Literature Review on Support for Children and Families Experiencing Parental Bereavement

Purpose: This study aimed to understand the actual nursing support in a wide perspective by reviewing overseas literature on support for children who have experienced parental bereavement and their families. The goal was to identify future challenges in nursing support in clinical practice in Japan. Method: Literature searchable as of May 2023 was retrieved using PubMed, resulting in 11 relevant articles. Result: The results revealed the following: 1) For support provided to children, 13 codes were condensed into 5 subcategories and 4 categories. 2) For support provided to families, 36 codes were condensed into 11 subcategories and 4 categories. Conclusion: Open communication was found to be essential for supporting children and their families who have experienced parental bereavement. Moreover, involvement of multiple professions facilitated the provision of specialized support to address diverse needs of children and families, playing a crucial role in overcoming grief. Additionally, the effectiveness of support systems for bereaved families highlighted the need for nursing professionals in Japan to gain knowledge through learning opportunities and to establish a multi-disciplinary approach to support, thus indicating future challenges in nursing support.

A Case Study on the Impact of Mother-to-Mother Support Groups on Maternal, Infant and Young Child Nutrition and Care Practices in Habaswein and Wajir South Districts of North Eastern Kenya

Only about 25% of babies are exclusively breast fed until six months of age in developing countries though they are at a greater risk of infection and infant mortality. The Global Strategy for Maternal, Infant and Young Child Feeding (MI- YCF) Strategy developed by WHO/UNICEF in 2002 was to revitalize world attention to the impact of feeding practices on the nutritional status, growth, development, health and survival of infants and children. The data for this case study was collected through key informant interviews, observations and review of Save the Children nutrition programme reports and surveys. This information was then organized to produce a detailed description of the maternal, infant and young child nutrition programme in Habaswein and Wajir South districts or sub-counties. The maternal and infant young child nutrition (MIYCN) programme was launched in Habaswein and Wajir South districts in January 2012. The MIYCN programme followed recommendations of a Knowledge, Practice and Coverage (KPC) survey report in July 2012. To date, the programme has formed 48 Mother-to-mother Support Groups (MTMSGs), which are actively promoting the uptake of the recommended MIYCN practices in the community. MIYCN indicators have been markedly improved between July 2011 and February 2013 when surveys were conducted. The uptake of kitchen gardening has picked up significantly at Meri site and some mothers now have a changed attitude towards unskilled home deliveries and are conducting referrals for skilled births. The marked improvements in the performance of MIYCN indicators between July 2011 and February 2013 inWajir South and Habaswein districts can be partly attributed to the MIYCN programme established in January 2012. However, a randomized community trial is still required to provide conclusive results on the impact of care support groups on maternal, infant and young child feeding in this region.

Relationship between negative emotions and perceived support among parents of hospitalized,critically ill children

Objectives:The purpose of this study was to describe relationships between negative emotions and perceived emotional support in parents of children admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit(PICU).Methods:This cross-sectional descriptive study conducted face-to-face interviews between January 2019 and January 2020.Study variables included depression(PHQ-9 Scale),anxiety(Emotional Distress-Anxiety-Short Form 8a),anger(Emotional Distress-Anger-Short Form 5a),fear(Fear-Affect Computerized Adaptive Test),somatic fear(Fear-Somatic Arousal-Fixed Form),loneliness(Revised 20-item UCLA Loneliness Scale),and perceived emotional support(Emotional Support-Fixed Form).Results:Eighty parents reported symptoms of depression 8.00(4.00,13.75),anxiety(23.43±7.80),anger(13.40±5.46),fear(72.81±27.26),somatic fear 9.00(6.00,12.75),loneliness(39.35±12.00),and low perceived emotional support(32.14±8.06).Parents who were young,single,low-income,and with limited-post secondary education reported greater loneliness and lower perceived emotional support.Fear correlated with depression(r=0.737,P<0.01)and anxiety(r=0.900,P<0.01).Inverse relationships were discovered between perceived emotional support and loneliness(r=-0.767,P<0.01),anger(r=-0.401,P<0.01),and depression(r=-0.334,P<0.01).Conclusions:The cluster of negative emotions identified will serve as potential targets for future interventions designed to enhance support for parents of critically ill children.

