Comparison of Human Rights Values Between the East and the West——Summary of the 2019 China-Europe Seminar on Human Rights

The 2019 China-Europe Seminar on Human Rights hosted by the China Society for Human Rights Studies and Austria-China Friendship Association was successfully held in Austria on June 21,2019.Through this conference,China,as an important representative of Eastern countries of human rights,demonstrated its fruitful theoretical and practical human rights achievements to European countries.The conference also witnessed lively communication and exchanges on human rights values and the human rights discourse system between China and the West,during which scholars of the East and the West discussed the universality and particularity of human rights,and the evolution of human rights under different historical and cultural values.The conference advocated that the concept of a community with a shared future for human beings proposed by China should be incorporated into human rights governance of sovereign states and the international community.The convergence and integration of the human rights concepts of the East and the West will inevitably lead human rights practices of the East and the West to embark on a new journey.

Anti-Poverty Cooperation between China and West Asian and North African Countries in the Context of the Belt and Road Initiative

As important parts of the Belt and Road Initiative,West Asia and North Africa have rich resources and prominent strategic position.Anti-poverty has always been a crucial social issue of China,West Asia and North Africa. Through literature review and data analysis,this paper analyzed the current situations of anti-poverty in West Asia and North Africa and the causes of poverty,and objectively summarized the realistic foundation of anti-poverty cooperation between China and West Asian and North African countries. On the basis of current situations,it put forward a path for anti-poverty cooperation between China and West Asian and North African countries,in the hope of providing decisionmaking basis and policy recommendations for China to undertake anti-poverty cooperation in the worldwide range.

The Ophiolitic Mélanges in Strike-slip Fault Zones in West Junggar,Xinjiang,NW China

