Exploration of Child-friendly Urban Park Design Strategies Based on Child Behavioral Psychology

By studying the behavioral psychology and needs of children,this paper analyzes the essence of child-friendly parks from the perspective of children,and discusses the design principles and key points of child-friendly parks,so as to provide a practical basis for the construction of child-friendly cities.

Investigation of the relationship between place characteristics and child behavior in residential landscape spaces： a case study on the Century Sunshine Garden Residential Quarter in Hefei

This paper reviewed child behavior in Chinese residential landscapes. A field survey was used to investigate place characteristics, whereas fixed-point observation and visualization records were utilized to analyze child behavior. Children were then classified into two categories, namely, those with action capacity and those with little capacity. Based on the classification and comparative analysis of place characteristics, along with the quantitative and visualized analysis of child behavior, the relationship between these two aspects was determined, and the effect of spatial elements in the selected residential areas on such a relationship was clarified. Additionally, the designing of a comprehensive landscape space that satisfies children＇s needs was also discussed. The conclusions are as follows： （1） Waterside is the element that most significantly affects child behavior. Children who can act on their own prefer to play along the waterside. （2） Open spaces attract children with action capacity, whereas children with little capacity tend to choose more private spaces. （3） Despite the presence of facilities for various activities, an extremely open space or one that is separated by a road still affects child behavior. （4） A comprehensive space with a water landscape, fitness facilities, high accessibility, and a number of cultural events may significantly affect child behavior. Both types of children were found to enjoy a place with such characteristics. Therefore, the evaluation of residential landscape space should be intesrated with landscape design.

The Kazdin Method for Developing and Changing Behavior of Children and Adolescents

The Kazdin Method is a version of parent management training in which parents are trained to alter the behaviors of their children.The method draws on the principles and techniques of applied behavior analysis.The techniques focus on antecedents(what comes before the behavior),behavior(crafting the precise behaviors one wishes to develop),and consequences(usually praise to increase the likelihood that the desired behaviors will be performed again).The key focus is repeated practice in changing parent and child behaviors.The article traces the evolution of my use of parent training to treat severe aggressive and antisocial behavior among clinically referred samples and also to help parents with the routine challenges of child rearing.Researchfindings supporting the effectiveness of the techniques are highlighted.In addition,the article discusses issues and myths that may be of concern with the approach such as the exclusive focus on behavior,the extent to which the effects endure,and the use of consequences to change behavior.Resources are provide for parents and professionals for implementing the techniques and as well as for addressing topics of interest to parents in child and adolescent development.

Can language acquisition be facilitated in cochlear implanted children? Comparison of cognitive and behavioral psychologists' viewpoints

AIM To study how language acquisition can be facilitated for cochlear implanted children based on cognitive and behavioral psychology viewpoints?METHODS To accomplish this objective, literature related to behaviorist and cognitive psychology prospects about language acquisition were studied and some relevant books as well as Medline, Cochrane Library, Google scholar, ISI web of knowledge and Scopus databases were searched. Among 25 articles that were selected, only 11 met the inclusion criteria and were included in the study. Based on the inclusion criteria, review articles, expert opinion studies, non-experimental and experimental studies that clearly focused on behavioral and cognitive factors affecting language acquisition in children were selected. Finally, the selected articles were appraised according to guidelines of appraisal of medical studies.RESULTS Due to the importance of the cochlear implanted child's language performance, the comparison of behaviorist and cognitive psychology points of view in child language acquisition was done. Since each theoretical basis, has its own positive effects on language, and since the two are not in opposition to one another, it canbe said that a set of behavioral and cognitive factors might facilitate the process of language acquisition in children. Behavioral psychologists believe that repetition, as well as immediate reinforcement of child's language behavior help him easily acquire the language during a language intervention program, while cognitive psychologists emphasize on the relationship between information processing, memory improvement through repetitively using words along with "associated" pictures and objects, motor development and language acquisition. CONCLUSION It is recommended to use a combined approach based on both theoretical frameworks while planning a language intervention program.

STUDY ON INTELLIGENT DEVELOPMENT AND BEHAVIORAL PROBLEMS OF IRON－DEFICIENT SCHOOL CHILDREN

we studied a sample or 433 school children aged 6～14 years with double-blind, placebocontrol.Children Behavior Checklist (CBCL),Conner's questionnaire in all sample and WISC-CR intelligent test in part of it were performed.The study aimed to explore the behavioral and intelligent effects or iron deficiency on school children. The results showed:in the children with poor intellgent quotien (IQ) tested by WISC-CR serum ferritin level was significantly lower than that in the children with normal to (P<0. 01);with analysis or stepwise multiple regression for behavioral problem of children, serum ferritin (SF),free erythroyte protoporphyrin (FEP) and hemoglobin (HB) were taken into the equation suggesting that iron-dericient biochemical index had significant effect on behavioral problem or school children. With factor analysis of Conner's questionnaire, different factor structure between the iron-deficient and normal group was revealed. Therefore,irondeficient group had higher learning problem than normal group.After treatment using iron dextran the differences in the learning problem between the two groups disappeared.