How the Health Care Nurse Supports and Enhances the Child’s Attachment to Their Parents

Objective: The aim of this study was to provide insight into how the Child Healthcare Clinic (BVC) nurse supports and encourages the child’s bonding to their parents during the regularly scheduled checkups at the healthcare clinics. Method: The study was done using a qualitative approach. The data was collected from the interviews of four focus groups which were comprised of a total of eighteen BVC nurses who work solely for the BVC. The resulting data was analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Results: The following theme emerged from the research material: Empower the parents in order to enable the child to have a healthy connection to the parents. This is accomplished by the BVC nurse building and creating a trusting relationship with the parents and providing support for them in their new roles as parents. The BVC nurses must have comprehensive knowledge about the needs and development of children and they need to have exceptional communication skills as well. It is also mandatory that the BVC nurse have access to cooperation and support from their colleagues and the support of other related professions. Conclusion: Providing support to parents during the bonding period of their infant children is a most important function for BVC nurses because there is much to be determined about children’s development and future possibilities during this formative period.

Support Provided by Public Health Nurses for Fathers Who Have Abused Their Children—As Observed in Cases of Child Neglect and Physical or Psychological Abuse

This study aims to identify the support to provide to fathers who have abused children as reported by public health nurses (PHNs). In this study, a qualitative descriptive design was applied to the data analysis. Interviewees were 10 public health nurses (PHNs) in charge of child abuse services for at least 5 years at public health centers. The study analyzed 13 cases reported in the interviews. Measures to support fathers who abuse their children as suggested by PHNs were classified into direct support to the father, support to other family members, and support to be provided by others involved including related organizations. The direct support to the father includes “gaining an in-depth understanding of the abusive situation and psychological states of those involved”, “refraining from involvement in areas where it is difficult to understand the personality of the father”, and others. Support of other family members includes “understanding the marital relationship and assessing the qualities of the relationship”, “refraining from matters that will involve divorce”, and others. Support to be provided by others including related organizations includes “understanding the value of social exchange and assessment of the ability to create and maintain interpersonal relationships”, “establishing support arrangements to enable intervention when necessary”, and others. The interviews report that PHNs arrange support measures that enable intervention as it becomes required, and that this enables learning about child-abuse preventing activities.

育龄收入、子女人力资本与代际经济支持——基于子女“数量—质量替代”视角

中国家庭中子女数量下降伴随着子女人力资本提升,即子女“数量—质量替代”效应,为改善家庭养老经济支持提供了新契机。使用中国家庭追踪调查数据,结合中介效应模型和两阶段最小二乘法,研究以子女“数量—质量替代”为机制,老年父母的育龄收入对子女经济支持数额的影响。研究发现:(1)家庭中子女数量向质量的转换有利于子女经济支持数额的提高;(2)增加父母育龄收入有利于促进子女数量向质量转换,从而提高子女经济支持数额;(3)对于没有参加养老保险、子女数量较少和来自城市的家庭,在子女“数量—质量替代”机制的作用下,育龄收入的增加提高子女经济支持数额的效应更强。因此,畅通并促进子女数量向质量的转换机制是改善家庭养老经济支持水平、缓解社会养老压力的有效途径;更合理的收入分配制度对完善家庭养老功能、促进中国养老事业可持续发展和提升老年人福祉具有重要意义。

高学历育龄人群三孩生育意愿研究

文章基于2021年中国综合社会调查(CGSS)数据,采用二元Logit回归模型、门槛效应模型和倾向值匹配(PSM)等方法实证分析高学历育龄人群的三孩生育意愿以及生育支持条件对其的影响。研究结果表明:高学历育龄人群的三孩生育意愿相对较低,平均只有14.1%的高学历育龄人群愿意生育三孩,而低学历育龄人群有18.4%愿意生育三孩。高学历育龄人群愿意生育三孩的比例与已育二孩的性别结构有关。已有两个儿子、两个女儿和一儿一女的高学历育龄人群愿意生育三孩的比例分别为12.3%、16.0%和13.9%。家庭收入水平对高学历育龄人群的三孩生育意愿有显著的正向影响,且存在显著的收入门槛效应。随着家庭收入水平的提高,家庭收入对高学历育龄人群三孩生育意愿的边际影响效应呈现出先增大后减小的倒“U”型关系,家庭收入水平对家庭收入为11万元-36万元的高学历育龄人群三孩生育意愿的影响效应最大,对家庭收入为11万元以下和36万元以上高学历育龄人群三孩生育意愿的影响效应较小。相对于没有托育服务的高学历育龄人群而言,政府而非市场提供低价优质的托育服务能够显著增强高学历育龄人群的三孩生育意愿。政策启示在于:一是提高中国育龄人群的三孩生育水平,不能把过高的期望寄托在高学历育龄人群,尤其是已育有两个孩子的高学历育龄人群;二是提高已育两个孩子高学历育龄人群的三孩生育水平,重点关注已育两个女儿且家庭收入为11万元-36万元的高学历育龄人群;三是降低高学历育龄人群三孩生育的直接成本和机会成本,加强生育支持政策评估,进一步完善高学历育龄人群的生育休假政策和生育三孩家庭的收入补贴政策,优化高学历人群的延迟退休政策,消除高学历育龄女性的就业歧视,仍然是激励高学历人群生育三孩的重要举措;四是政府主动承担婴幼儿的托育服务,为育龄人群提供低价优质的托育服务,能够达到事半功倍的三孩生育激励效应。