The West Junggar region of western China,located in the far eastern end of the Kazakhstan orocline,occupies the junction of the Siberia,Tarim and Kazakhstan blocks,which is crucial for palinspastic reconstruction of the CAOB.The principal rock assemblages in West Junggar include Paleozoic ophiolitic mélanges and a thick,undeformed Upper Devonian–Lower Carboniferous sedimentary succession as the boundary of the mélanges,both of which are intruded by sub-circular Upper Carboniferous granitoid plutons and intermediate-basic-mafic dykes.On the basis of the sedimentary structures like cross bedding and convolute bedding and the geochronology data,the Upper Devonian–Lower Carboniferous sedimentary successions were identified as the Tailegula,Baogutu,and Xibeikulasi formations from the bottom up,which is an apparent shallowing-upwards ocean basin fill succession,from radiolarian cherts through 2000 meters of flysch to a more neritic Baogutu Formation to a fluvial Xibeikulasi Formation.At the bottom of the Tailegula Formation there is a peperite-bearing unit:a succession of extrusive mafic rock,mainly basaltic lava,with interbeds or blocks of sedimentary rocks including carbonate,radiolarian chert,calcareous siltstone and minor fine-grained tuffaceous sandstone.Peperites in the Tailegula are thickest and best developed as the type section.Four types of peperites were identified based on of the volcanic clast shapes and sediment-matrix properties in Tailegula:(1)arbonatesediment-hosted fluidal peperites,(2)sandstone-hosted fluidal peperites,(3)tuff-hosted mixed fluidal and blocky peperites and(4)carbonate-sediment-hosted blocky peperites.Zircon LA-ICP-MS U-Pb dating of a tuff lens enclosed by lava showed that the peperites formed in the Late Devonian(ca.364 Ma).The widespread peperitebearing succession in the Tailegula Formation is of variablethickness at different sites in West Junggar,such as the Tailegula,Baijiantan,Kalaxiuka,Saertuohai,Dagun,west of the Akebastaw granite and Shinaizha areas.The peperite-bearing unit is generally undeformed in contrast to the highly deformed slices of ophiolite,and is continuously distributed as a stratigraphic section regionally on either side of the Darbut and Baijiantan ophiolitic belts.It can be taken as a mark layer to demonstrate the existence of a shallow remnant ocean basin from the end of Devonian in West Junggar,which is an important component of oceanic crust in the remnant ocean basin.Peperite,underlying Devonian or earlier oceanic crust developed in the spreading process of the ocean basin,and overlying Carboniferous remnant ocean basin-fill succession constitute the complete evolution sequence of the remnant ocean basin.The Darbut and Baijiantan ophiolitic belts should not be interpreted as significant plate boundaries and represent the underlying ocean crust uplifted along tectonic lineaments within a continuous shallow remnant ocean basin.The Baijiantan and Darbut ophiolites are both steep fault zones(>70°)of serpentinite mélange,in contact on either side with regionally distributed and undeformed Upper Devonian–Lower Carboniferous ocean-floor peperitic basalts and overlying sedimentary successions.Ultramafic rocks is serpentinized and foliated to form the matrix of mélange.Some small blocks of peridotite are mylonitic and strongly foliated.Blocks of gabbro generally underwent prehnitization,epidotization and chloritization and many are metasomatized to rodingite.Pods of medium to fine grained amphibolites are encased in serpentinite and display relict gabbroic textures and amphibolite-facies assemblages.The Baijiantan ophiolitic mélange also includes amphibolite brecciasconsistingofcentimeter-sizedmylonitic amphibolite clasts embedded within a serpentinite matrix.Basalt lavas cropping out in the Baijiantan ophiolitic mélange are of two types:type 1 and type 2 lavas.The type1 lavas occur within the fault zones as small blocks withinthe matrix of ultramafic rocks,tectonically juxtaposed against other rocks.The type 2 basalt lava came from the peperite-bearing unit.Besides the ultramafic rocks,gabbros,and basalt lavas,the other supracrustal rocks in the ophiolitic mélange include sandstone,chert,tuff,and very rare limestone.Sandstones predominate and most of them are tuffaceous;their characteristics are consistent with the sandstones from surrounding Lower Carboniferous sedimentary formations.Sandstone blocks within the mélanges also have detrital zircon age distributions(300-400 Ma)and characteristics similar to surrounding Carboniferous sediments.The rock assemblages in the mélanges indicate the ophiolitic mélanges consist of locally derived rocks,in contrast to conventional ophiolitic mélanges.The ophiolitic mélanges show classic structural features of strike-slip shearing regimes,including subhorizontal slickenside lineations(<20°),consistent steeply dipping foliation(>75°)in the matrix,and elongated shapes of blocks aligned parallel to the shear zone.Consistent shear-sense indicators including slip-fiber lineations,Riedel shears,asymmetric blocks,shear band cleavages and veins indicate a horizontal sinistral sense of movement.The occurrence of the amphibolite and ultramafic mylonite in the mélanges probably record early,deep-seated strike slip,indicating that the fault zones extended downward through the oceanic crust.The amphibolite-facies metamorphism then was superimposed by brittle deformation at a shallow level to form fault breccias during the mélange formation.So the ophiolitic mélanges originated from crustal-scale sinistral strike-slip fault zones,not as major plate boundaries or subduction-suture zones.The youngest units of the mélanges are the deformed blocks of Lower Carboniferous basin-fill sedimentary rocks,indicating that the ultimate formation of the mélanges was after deposition of the Lower Carboniferous strata(detrital zircon age modes:320-330 Ma),but before the age of the intruding granite and the dike cutting the mélanges(~310 Ma).Based on above discussions and taking into consideration of the previous studies,a tectonic evolution scenario is proposed for the Devonian to Carboniferous in the West Junggar region.In the middle Devonian or earlier(>390Ma),a paleo-ocean basin existed,stretching across North Xinjiang from Darbut-Baijiantan area in West Junggar to the Kalamaili area in East Junggar.This basin was most likelyaback-arcbasinrelatedtothe Boshchekule–Chengiz–Yemaquan arc.Subduction ended in thepaleo-oceanbasinrepresentedbythe Hongguleleng-Kujibai-Armantai ophiolite belt by late Devonian(375-360 Ma),leading to slab break-off and upwelling of asthenosphere under the remnant ocean basin,which induced The OIB-like basalts in West Junggar.The oceanic basin started to receive sufficient sediment deposition into which OIB-like basalts flows could bulldoze to form the regional distributed peperites(~360 Ma).A little later,in the early Carboniferous(~340 Ma),continent-continent collision took place between the Junggar block and the Yemaquan arc,and Kalamaili ophiolite obduction occurred in the eastern part of Junggar block.The remnant ocean basin was preserved in the western part of the Junggar Block.Accompanying the relative motion between Junggar block and ocean basin in West Junggar during collision,a series of NW trending sinistral strike-slip faults were triggered and activated parallel to the western boundary of the Junggar block.During the late stage of the Early Carboniferous(~320 Ma),the remnant ocean basin was almost filled with sediments.The collision between the Yili and Junggar blocks at the beginning of the late Carboniferous reactivated the strike-slip faults,which disrupted the oceanic crust and basin-fill successions and caused diapirs of serpentinite to form the Baijiantan and Darbut ophiolitic mélanges.The emplacement of Upper Carboniferous(~310 Ma)stitching A-type granitoid plutons indicates the evolutionary history of the remnant ocean basin and strike-slip fault zone ophiolitic mélanges terminated by that time.

