Objective Since HFMD was designated as a class C communicable disease in May 2008,18 months surveillance data have been accumulated to December 2009.This article was to describe the distribution of HFMD for age,sex,ar...Objective Since HFMD was designated as a class C communicable disease in May 2008,18 months surveillance data have been accumulated to December 2009.This article was to describe the distribution of HFMD for age,sex,area,and time between 2008 and 2009,to reveal the characteristics of the epidemic.Methods We analyzed weekly reported cases of HFMD from May 2008 to December 2009,and presented data on the distribution of age,sex,area and time.A discrete Poisson model was used to detect spatial-temporal clusters of HFMD.Results More than 1 065 000 cases of HFMD were reported in China's Mainland from May 2008 to December 2009 (total incidence:12.47 per 10 000).Male incidence was higher than female for all ages and 91.9% of patients were 5 years old.The incidence was highest in Beijing,Shanghai,Zhejiang and Hainan.The highest peak of HFMD cases was in April and the number of cases remained high from April to August.The spatial-temporal distribution detected four clusters.Conclusion Children 5 years old were susceptible to HFMD and we should be aware of their vulnerability.The incidence was higher in urban than rural areas,and an annual pandemic usually starts in April.展开更多
Objective:To study the characteristics of the clinical application of traditional herbal medicine in five countries and regions where traditional medicine(TM)is widely used:Japan;South Korea;China's Mainland;Hong ...Objective:To study the characteristics of the clinical application of traditional herbal medicine in five countries and regions where traditional medicine(TM)is widely used:Japan;South Korea;China's Mainland;Hong Kong,China;Taiwan,China.And to analyze,from multiple angles,the variations in the methods of TM used in each countries and regions.Methods:Fifty commonly used traditional herbs(TOP50)from classical formulae were selected,and descriptive statistics,correlation analyses,and Friedman test were used to compare methods of clinical application and dosages in the countries and regions of interest based on a retrospective review of randomly-selected medical records.Results:There were significant differences in sequencing TOP50 among the five countries and regions(P<.01).The adherence to the classical formulae,from strong to weak was Japan;China's Mainland;Taiwan,China;Hong Kong,China;South Korea.There were also significant differences in TOP50 dosing regimens(P<.01).Overall dosages of TOP50 from high to low were:China's Mainland;Hong Kong,China;Taiwan,China;South Korea;Japan.Finally,there were significant differences in the dosage intervals(P<.01),with dosage intervals from maximum to minimum as follows:China's Mainland;Taiwan,China;Hong Kong,China;South Korea;Japan.Conclusions:The clinical dosages of traditional herbal medicine used in the China's Mainland are relatively large compared with those prescribed in the other four countries and regions,and the range of dosages in China's Mainland is more flexible.On the other hand,clinical dosages of TOP50 are the lowest in Japan,where the dosage range is also the narrowest,supporting the idea that Doctors of Kampo medicine are highly cautious and are likely to adhere strictly to classical formulae,while Hong Kong,China and Taiwan,China are in the middle.The dosage of TOP50 in South Korea is significantly lower than that used in the China's Mainland;Hong Kong,China and Taiwan,China where the adherence to the classical formulae was the lowest,albeit slightly higher than that in Japan.The methods of clinical application of traditional herbal medicine in the five countries and regions were affected by multiple factors,including history,geography,climate,and culture.展开更多
Social network analysis(SNA) has been introduced to China's Mainland since the end of last century. It is often stated that SNA research has experienced rapid growth in China over these years, but few studies have...Social network analysis(SNA) has been introduced to China's Mainland since the end of last century. It is often stated that SNA research has experienced rapid growth in China over these years, but few studies have been conducted to prove the statement. This paper aims at exploring the research status and development of SNA in China by a critical assessment of journal articles. Our findings show that SNA is an evolving and diversified research area which has rich themes and topics, and can be applied to those studies on different levels, context and disciplines, and attract researchers and scholars from various fields and domains. In addition, the information community(Library & Information Science and Information Systems) plays a leading role in the SNA related researches. The paper also points out the research on SNA in China has some limitations, so it proposes several implications for the future development of SNA research from perspectives of information science.展开更多