Social Skills and Behavioral Problems in Adolescents with Child Sexual Abuse, and Their Relation to Basal Cortisol

Child sexual abuse (CSA) is a stressful associated with alterations in the hypothalamic-hypophyseal-adrenal (HPA) axis and behavioral problems. Children and adolescents with history of CSA could have higher cortisol levels, as these have been associated with deleterious changes in brain regions involved in controlling social behavior and self-control. The aim of the present study was to determine the relationship among basal cortisol levels, social skills and behavioral problems in adolescents with CSA by evaluating two groups: one consisting of 12 - 15-year-old girls with CSA (n = 23), the other healthy comparison adolescents with no history of child abuse (n = 23). Social skills and behavioral problems were assessed using the Social Skills Improvement System. Three saliva samples were collected from each participant. The girls with CSA had lower social skills and more behavioral problems, as well as, higher cortisol concentrations. Besides, these participants showed significant negative correlations among cortisol levels and social skills, as well as, positive correlations with behavioral problems scales. It is feasible to suggest that the social deficiencies observed in these participants with CSA are related to alterations of the HPA.

儿童行为特点及家庭管理方式对哮喘控制水平影响路径分析

目的探讨儿童行为特点及其家庭管理方式对儿童哮喘控制水平影响路径。方法采用便利抽样法选取82例哮喘患儿,应用一般资料问卷、适应行为量表(AAMR)、家庭管理测量量表(FaMM)及儿童哮喘控制测试表(Childhood asthma control test,C-ACT)进行问卷调查,分析其影响路径。结果患儿AAMR适应行为量表得分(84.87±9.16)分,FaMM量表得分(188.77±19.01)分,C-ACT得分(15.20±4.66)分。Pearson相关分析结果显示,适应性行为分别与家庭管理、哮喘控制呈正相关关系(r=0.580、0.219,P<0.05),家庭管理与哮喘控制呈正相关关系(r=0.401,P<0.05)。结构方程模型结果表明,家庭管理在哮喘患儿适应性行为和哮喘控制有部分中介调节作用,效应占比为45.95%。结论儿童行为特点能够通过家庭管理方式对患儿哮喘控制水平产生影响,临床护理人员应重视对患儿家属的健康教育管理,提升家属对疾病的认知度及家庭管理能力,以改善患儿的行为方式,达到有效控制患儿疾病的目的。

行为健康视角下儿童友好社区规划策略研究

为营造儿童友好健康的城市社区环境,分析总结了社区儿童日常生活时空行为特征及社区建成环境需求,提取并构建包含安全、文化、交通、空间、建筑、绿化、教育、参与等8项一级指标,户外安全感觉、慢行通学路径等20项二级指标内容的儿童友好社区行为健康支持体系,并从交通引导、功能分区、公共空间、适儿设施、健康培养、公众参与等方面提出儿童友好社区规划应对策略。

Associations of Mental and Behavioral Problems among Children Exposed to Intimate Partner Violence Previously and Visits with Their Fathers Who Perpetrated the Violence

Background: Intimate partner violence has long-term and negative effects on the health of mothers and children worldwide. This study aimed to identify the mental and behavioral effects of past exposure to intimate partner violence among children and examine their associations with the children’s visits with their fathers who perpetrated the intimate partner violence. Methods: A cross-sectional study of women who had been abused by their intimate partners and had one or more children aged 4 - 18 years old was conducted from March 2015 to December 2016. Questionnaires were used to collect (1) demographic data about the mothers and children, (2) information about the children’s visits with the mother’s former partner (i.e., father), and (3) psychological data using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and the Child Behavior Checklist/4 - 18. Results: The average scores and rates of internalizing, externalizing, and total problems among the children who had been exposed to intimate partner violence were: 10.8 (SD = 10.4), 26 (51.0%);9.0 (SD = 9.0), 14 (27.5%);and 26.3 (SD = 21.5), 15 (29.4%), respectively. Children’s visits with fathers who were IPV perpetrators were significantly associated with the internalizing (AOR = 12.6, β = 0.56;p β = 0.48;p Conclusion: Attention should focus on traumatized children exposed to intimate partner violence, and thorough and cautious assessments and decisions regarding visits with their fathers who are IPV perpetrators are essential to safeguard and improve their mental and behavioral health.