EBD Methodology in the Education in the Mid-west University of China

Due to the impact of globalization,more and more universities in China dedicate to improve the quality of undergraduate education.The particular emphasis was given on the universities in Mid-west university of China,where the economics and transportation facility are relatively less developed comparing to other regions.In contrast of the traditional methodologies of social science,this research was conducted using an engineering design methodology,called Environment-Based Design(EBD).The EBD procedure allows to derive the solutions step-by-step based on a holistic environment analysis and thus an identification of major challenges.

COMPARISON STUDY ON THE INTRASEASONAL VARIATIONS IN CIRCULATIONS AND PRECIPITATION MODULATED BY THE TROPICAL CYCLOGENESIS OVER SOUTH CHINA SEA-WESTERN PACIFIC DURING GUANGDONG FLOODING PERIOD

Based on tropical cyclone datasets from Shanghai Typhoon Institute of China Meteorological Administration,the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP,USA) reanalysis data and the rainfall records from 743 stations in China,the impacts of cyclogenesis number over the South China Sea and the western Pacific are studied on the 30-60-day oscillations in the precipitation of Guangdong during the flooding period.The year with more-than-normal (less-than-normal) tropical cyclogenesis is defined as a 'high year' ('low year').In light of the irregular periodic oscillations,the method used to construct the composite life cycle is based on nine consecutive phases in each of the cycles.Phases 1,3,5,and 7 correspond to,respectively,the time when precipitation anomalies reach theminimum,a positive transition (negative-turning-to-positive) phase,the maximum,and a negative transition phase.The results showed that the precipitation of the 30-60-day oscillations is associated with the interaction between a well-organized eastward propagation system from the Arabian Sea/Bay of Bengal and a westward-propagating system (with cyclonic and anticyclonic anomalies in the northwest-southeast direction) from the South China Sea to western Pacific during the high years,whereas the precipitation is affected during a low year by the circulation over the South China Sea and western Pacific (with cyclonic and anticyclonic anomalies in the northeast-southwest direction).During the high year,the warm and wet air mass from the ocean to the west and south are transported to Guangdong by westerly anomalies and an enclosed latitudinal cell,which ascends in the Northern Hemisphere low latitudes and descends in the Southern Hemisphere low latitudes.During the low year,the warm and wet air mass from the ocean to the south is transported to Guangdong by southwesterly wind anomalies and local ascending movements.Because the kinetic energy,westerly,easterly shift,vertical velocity and vapor transportation averaged over (109-119° E,10-20° N) is stronger in high years than those in low years,the precipitation of the 30-60-day oscillations in Guangdong is higher in high years than that in low years.

Evaluation of China's Decade-long West Development Strategy

The objective of the West China Development Strategy was to boost economic development and to narrow the gap betweeneastern and western China.After ten years of implementation,now is the proper time to summarize and evaluate theperformance so that more suitable measures can be adopted in the subsequent stage.Applying quantitative and qualitativemethods,the author investigates the economic and social changes of the western regions between 1999 and 2008,andevaluates their performances based on the following factors:total economic output,the speed of economic growth,industrial structure,standard of living and infrastructure construction.

必要的张力--近百年来中西医之辨

中医百年的命运多舛,由表到里都发生了重大变迁。中医学中的古今、中西、体用、新旧之辨是文化大讨论的一部分,其辩论的议题在文化大讨论中都可以找到引子。以上不同方面的辩论是联通的,一定条件下彼此之间可以互换,在进化论的中介和引导下贯穿于中医近代史中。古今、中西、体用、新旧之间的张力让中医学持续受到关注,在批评中螺旋式进步。中医学最终经受住了冲击,找到了平衡,逐步完成了近代向现代的转型。

Seasonal characters of regional vegetation activity in response to climate change in West China in recent 20 years

Using NDVI data of NOAA-AVHRR in recent 20 years and the temperature and precipitation data of West China, the vegetation activity is discussed by adopting the EOF and REOF decomposed functions. Results show that the overall increasing trend of vegetation activity in different seasons reflects an advanced and prolonged growth period of vegetation under the circumstance of climate warming, but the vegetation evolvement has much inconsistency between different regions and seasons. There are four notable regions, eight sub-areas for vegetation evolvement in spring and summer, and nine sub-areas in autumn. The vegetation activity in most sub-areas is increasing. The most notable region is represented by Lhaze station on the Tibetan Plateau. Two other marked stations are represented by Altay station in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region and Pengshui station in Sichuan Province. But the time series analysis of NDVI makes clear that the trends of the other two sub-areas, Turpan station in Xinjiang and Huashan station in Shaanxi Province, are descending. It is an important reason for vegetation evolvement that temperature ascends in most of the regions and descends in the east region in some seasons. But another important reason for vegetation evolvement is that precipitation is ascending in the west and descending in the east of the region.