Background:The number of papers published in the field of nursing practice has greatly increased in recent years in China's Mainland,yet the quality of these papers is highly variable.There has been no attempt to ...Background:The number of papers published in the field of nursing practice has greatly increased in recent years in China's Mainland,yet the quality of these papers is highly variable.There has been no attempt to comprehensively estimate the overall quantity and quality of these papers.Objectives:To systematically retrieve nursing intervention studies published in simplified Chinese from 1979 to 2012,critically appraise their quality,and provide suggestions for future development.Methods:All of the papers were retrieved from China Biology Medicine disc database.The preliminary screening of retrieved publications was performed prior to conducting a rigorous quality evaluation of the remaining publications.10 characteristics would be included in consideration in quality evaluations.Results:69,150 papers were retrieved according to searching strategy.7391 of them were included after preliminary screening and appraised critically.Among the 10 characteristics considered in quality evaluations,the lowest ratings were observed for the factors of“utilisation of blind method”(13 articles),“description of loss of follow-up”(499 articles),“appropriate calculation of sample size”(511 articles)and“randomised assignment of patients to treatments”(652 articles).Conclusions:Chinese papers published in the field of nursing practice have increased over time,but improvements remain needed to ensure that thorough studies with high-quality research methodologies are being performed.Future nursing researchers should not only improve the design of their intervention studies but also clearly describe the methodology they used,especially in group randomisation,blinded research designs,and estimations of required sample sizes.展开更多
Generally speaking, "an economic circle" refers to a group of countriesand regions whose economic relations override the universally accepted in-ternational practice or norms and they have formulated new eco...Generally speaking, "an economic circle" refers to a group of countriesand regions whose economic relations override the universally accepted in-ternational practice or norms and they have formulated new economic ruleswhich are applicable only to countries and regions inside the circle.展开更多
At present, gravity field and steady-state ocean circulation explorer(GOCE) gravity data are always used to compute regional gravity anomaly and geoid height. In this study, the latest GOCE gravity field model data...At present, gravity field and steady-state ocean circulation explorer(GOCE) gravity data are always used to compute regional gravity anomaly and geoid height. In this study, the latest GOCE gravity field model data(from Oct. 2009 to Jul. 2010) are used to compute the gravity gradient of China's Mainland according to a rigorous recursion formula(in all the six directions). The results show that the numerical values of the gravity gradients are larger in the T rr direction than those in the other directions. They reflect the terrain characteristics in detail and correlate with the regional tectonics; however, in the T ql and T r l directions,the numerical values are relatively smaller and the gravity gradients in the T r l direction do not reflect the terrain characteristics in detail.展开更多
Analysis of recent changes in the amount and nature of cultivated land and grain potential, and the impacts of these changes on grain security in China's Mainland provides vital information for revising and develo...Analysis of recent changes in the amount and nature of cultivated land and grain potential, and the impacts of these changes on grain security in China's Mainland provides vital information for revising and developing strategies regarding protection of cultivated land and national grain security. This study examined changes in the area of cultivated land and in grain potential in agro-ecological zones using the "change rate" method. Agro-ecological subzones were used as the basic units and agro-ecological zones as the research units. We then studied changes for all of China's Mainland using the "gravity centre model" and analyzed the structural change of cultivated lands in each agro-ecological zone to investigate the changes in detail. The results show that both cultivated land and grain potential in China's Mainland decreased from 1996 to 2007. The structural and quantitative changes in each zone have caused the shift of the gravity centres of cultivated land and grain potential in China's Mainland to the northeast. Unfortunately, it is unlikely that natural and economic resources can keep up with this change. Although a large gap remains between the grain potential and the actual grain yield, the rapid loss of grain potential and the direction of change pose great threats to grain security. To ensure comprehensive grain security in China, it is vital to rethink the regional patterns of grain production according to natural conditions without jeopardising cultivated land protection(quantitative and qualitative), and consider the direction of cultivated land use and reconstruction according to local natural conditions, water and soil resources, and the level of economic development, and then work steadily to improve the grain potential.展开更多