育龄夫妻三孩生育意愿分析及对策研究——基于福建龙岩的实地调查

为积极落实三孩生育政策,主动适应人口和计划生育工作转型发展的新要求,调研组基于龙岩市育龄夫妻三孩生育意愿的调查问卷数据及实地调研,得出结论:三孩生育意愿的影响因素主要表现在经济成本、制度保障和生育观念三个方面。为进一步优化生育政策,提高三孩生育政策及配套支持措施的针对性、可操作性,切实减轻群众生育、养育、教育负担,助力生育友好城市建设,建议加强顶层设计提供政策支持,着力提升系统保障功能,多管齐下降低家庭养育成本,营造良好的生育氛围。

父母回应幼儿消极情绪的方式与幼儿问题行为的关系研究

采用《儿童消极情绪回应问卷》《长处与困难问卷》对220位幼儿的父母分别进行调查,探究父母回应幼儿消极情绪的方式与幼儿问题行为的关系,并进一步比较父母回应方式的单独效应与联合效应,为幼儿问题行为的家庭干预提供依据。研究结果显示:母亲/父亲的低支持性回应/高非支持性回应在不同程度上增加幼儿的问题行为,父亲的影响范围更广;父母的支持性回应一致低/非支持性回应一致高在不同程度上增加幼儿的问题行为,父母回应方式的联合效应与单独效应存在差异,部分支持加法模型。父母回应幼儿消极情绪的方式直接影响幼儿的问题行为,且存在累积效应,父母应给予一致的支持性回应来减少幼儿的问题行为。

行为健康视角下儿童友好社区规划策略研究

为营造儿童友好健康的城市社区环境,分析总结了社区儿童日常生活时空行为特征及社区建成环境需求,提取并构建包含安全、文化、交通、空间、建筑、绿化、教育、参与等8项一级指标,户外安全感觉、慢行通学路径等20项二级指标内容的儿童友好社区行为健康支持体系,并从交通引导、功能分区、公共空间、适儿设施、健康培养、公众参与等方面提出儿童友好社区规划应对策略。

儿童主体的建构:师幼互动中教师的角色扮演与支持研究

儿童天生具有主动建构的能力,其能力的可能性不以“成人”的标准为准则。儿童主体的呈现与建构需要从儿童主动行动与他者行为反馈中发现。本文旨在揭示幼儿教师通过角色扮演为儿童主体的建构提供的支持行为及其二者交互影响的过程。在“前台”,教师是主体建构的“设计者”,儿童以“合作者”角色参与其中;在“后台”,幼儿教师通过适时介入与沉默观察成为“辅助者”,儿童则在教师角色和行为的转变下,成为主体建构的“主动者”。究其成因,儿童主体的建构既在与成人互动的直接经验中,又在对成人行为与角色的理解过程中自然生成。因此,理解儿童主体及其建构过程需要教师意识到并接纳不同情境下能动且具有多重样态的儿童角色形象,包容在他者事件中丰富自身身体体验的儿童行为。