家庭体育教育与义务教育阶段学生心理健康的关系:亲子沟通和锻炼行为的链式中介作用

本研究主要探讨家庭体育教育与义务教育阶段学生心理健康的关系,揭示亲子沟通与锻炼行为在其中的中介作用。运用横断面调查方法,采用《家庭体育教育问卷》《心理健康诊断测验》《亲子沟通量表》《体育活动等级量表》,对1049名义务教育阶段学生进行调查。结果表明:家庭体育教育、亲子沟通、锻炼行为和心理健康两两显著相关。家庭体育教育对心理健康的直接效应显著,亲子沟通、锻炼行为以及亲子沟通和锻炼行为在家庭体育教育和心理健康之间的中介和链式中介作用显著。结论:家庭体育教育是义务教育阶段学生心理健康的重要影响因素,同时可通过亲子沟通、锻炼行为的作用路径对心理健康产生间接影响。建议:推进立法,为家庭体育教育保驾护航;“校-社”协同,助力家庭体育教育开展;反客为主,主动开展家庭体育教育活动;以研促体,加强家庭体育教育研究的全面性。

童年创伤、亲子依恋对青少年问题行为的影响研究

为了探明童年创伤、亲子依恋对青少年问题行为的作用,采用儿童创伤问卷、依恋方式问卷和长处困难问卷对300名青少年进行调研。结果显示:童年创伤与安全型依恋显著负相关,与不安全型依恋显著正相关,与问题行为之间显著正相关;问题行为与安全型依恋之间显著负相关,与不安全型依恋之间显著正相关。结论:童年创伤可能破坏亲子依恋关系,进而导致青少年问题行为的发生。家长应该为子女创设良好的成长环境,良好的童年经历、高质量的亲子依恋关系意味着更少的问题行为。

右美托咪定联合动画片辅助对全麻腹腔镜疝囊高位结扎术患儿术后行为改变的影响

目的探讨右美托咪定联合动画片干预对防治全麻腹腔镜疝囊高位结扎术患儿术后行为改变的临床意义。方法选取2020年4月—2022年12月择期行全麻腹腔镜疝囊高位结扎术的患儿270例为研究对象,根据就诊序号采用电脑随机数字表法分为A组(予以右美托咪定干预)、B组(予以动画片干预)、C组(予以右美托咪定联合动画片干预),每组90例。比较3组不同时间点平均动脉压(MAP)、心率(HR)、呼气末二氧化碳分压(P ET CO_(2))、血氧饱和度(SpO_(2))、呼吸频率(RR)、改良耶鲁围术期焦虑量表(mYPAS)评分以及诱导期合作度量表(ICC)评分、苏醒期躁动评分量表(PAED)评分、躁动发生率、苏醒情况、术后行为改变情况。结果在术前麻醉准备期间(T 2)、入手术室(T3)、术后苏醒即刻(T4),C组HR、MAP低于A组、B组(P<0.05)。3组P_(ET)CO_(2)、SpO_(2)、RR在组间、时间及组间·时间交互作用比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。T2、T3时,C组mYPAS评分低于A组、B组(P<0.05)。C组ICC、PAED评分及苏醒期躁动率低于A组、B组(P<0.05)。术后1、7 d,C组行为改变发生率低于A组、B组(P<0.05)。3组拔管时间、意识恢复时间、麻醉恢复室停留时间及不良事件总发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论右美托咪定联合动画片干预可降低行全麻腹腔镜疝囊高位结扎术患儿术前焦虑,提升患儿麻醉诱导合作程度,降低苏醒期躁动及术后行为改变发生率,且对患儿血流动力学影响较小,安全性高。