The Dongtai Group,a paper maker for40 years,is now an international trans-industrial group,comprising the paperindustry,plastics processing industry,machinemanufacture,hotels,and also securitiescompanies,real estate c...The Dongtai Group,a paper maker for40 years,is now an international trans-industrial group,comprising the paperindustry,plastics processing industry,machinemanufacture,hotels,and also securitiescompanies,real estate companies,investmentcompanies and high-tech industry.It hasestablished more than 20 companies in theUSA,Australia,Japan,Hongkong,Taiwanand China's Mainland. The group opened its first enterpriseon China's Mainland--the Fuda Industry Co.Ltd.in 1989 in Xiamen,with an investmentofUS$ 6 million.The Fuda Company appliesadvanced international techniques andprocesses to design and produce completesets of equipment for making plastic bags,which are paralleled with those made inEurope,the USA and Japan in quality展开更多
In the context of constant deepening of cooperation in economy and trade and social communication between China's Mainland and Taiwan,deepening the cooperation of credit investigation can effectively ensure deepen...In the context of constant deepening of cooperation in economy and trade and social communication between China's Mainland and Taiwan,deepening the cooperation of credit investigation can effectively ensure deepening and stable development of trade exchanges and social communication between China's Mainland and Taiwan. This paper firstly elaborated significance of credit investigation cooperation,then compared current situation of establishment of credit investigation system,and finally put forward guiding principle and specific recommendations for credit investigation cooperation between China's Mainland and Taiwan.展开更多
According to the'EY Global IPO Trends:2016 Q2'report released in June,the IPO market in China's Mainland and Hong Kong saw a slow first half in 2016 with investors wary of the economic slowdown of China...According to the'EY Global IPO Trends:2016 Q2'report released in June,the IPO market in China's Mainland and Hong Kong saw a slow first half in 2016 with investors wary of the economic slowdown of China's Mainland’s growth rate and the possibility of a currency devaluation.As a result,the number of deals for the first six months of 2016展开更多
Taiwan and China's Mainland are set to remove or lower tariffs on a range of items,including textile products,as part of a wide-ranging trade agreement agreed on June 14th.Taiwan’s Ministry of Economic
Two surveys conducted in Hong Kong and China's Mainland reveal predictions of a quick recovery ahead for both economies.The surveys were conducted by CPA Australia,with the Hong Kong survey jointly sponsored by De...Two surveys conducted in Hong Kong and China's Mainland reveal predictions of a quick recovery ahead for both economies.The surveys were conducted by CPA Australia,with the Hong Kong survey jointly sponsored by Deloitte China and CPA Australia’s Hong Kong China division.展开更多
An old Chinese saying goes like 'food is the paramount necessity of the people'.Food safety is always the key element.At the conference of Annual Fresh Food Tender for Hong Kong (2016),Xiaoqun He,deputy dire...An old Chinese saying goes like 'food is the paramount necessity of the people'.Food safety is always the key element.At the conference of Annual Fresh Food Tender for Hong Kong (2016),Xiaoqun He,deputy director of registration department of CNCA(Certification and Accreditation Administration of the People’s展开更多
Protection of the right to housing is necessary for housing justice and satisfies the demand for adequate housing under international human rights conventions. This paper compares legal protections of the housing righ...Protection of the right to housing is necessary for housing justice and satisfies the demand for adequate housing under international human rights conventions. This paper compares legal protections of the housing right in Taiwan and China's Mainland, highlighting basic principles in Taiwan's 'Housing Act' and its problems. Taiwan's legislation may shed light on relevant legislation of China's Mainland.展开更多
