional spread and early provide the appropriate treatment to the affected patients.This study aimed to develop a COVID-19 diagnosis and prediction(AIMDP)model that could identify patients with COVID-19 and distinguish it from other viral pneumonia signs detected in chest computed tomography(CT)scans.The proposed system uses convolutional neural networks(CNNs)as a deep learning technology to process hundreds of CT chest scan images and speeds up COVID-19 case prediction to facilitate its containment.We employed the whale optimization algorithm(WOA)to select the most relevant patient signs.A set of experiments validated AIMDP performance.It demonstrated the superiority of AIMDP in terms of the area under the curve-receiver operating characteristic(AUC-ROC)curve,positive predictive value(PPV),negative predictive rate(NPR)and negative predictive value(NPV).AIMDP was applied to a dataset of hundreds of real data and CT images,and it was found to achieve 96%AUC for diagnosing COVID-19 and 98%for overall accuracy.The results showed the promising performance of AIMDP for diagnosing COVID-19 when compared to other recent diagnosing and predicting models.

A Transfer Learning-Enabled Optimized Extreme Deep Learning Paradigm for Diagnosis of COVID-19

Many respiratory infections around the world have been caused by coronaviruses.COVID-19 is one of the most serious coronaviruses due to its rapid spread between people and the lowest survival rate.There is a high need for computer-assisted diagnostics(CAD)in the area of artificial intelligence to help doctors and radiologists identify COVID-19 patients in cloud systems.Machine learning(ML)has been used to examine chest X-ray frames.In this paper,a new transfer learning-based optimized extreme deep learning paradigm is proposed to identify the chest X-ray picture into three classes,a pneumonia patient,a COVID-19 patient,or a normal person.First,three different pre-trainedConvolutionalNeuralNetwork(CNN)models(resnet18,resnet25,densenet201)are employed for deep feature extraction.Second,each feature vector is passed through the binary Butterfly optimization algorithm(bBOA)to reduce the redundant features and extract the most representative ones,and enhance the performance of the CNN models.These selective features are then passed to an improved Extreme learning machine(ELM)using a BOA to classify the chest X-ray images.The proposed paradigm achieves a 99.48%accuracy in detecting covid-19 cases.

Multi-Classification Network for Identifying COVID-19 Cases Using Deep Convolutional Neural Networks

The novel coronavirus 2019(COVID-19)rapidly spreading around the world and turns into a pandemic situation,consequently,detecting the coronavirus(COVID-19)affected patients are now the most critical task for medical specialists.The deficiency of medical testing kits leading to huge complexity in detecting COVID-19 patients worldwide,resulting in the number of infected cases is expanding.Therefore,a significant study is necessary about detecting COVID-19 patients using an automated diagnosis method,which hinders the spreading of coronavirus.In this paper,the study suggests a Deep Convolutional Neural Network-based multi-classification framework(COV-MCNet)using eight different pre-trained architectures such as VGG16,VGG19,ResNet50V2,DenseNet201,InceptionV3,MobileNet,InceptionResNetV2,Xception which are trained and tested on the X-ray images of COVID-19,Normal,Viral Pneumonia,and Bacterial Pneumonia.The results from 4-class(Normal vs.COVID-19 vs.Viral Pneumonia vs.Bacterial Pneumonia)demonstrated that the pre-trained model DenseNet201 provides the highest classification performance(accuracy:92.54%,precision:93.05%,recall:92.81%,F1-score:92.83%,specificity:97.47%).Notably,the DenseNet201(4-class classification)pre-trained model in the proposed COV-MCNet framework showed higher accuracy compared to the rest seven models.Important to mention that the proposed COV-MCNet model showed comparatively higher classification accuracy based on the small number of pre-processed datasets that specifies the designed system can produce superior results when more data become available.The proposed multi-classification network(COV-MCNet)significantly speeds up the existing radiology based method which will be helpful for the medical community and clinical specialists to early diagnosis the COVID-19 cases during this pandemic.

Analysis of Clinical and Imaging Characteristics of Suspected and Confirmed COVID-19 Patients

Objective:To analyze the clinical characteristics and chest CT imaging characteristics of patients with confirmed COVID-19(COVID-19)and patients with suspected COVID-19.Methods:The study time span was from February 2020 to May 2020.The case samples were selected from 72 patients with confirmed covid-19 and suspected covid-19 diagnosed and treated by The First People’s Hospital of Yinchuan and Yinchuan Temporary Emergency Hospital,including 38 patients with confirmed covid-19 and 34 patients with suspected covid-19.All patients underwent laboratory examination and chest CT examination,and the specific examination results were compared and analyzed.Results:There were significant differences in number of white blood cell,percentage of lymphocytes,creatine kinase and erythrocyte sedimentation rate between confirmed and suspected COVID-19 patients(P<0.05).The CT imaging characteristics of COVID-19 patients were compared with those of suspected COVID-19 patients.The lesions of COVID-19 patients were mostly characterized by mixed ground glass density and pure ground glass density.There were vascular thickening and interstitial thickness increase,and accompanied by bronchiectasis or air bronchogram.The distribution of lesions was mostly subpleural without pleural effusion.The lesion area of suspected COVID-19 patients mostly showed solid density and mixed ground glass density.The lesion was distributed along bronchovascular and pleural effusion was observed.Conclusion:There are some differences in biochemical indexes and chest CT images between confirmed and suspected covid-19 patients,which can be used for differential diagnosis.

Differences between radiological findings of COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 infections in pediatric patients

Background This study aimed to reveal the differences between coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)infections and non-COVID-19 respiratory tract infections in pediatric patients.Methods Sixty pediatric patients admitted to the hospital between March 11,2020 and April 15,2020 with respiratory tract infections were evaluated retrospectively.Among them,20 patients with reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR)tests and chest computed tomography(CT)examinations were included in the study.According to the RT-PCR test results,the patients were divided into the COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 groups.The clinical observations,laboratory results,and radiological features from the two groups were then compared.Results According to the RT-PCR test results,12 patients were assigned to the COVID-19 group and 8 to the non-COVID-19 group.There were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of clinical or laboratory features.In terms of radiological features,the presence of bronchiectasis and peribronchial thickening was statistically significantly higher in the non-COVID-19 group(P=0.010 and P=0.010,respectively).Conclusions In pediatric cases,diagnosing COVID-19 using radiological imaging methods plays an important role in deter-mining the correct treatment approach by eliminating the possibility of other infections.

Intrapulmonary lipoma: a case report and literature review

Background:Intrapulmonary lipoma is extemely rare in children.So far,all reported pulmonary lipomas were from adult patients.Methods:We present herein a case of intrapulmonary lipoma in a child and a review of the related literature.Results:A 13-month-old boy was hospitalized because of cough and fever.Chest CT showed patchy infiltration and round-shape,hypodense homogeneous lesions located in the lung.After 19 days of antibiotic treatment,his clinic symptoms disappeared,but the round lesions remained without any change.One month and one year later,he was examined by chest MRI with technique of fat suppression.The child was diagnosed as having an intrapulmonary lipoma without biopsy.Conclusions:Intrapulmonary lipoma is rare in children.Chest CT and MRI are very important for the correct diagnosis of intrapulmonary lipoma.