学习障碍儿童的主客观心理和行为特征分析

目的分析学习障碍儿童的主客观心理和行为特征表现。方法回顾性分析2021年4月至2023年12月在江门市新会区妇幼保健院儿童保健心理门诊就诊的84例学习障碍儿童的临床资料,并根据年龄分为7~10岁学习障碍儿童组51例,11~14岁学习障碍儿童组33例。同期随机匹配同学校健康的96例非学习障碍儿童作为对照组。采用Achenbach行为量表(CBCL/4-16)评价儿童行为,采用儿童少年生活质量量表(QLSCA)评价儿童生活质量,比较两组儿童的心理和行为特征。结果7~10岁学习障碍儿童组女童与对照组女童CBCL评分中的攻击、多动评分比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),同年龄段两组男童CBCL评分中的违纪、攻击、多动评分比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);11~14岁学习障碍儿童组女童与对照组女童CBCL评分中的违纪、社交退缩及抑郁评分比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),同年龄段的两组男童CBCL评分中的违纪、攻击、社交退缩及抑郁评分比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);7~10岁学习障碍儿童组与对照组同性别儿童QLSCA评分中的同伴关系、师生关系评分比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);11~14岁学习障碍儿童组与对照组同性别儿童QLSCA评分中的作业态度、负性情绪、生活能力与态度、亲子关系、同伴关系、师生关系、自我满意度方面比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);学习障碍儿童组儿童的多动、孤独、焦虑及抑郁、低自信、内向、敌对和冲动率分别为57.14%、59.52%、65.48%、51.19%、35.71%、30.95%、22.62%,明显高于对照组儿童的11.46%、8.33%、5.21%、10.42%、7.29%、6.25%、4.17%,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论学习障碍儿童的心理及行为问题突出,且不同年龄阶段的学习障碍儿童行为存在差异,11~14岁学习障碍儿童对生活质量的满意度更低,应加强对此类儿童心理行为的关注。

亲子互动视角下亲子家庭博物馆参观体验设计策略研究

目的以亲子互动为视角,探索亲子家庭博物馆参观体验设计策略,为设计师和博物馆策展人员带来设计启发。方法以浙江自然博物院安吉馆恐龙展厅为例,通过对亲子家庭参观过程行为进行观察并记录参观数据,以统计学方法对观察数据展开定性分析和定量描述分析。结果通过对亲子家庭博物馆参观过程行为的观察数据进行分析,结合展品和体验设计方法,从空间布局与参观动线、展品外观与互动技术、展示形式与展示内容,以及展品关联性与可及性4个维度,提出了亲子互动视角下亲子家庭参观体验设计策略,结合设计策略针对浙江自然博物院安吉馆恐龙展厅进行设计实践。结论从亲子互动视角探索参观体验,能有效帮助研究者深入了解参观过程中的互动与交流,为博物馆亲子活动的开展和展览设计提供重要的理论支持和实践指导,提升沉浸高效的博物馆亲子家庭参观体验。

12月龄婴儿睡眠模式与6岁儿童行为问题的关联性研究

目的 探讨12月龄婴儿睡眠模式与6岁儿童行为问题的关系。方法 基于2012年启动至今的广州出生队列研究,采用前瞻性队列研究设计,纳入2012年5月至2016年12月出生的婴儿,且定期面对面随访至6岁的儿童。通过简明婴幼儿睡眠问卷,收集12月龄婴儿的睡眠资料,在其6岁时采用《长处与困难问卷》(父母版)评估其行为问题。基于12月龄婴儿睡眠资料中夜间睡眠时长及夜间入睡时点变量,采用层次K-means聚类方法构建婴儿睡眠模式。采用二分类Logistic回归模型分析12月龄婴儿睡眠模式与6岁儿童行为问题发生风险的关系。结果 在纳入的1 480名儿童中,构建出“少睡-早睡”“少睡-晚睡”“中睡-晚睡”“多睡-早睡”4种婴儿睡眠模式,分别占37.97%(562/1 480)、21.76%(322/1 480)、23.31%(345/1 480)、16.96%(251/1 480)。在6岁儿童行为问题的6个维度中,困难行为发生率最高,占9.53%;品行问题发生率次之,占8.85%;情绪症状发生率再次之,占8.24%。多因素Logisitic回归分析显示,以“多睡-早睡”模式为参照,在校正父母亲学历、母亲孕期烟草暴露、母亲孕期焦虑和抑郁水平、母亲产后抑郁水平,以及儿童性别、基于胎龄与性别的出生体重Z评分、0~6月龄喂养方式、婴儿期二手烟暴露和过敏有关因素后,12月龄婴儿“中睡-晚睡”模式的6岁儿童同伴交往行为问题发生风险增加(OR=2.434,95%CI:1.198~4.943,P=0.014);12月龄婴儿“少睡-早睡”和“少睡-晚睡”模式与6岁儿童情绪症状、品行问题、多动/注意缺陷行为问题、同伴交往行为问题、亲社会行为问题、困难行为的发生风险均无统计学关联(P>0.05)。结论 12月龄婴儿“中睡-晚睡”模式可能是6岁儿童同伴交往行为问题发生的危险因素。纠正婴儿期不良睡眠模式可能是早期预防、早期干预儿童行为问题的新靶点。