Dissolved organic matter(DOM) plays an essential role in many geochemical processes,however its complexity, chemical diversity, and molecular composition are poorly understood. Soil samples were collected from 500 veg...Dissolved organic matter(DOM) plays an essential role in many geochemical processes,however its complexity, chemical diversity, and molecular composition are poorly understood. Soil samples were collected from 500 vegetable fields in administrative regions of China' Mainland, of which 122 were selected for further investigation. DOM properties were characterized by three-dimensional excitation-emission matrix(3D-EEM) fuorescence spectroscopy and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry(FTICRMS)(field intensity is 15 Tesla). Our results indicated that the main constituents were UVA humic-like substances, humic-like substances, fulvic acid-like substances, and tyrosine-like substances. A total of 10,989 molecular formulae with a mass range of 100.04 to 799.59 Da were detected, covering the mass spectrometric information of the soil samples from 27 different regions. CHO and CHON molecules were dominant in DOM, whereas lignin, tannins,and aromatic substances served as the main components. The results of cluster analysis revealed that the soil properties in Jiangxi Province were considerably different from those in other regions. The key backgrounds of the DOM molecular characteristics in the vegetablefield soil samples across China' Mainland were provided at the molecular level, with large abundance and great variability.展开更多
文摘Objective Since HFMD was designated as a class C communicable disease in May 2008,18 months surveillance data have been accumulated to December 2009.This article was to describe the distribution of HFMD for age,sex,area,and time between 2008 and 2009,to reveal the characteristics of the epidemic.Methods We analyzed weekly reported cases of HFMD from May 2008 to December 2009,and presented data on the distribution of age,sex,area and time.A discrete Poisson model was used to detect spatial-temporal clusters of HFMD.Results More than 1 065 000 cases of HFMD were reported in China's Mainland from May 2008 to December 2009 (total incidence:12.47 per 10 000).Male incidence was higher than female for all ages and 91.9% of patients were 5 years old.The incidence was highest in Beijing,Shanghai,Zhejiang and Hainan.The highest peak of HFMD cases was in April and the number of cases remained high from April to August.The spatial-temporal distribution detected four clusters.Conclusion Children 5 years old were susceptible to HFMD and we should be aware of their vulnerability.The incidence was higher in urban than rural areas,and an annual pandemic usually starts in April.
文摘Objective:To study the characteristics of the clinical application of traditional herbal medicine in five countries and regions where traditional medicine(TM)is widely used:Japan;South Korea;China's Mainland;Hong Kong,China;Taiwan,China.And to analyze,from multiple angles,the variations in the methods of TM used in each countries and regions.Methods:Fifty commonly used traditional herbs(TOP50)from classical formulae were selected,and descriptive statistics,correlation analyses,and Friedman test were used to compare methods of clinical application and dosages in the countries and regions of interest based on a retrospective review of randomly-selected medical records.Results:There were significant differences in sequencing TOP50 among the five countries and regions(P<.01).The adherence to the classical formulae,from strong to weak was Japan;China's Mainland;Taiwan,China;Hong Kong,China;South Korea.There were also significant differences in TOP50 dosing regimens(P<.01).Overall dosages of TOP50 from high to low were:China's Mainland;Hong Kong,China;Taiwan,China;South Korea;Japan.Finally,there were significant differences in the dosage intervals(P<.01),with dosage intervals from maximum to minimum as follows:China's Mainland;Taiwan,China;Hong Kong,China;South Korea;Japan.Conclusions:The clinical dosages of traditional herbal medicine used in the China's Mainland are relatively large compared with those prescribed in the other four countries and regions,and the range of dosages in China's Mainland is more flexible.On the other hand,clinical dosages of TOP50 are the lowest in Japan,where the dosage range is also the narrowest,supporting the idea that Doctors of Kampo medicine are highly cautious and are likely to adhere strictly to classical formulae,while Hong Kong,China and Taiwan,China are in the middle.The dosage of TOP50 in South Korea is significantly lower than that used in the China's Mainland;Hong Kong,China and Taiwan,China where the adherence to the classical formulae was the lowest,albeit slightly higher than that in Japan.The methods of clinical application of traditional herbal medicine in the five countries and regions were affected by multiple factors,including history,geography,climate,and culture.