“三孩”政策背景下社区支持与家庭育儿压力的关系探究

为探究社区支持对家庭育儿压力的影响,以502名幼儿家长作为调查对象,采用社区支持量表与家庭育儿压力量表调查社区支持水平和家庭育儿压力水平,以探析社区支持与家庭育儿压力之间的关系。结果发现,家庭育儿压力呈中等水平,且在育儿数量、父母学历上存在显著差异;社区支持缺位,且在育儿数量、父亲学历上存在显著差异;社区支持与家庭育儿压力之间呈显著负相关,说明社区支持水平越高,家庭育儿压力越低。社区支持中的精神支持维度可以负向预测家长育儿压力。基于此,提出以下建议:转变家庭养育观念,充分认识社区支持家庭育儿的重要性;兼顾社区支持育儿的针对性和全面性;构建长效的社区支持育儿管理体制。

小儿急性胰腺炎序贯化营养支持与肠外营养支持的疗效比较

目的探讨序贯化营养支持与肠外营养支持对小儿急性胰腺炎的临床干预效果。方法回顾性收集102例急性胰腺炎患儿资料,根据肠外营养支持方式分为肠外营养组和序贯化营养组,各51例。分析2组在干预前、干预14 d后的营养状况[血清白蛋白(ALB)、总蛋白(TP)、前白蛋白(PA)、血淀粉酶(AMS)及尿淀粉酶(UAMY)水平],流式细胞仪检测细胞免疫指标(CD3^(+)、CD4^(+)、CD8^(+)、CD4^(+)/CD8^(+)),免疫散射比浊法检测体液免疫指标[免疫球蛋白A(IgA)、IgG、IgM],比较2组机体康复指标(腹胀缓解时间、经口进食恢复时间、体温恢复正常时间、血及尿淀粉酶恢复时间、住院时间)差异。结果与干预前比较,干预后2组营养状况、细胞和体液免疫及机体康复指标均有所改善(P<0.05),与肠外营养组比较,干预后序贯化营养组3类指标改善更为明显(P<0.05),腹胀缓解时间、经口进食恢复时间、体温恢复正常时间、血及尿淀粉酶恢复时间、住院时间均短于肠外营养组(P<0.05)。结论序贯化营养支持相较于肠外营养支持可有效改善急性胰腺炎患儿营养状况,提升免疫功能,促进机体康复。

我国农村隔代养育的承担者及发展趋势研究

通过混合研究方法探究我国农村地区隔代养育承担者的群体特征及其发展变化的新趋势。研究发现,一方面,我国农村隔代养育情况呈上升的发展趋势:农村隔代养育的承担者以60~70岁老年人为主要群体,老年人深度参与孙辈抚养,且呈现性别差异逐步缩小、性别结构趋向均衡的发展趋势。另一方面,农村隔代养育出现了一些新现象,这些新现象与农村出现的新的育儿观念、家庭经济条件密切相关。在家庭经济条件允许的情况下,农村地区的儿童养育模式将从完全由祖辈养育演变为祖辈只承担一部分养育职责甚至退出养育任务的新模式。据此,我国城市化进程中的拆分式家庭结构带来了代际反哺的变化。与此同时,国家为现代家庭提供完善的制度保障,成为改善隔代养育、实现乡村振兴的有效途径。

母亲参与和支持对学前儿童共情能力的影响——亲子关系的中介作用

母亲作为育儿责任与育儿活动的主要承担者,为儿童提供生活、教育、心理和游戏等方面的家庭支持,深刻影响着母子关系的建构与儿童共情能力的发展。为探讨母亲参与和支持对学前儿童共情能力的影响机制,本研究采取分层抽样的方式,选取河南省684位学前儿童母亲为研究对象,采用家庭参与和支持测量量表、亲子关系量表和学前儿童共情能力与行为评定量表进行问卷调查。结果显示:母亲参与和支持、亲子关系及学前儿童共情能力三者之间存在显著的正向相关;母子亲密和母子冲突在母亲参与和支持及其各个维度与学前儿童共情能力之间存在显著的中介效应。因此,母亲可通过调整个人支持结构来削减亲子冲突,增强亲子亲密,从而提升学前儿童的共情能力,促进学前儿童的社会性发展。

政策介入失灵了吗?——三孩新政下普惠性生育支持政策对生育意愿的影响研究

普惠性生育支持政策是影响青年人口生育决策的重要因素。通过对浙江省S市700个育龄家庭的调查,探讨“三孩”政策下家庭生育意愿及其与普惠性生育支持政策的关系,结果发现,育龄妇女的生育意愿较为低迷,绝大多数人期望生育1或2个孩子,三孩的生育意愿极低;育龄妇女对于普惠性托育机构的呼声最高,其次为延长产假、发放育儿补贴金等生育支持;普惠性生育支持政策对生育意愿存在显著影响。建议强化妇女权益保障,破解“不愿生、不敢生”;加大社会保障力度,推动“生得起、养得好”;发展普惠托育服务体系,传递“想生、能养”积极信号。