听处理与学龄前儿童问题行为的关系:执行功能的中介作用

目的探讨学龄前儿童听处理与问题行为的关系,并探究执行功能在其中的中介作用。方法于2021年6—8月抽取南京2342名7所幼儿园学龄前儿童,用《学龄前儿童听处理评估量表》《Conners父母问卷》《学龄前儿童执行功能行为评定问卷》对学龄前儿童进行评估,分析不同人口学特征儿童听处理、问题行为、执行功能的得分以及异常检出率的差异,同时采用多元线性回归分析影响儿童听处理总分、问题行为总分、执行功能总分的影响因素,并探究执行功能是否是听处理和执行功能的中介因素。结果性别、年级是听处理总分的影响因素(P<0.05);性别、年级、父母受教育程度及家庭经济状况是问题行为总分、执行功能总分的影响因素(P<0.05)。听处理总分(rs=0.458,P<0.05)、问题行为总分(rs=0.185,P<0.05)与执行功能总分呈显著正相关,听处理总分与问题行为总分呈显著正相关(rs=0.423,P<0.05)。执行功能在听处理与问题行为间起部分中介作用,中介效应占总效应的33.44%。结论学龄前儿童听处理可能直接影响其问题行为,也可能通过间接影响执行功能影响问题行为。

亲子对话中父母教养行为与5~6岁儿童行为反应的动态关系

父母教养和儿童行为存在密不可分的双向作用,但少有研究在微观层面检验亲子互动进程中的儿童驱动效应与父母驱动效应。本研究考察了113对5~6岁学龄前儿童及其家长在冲突对话中的行为表现,基于贝叶斯统计构建动态结构方程模型,捕捉实时互动引发的父母教养行为和儿童行为反应的变化,并通过回归分析考察父母和儿童行为对对话结局的影响。结果发现:(1)儿童在15 s间隔内的消极行为反应能够正向预测随后15 s父母的非支持性教养行为;(2)儿童的积极行为反应对对话结局起主要预测作用,儿童行为反应的积极水平越高,越有助于冲突的建设性解决。这些结果从微观层面验证了儿童驱动效应,强调了儿童反应在亲子互动中的重要作用。

家校合作对青少年社会行为的影响研究

青少年社会行为是非认知能力的主要体现,其不良社会行为不仅会影响其自身的学业和身心发展,也会影响家庭甚至整个社会的和谐稳定。家校合作是教育体系的组成部分,是影响青少年身心健康和全面发展的重要因素。基于中国教育追踪调查数据,分析家校合作对青少年社会行为的影响。结果表明:第一,家校合作能显著提升青少年亲社会行为,减少青少年问题行为;第二,二者关系在性别、城乡、家庭经济水平方面存在异质性;第三,亲子关系和师生关系在家校合作和青少年社会行为之间起中介作用。因此,应通过拓宽家校合作领域、培养良好的亲子关系和师生关系、重视家庭教育等途径,提升青少年亲社会行为和减少青少年问题行为。

亲子关系与CL0CK基因rs1801260多态性对学前儿童亲社会行为的交互影响:性别的调节作用

研究探讨了亲子关系与CL0CK基因rs1801260多态性对学前儿童亲社会行为的交互影响及性别的调节作用。以694名学前儿童(M年龄=5.06岁,SD=0.87)及其父母为测试对象,收集儿童的睡液样本进行基因分型,由儿童父母填写亲子关系和儿童亲社会行为量表。研究结果发现,亲子亲密与亲子冲突对亲社会行为的主效应显著。亲子冲突、CL0CK基因rs1801260多态性和性别三重交互影响儿童的亲社会行为,即与携带C等位基因的男孩相比,携带TT基因型的男孩在低亲子冲突下会表现出更多的亲社会行为,在高亲子冲突下则表现出更少的亲社会行为。但亲子冲突与CL0CK基因rs1801260多态性对女孩亲社会行为的交互作用不显著。研究结果为深入理解学前儿童亲社会行为形成的基因一环境交互作用机制提供了证据。

学龄儿童娱乐视屏类久坐和教育类久坐与抑制控制的关系

目的:探讨娱乐视屏类久坐行为、教育类久坐行为与学龄儿童抑制控制的关系。方法:选取700名学龄儿童(年龄10~15岁),采用儿童青少年久坐行为问卷调查久坐总时间、娱乐视屏类久坐时间和教育类久坐时间,运用Stroop任务评估抑制控制。结果:娱乐视屏类久坐时间与色-词一致条件正确率、色-词不一致条件正确率均负关联(β=-0.15、-0.18),教育类久坐时间与色-词不一致条件反应时负关联(β=-0.09)。结论:学龄儿童久坐行为与抑制控制的关系可能因久坐类型而异,应着重限制娱乐视屏类久坐行为,以保障学龄儿童的认知发展。