基金jointly supported by the National Social Science Foundation in China(Grand No.10ATQ004)Ministry of Education,Humanities and Social Sciences Council in China(Grand No.09YJA870014)
文摘Social network analysis(SNA) has been introduced to China's Mainland since the end of last century. It is often stated that SNA research has experienced rapid growth in China over these years, but few studies have been conducted to prove the statement. This paper aims at exploring the research status and development of SNA in China by a critical assessment of journal articles. Our findings show that SNA is an evolving and diversified research area which has rich themes and topics, and can be applied to those studies on different levels, context and disciplines, and attract researchers and scholars from various fields and domains. In addition, the information community(Library & Information Science and Information Systems) plays a leading role in the SNA related researches. The paper also points out the research on SNA in China has some limitations, so it proposes several implications for the future development of SNA research from perspectives of information science.
文摘Background:The number of papers published in the field of nursing practice has greatly increased in recent years in China's Mainland,yet the quality of these papers is highly variable.There has been no attempt to comprehensively estimate the overall quantity and quality of these papers.Objectives:To systematically retrieve nursing intervention studies published in simplified Chinese from 1979 to 2012,critically appraise their quality,and provide suggestions for future development.Methods:All of the papers were retrieved from China Biology Medicine disc database.The preliminary screening of retrieved publications was performed prior to conducting a rigorous quality evaluation of the remaining publications.10 characteristics would be included in consideration in quality evaluations.Results:69,150 papers were retrieved according to searching strategy.7391 of them were included after preliminary screening and appraised critically.Among the 10 characteristics considered in quality evaluations,the lowest ratings were observed for the factors of“utilisation of blind method”(13 articles),“description of loss of follow-up”(499 articles),“appropriate calculation of sample size”(511 articles)and“randomised assignment of patients to treatments”(652 articles).Conclusions:Chinese papers published in the field of nursing practice have increased over time,but improvements remain needed to ensure that thorough studies with high-quality research methodologies are being performed.Future nursing researchers should not only improve the design of their intervention studies but also clearly describe the methodology they used,especially in group randomisation,blinded research designs,and estimations of required sample sizes.
文摘Generally speaking, "an economic circle" refers to a group of countriesand regions whose economic relations override the universally accepted in-ternational practice or norms and they have formulated new economic ruleswhich are applicable only to countries and regions inside the circle.
基金supported by Key Projects of Henan Province Department of Education Science and Technology(14B420001)
文摘At present, gravity field and steady-state ocean circulation explorer(GOCE) gravity data are always used to compute regional gravity anomaly and geoid height. In this study, the latest GOCE gravity field model data(from Oct. 2009 to Jul. 2010) are used to compute the gravity gradient of China's Mainland according to a rigorous recursion formula(in all the six directions). The results show that the numerical values of the gravity gradients are larger in the T rr direction than those in the other directions. They reflect the terrain characteristics in detail and correlate with the regional tectonics; however, in the T ql and T r l directions,the numerical values are relatively smaller and the gravity gradients in the T r l direction do not reflect the terrain characteristics in detail.
文摘Analysis of recent changes in the amount and nature of cultivated land and grain potential, and the impacts of these changes on grain security in China's Mainland provides vital information for revising and developing strategies regarding protection of cultivated land and national grain security. This study examined changes in the area of cultivated land and in grain potential in agro-ecological zones using the "change rate" method. Agro-ecological subzones were used as the basic units and agro-ecological zones as the research units. We then studied changes for all of China's Mainland using the "gravity centre model" and analyzed the structural change of cultivated lands in each agro-ecological zone to investigate the changes in detail. The results show that both cultivated land and grain potential in China's Mainland decreased from 1996 to 2007. The structural and quantitative changes in each zone have caused the shift of the gravity centres of cultivated land and grain potential in China's Mainland to the northeast. Unfortunately, it is unlikely that natural and economic resources can keep up with this change. Although a large gap remains between the grain potential and the actual grain yield, the rapid loss of grain potential and the direction of change pose great threats to grain security. To ensure comprehensive grain security in China, it is vital to rethink the regional patterns of grain production according to natural conditions without jeopardising cultivated land protection(quantitative and qualitative), and consider the direction of cultivated land use and reconstruction according to local natural conditions, water and soil resources, and the level of economic development, and then work steadily to improve the grain potential.