“三孩”政策背景下生育支持政策体系建构

老龄化是全球性人口发展大趋势。为释放生育潜能、减缓人口老龄化进程,中国2021年起实施“三孩”政策。以政策对象为切入点,利用扎根理论对目的性抽样的40名访谈对象进行访谈,自下而上探索“三孩”政策执行遇冷的原因及其相应的执行路径。研究发现,执行遇冷实质上是生育群体内压与外压复合效果下的逆向选择。内在致因是目标群体的生育观由“数量”转向“质量”、女性生育风险高及家庭养育支撑不足;外在诱因是经济压力大、职场压力重、生育配套医疗教育不足。据此,建议通过引导生育转型、改善生育环境、加强政策保障等路径构建生育支持体系,提高“三孩”政策执行效果。

日韩包容性生育支持政策的探索与成效反思

为应对生育率下降危机,日本和韩国分别就生育政策进行转型,其包容性生育支持政策对我国优化生育支持措施具有借鉴意义。日韩的包容性生育支持政策可归纳为经济支持、保育支持和就业支持三大类,涵盖税收减免、经济补贴、住房优惠、托育服务、就业帮扶等方面,这些政策在一定程度上缓解了女性的工作和育儿冲突,减轻了家庭育儿负担。但截至目前,日韩的生育支持政策并未真正解决两国生育率不断下降的问题,亦未扭转日益严重的生育危机。我国正处于生育政策转型的关键时期,应借鉴日韩两国的经验,吸取两国的教训,立足人口发展规律,把握好政策前瞻性与灵活性,加强财政保障生育支持的普惠性,在社会层面多维度鼓励生育,培育积极的婚育观念和社会风尚,加快构建以人为本的生育配套支持体系,从而积极应对低生育水平和少子化社会的困境。

过敏性紫癜性肾炎患儿父母需求、社会支持与焦虑的相关性研究

目的 探讨过敏性紫癜性肾炎(henoch-schonlein purpura nephritis, HSPN)患儿父母需求、社会支持与焦虑情绪的相关性。方法 采用便利抽样法,选取2020年8月-2023年8月在南京医科大学附属儿童医院住院的524例HSPN患儿父母作为研究对象,使用一般资料调查表、中文改良版危重患者家属需求量表(获取信息、病情保证、亲近患者的需求、家属自身的舒适和医护人员支持)、社会支持评定量表和焦虑自评量表(SAS)进行问卷调查。使用Pearson相关性分析患儿父母需求、社会支持与焦虑的相关性。使用多元线性回归分析HSPN患儿父母产生焦虑情绪的影响因素。结果 SAS得分在患儿年龄、病程、家庭人均月收入及父母受教育程度方面,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。Pearson相关性分析结果显示,HSPN患儿父母SAS得分与需求呈显著正相关(P<0.05),与社会支持呈显著负相关(P<0.05)。经多元线性回归分析,患儿年龄、病程、家庭人均月收入、父母受教育程度、需求和社会支持是HSPN患儿父母焦虑的影响因素(P<0.05)。结论 HSPN患儿父母需求、社会支持与焦虑情绪的发展呈明显相关性,患儿父母需求情况及获取的社会支持程度可影响焦虑水平。医护人员应根据HSPN患儿父母具体情况评估其需求,采取有效干预措施,提供情感支持,以缓解患儿父母焦虑情绪。

组织支持、组织认同及集体心理所有权对儿童社会工作者离职倾向的影响研究

文章采用“中国社会工作动态调查”(CSWLS2019)数据探究集体心理所有权在组织支持与离职倾向之间的中介作用,以及组织认同在组织支持与集体心理所有权之间的调节作用。研究发现:组织支持可以直接影响儿童社会工作者的离职倾向;集体心理所有权在组织支持与离职倾向之间发挥着部分中介作用;组织认同正向调节了组织支持对集体心理所有权的影响。由此启示在社会工作人才队伍建设过程中在增加对儿童社会工作者的组织支持的同时,应激发其集体心理所有权,增强其组织归属感和认同感,以采取针对性措施降低儿童社会工作者的离职倾向。