文摘The Dongtai Group,a paper maker for40 years,is now an international trans-industrial group,comprising the paperindustry,plastics processing industry,machinemanufacture,hotels,and also securitiescompanies,real estate companies,investmentcompanies and high-tech industry.It hasestablished more than 20 companies in theUSA,Australia,Japan,Hongkong,Taiwanand China's Mainland. The group opened its first enterpriseon China's Mainland--the Fuda Industry Co.Ltd.in 1989 in Xiamen,with an investmentofUS$ 6 million.The Fuda Company appliesadvanced international techniques andprocesses to design and produce completesets of equipment for making plastic bags,which are paralleled with those made inEurope,the USA and Japan in quality
基金Supported by Special Project of Fujian Provincial Department of Finance(K81MLV05A)
文摘In the context of constant deepening of cooperation in economy and trade and social communication between China's Mainland and Taiwan,deepening the cooperation of credit investigation can effectively ensure deepening and stable development of trade exchanges and social communication between China's Mainland and Taiwan. This paper firstly elaborated significance of credit investigation cooperation,then compared current situation of establishment of credit investigation system,and finally put forward guiding principle and specific recommendations for credit investigation cooperation between China's Mainland and Taiwan.
文摘According to the'EY Global IPO Trends:2016 Q2'report released in June,the IPO market in China's Mainland and Hong Kong saw a slow first half in 2016 with investors wary of the economic slowdown of China's Mainland’s growth rate and the possibility of a currency devaluation.As a result,the number of deals for the first six months of 2016
文摘Taiwan and China's Mainland are set to remove or lower tariffs on a range of items,including textile products,as part of a wide-ranging trade agreement agreed on June 14th.Taiwan’s Ministry of Economic
文摘Two surveys conducted in Hong Kong and China's Mainland reveal predictions of a quick recovery ahead for both economies.The surveys were conducted by CPA Australia,with the Hong Kong survey jointly sponsored by Deloitte China and CPA Australia’s Hong Kong China division.
文摘An old Chinese saying goes like 'food is the paramount necessity of the people'.Food safety is always the key element.At the conference of Annual Fresh Food Tender for Hong Kong (2016),Xiaoqun He,deputy director of registration department of CNCA(Certification and Accreditation Administration of the People’s
文摘Protection of the right to housing is necessary for housing justice and satisfies the demand for adequate housing under international human rights conventions. This paper compares legal protections of the housing right in Taiwan and China's Mainland, highlighting basic principles in Taiwan's 'Housing Act' and its problems. Taiwan's legislation may shed light on relevant legislation of China's Mainland.
基金supported by the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program (STEP,No.2019QZKK0304)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No.E2EG0502×2)the Natural Science Foundation Committee of China (No.41991310)。
文摘Dissolved organic matter(DOM) plays an essential role in many geochemical processes,however its complexity, chemical diversity, and molecular composition are poorly understood. Soil samples were collected from 500 vegetable fields in administrative regions of China' Mainland, of which 122 were selected for further investigation. DOM properties were characterized by three-dimensional excitation-emission matrix(3D-EEM) fuorescence spectroscopy and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry(FTICRMS)(field intensity is 15 Tesla). Our results indicated that the main constituents were UVA humic-like substances, humic-like substances, fulvic acid-like substances, and tyrosine-like substances. A total of 10,989 molecular formulae with a mass range of 100.04 to 799.59 Da were detected, covering the mass spectrometric information of the soil samples from 27 different regions. CHO and CHON molecules were dominant in DOM, whereas lignin, tannins,and aromatic substances served as the main components. The results of cluster analysis revealed that the soil properties in Jiangxi Province were considerably different from those in other regions. The key backgrounds of the DOM molecular characteristics in the vegetablefield soil samples across China' Mainland were provided at the molecular level, with large abundance and great variability.