Interpretation of the west segment of the coastal fault zone in the coastal region of South China based on the gravity data

By systemic processing, comprehensive analysis, and interpretation of gravity data, we confirmed the existence of the west segment of the coastal fault zone(west of Yangjiang to Beibu Bay) in the coastal region of South China. This showed an apparent high gravity gradient in the NEE direction, and worse linearity and less compactness than that in the Pearl River month. This also revealed a relatively large curvature and a complicated gravity structure. In the finding images processed by the gravity data system, each fault was well reflected and primarily characterized by isolines or thick black stripes with a cutting depth greater than 30 km. Though mutually cut by NW-trending and NE-trending faults, the apparent NEE stripe-shaped structure of the west segment of the coastal fault zone remained unchanged,with good continuity and an activity strength higher than that of NW and NE-trending faults. Moreover,we determined that the west segment of the coastal fault zone is the major seismogenic structure responsible for strong earthquakes in the coastal region in the border area of Guangdong, Guangxi, and Hainan.

The Statistical Significance Test of Regional Climate Change Caused by Land Use and Land Cover Variation in West China

The West Development Policy being implemented in China is causing significant land use and land cover （LULC） changes in West China. With the up-to-date satellite database of the Global Land Cover Characteristics Database （GLCCD） that characterizes the lower boundary conditions, the regional climate model RIEMS-TEA is used to simulate possible impacts of the significant LULC variation. The model was run for five continuous three-month periods from 1 June to 1 September of 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, and 1997, and the results of the five groups are examined by means of a student t-test to identify the statistical significance of regional climate variation. The main results are： （1） The regional climate is affected by the LULC variation because the equilibrium of water and heat transfer in the air-vegetation interface is changed. （2） The integrated impact of the LULC variation on regional climate is not only limited to West China where the LULC varies, but also to some areas in the model domain where the LULC does not vary at all. （3） The East Asian monsoon system and its vertical structure are adjusted by the large scale LULC variation in western China, where the consequences are the enhancement of the westward water vapor transfer from the east oast and the relevant increase of wet-hydrostatic energy in the middle-upper atmospheric layers. （4） The ecological engineering in West China affects significantly the regional climate in Northwest China, North China and the middle-lower reaches of the Yangtze River; there are obvious effects in South, Northeast, and Southwest China, but minor effects in Tibet.

Geochronology, petrogenesis and tectonic significance of Dahongliutan pluton in Western Kunlun orogenic belt, NW China

The Dahongliutan granitic pluton,in the eastern part of the West Kunlun orogenic belt,provides significant insights for studying the tectonic evolution of West Kunlun.This paper presents a systematic study of LA-ICP-MS zircon U Pb age,major and trace elements,Sr-Nd-Hf isotopes,and the first detailed Li isotope analysis of the Dahongliutan pluton.LA-ICP-MS zircon U Pb dating shows that the Dahongliutan granites were emplaced in the Late Triassic((213±2.1)Ma).Geochemical data show relatively high SiO2 contents(68.45 wt%73.62 wt%)and aluminum saturation index(A/CNK=1.111.21)indicates peraluminous high-K calc-alkaline granite.The Dahongliutan granites are relatively high in light rare earth elements(LREE)and large ion lithophile elements(LILEs)(e.g.,Rb,K,Th),and relatively depleted in high field strength elements(HFSEs)(e.g.,Nb,Ta,P,Ti).TheεNd(t)values range from 8.71 to 4.73,and(87Sr/86Sr)i=0.70870.71574.Zircons from the pluton yield 176Hf/177Hf values of 0.2826181 to 0.2827683,andεHf(t)values are around 0;the two-stage Hf model ages range from 0.974 to 1.307 Ga.Theδ7Li values are 0.76‰3.25‰,with an average of 2.53‰.Isotopic compositions of the pluton suggest a mixed trend between the partial melting of the Middle Proterozoic ancient crustal material and a juvenile mantle-derived material.This study infers that the Dahongliutan rock mass is formed in the post-collisional extension environment,when the collision between South Kunlun and the Tianshuihai terranes results in the closure of the Palaeo-Tethys.The mantle-derived magma results in partial melting of the lower crust.

Sandy desertification trend in western Northeast China Plain in the past 10 years

The west sandy land of the Northeast China Plain is located in the eastern huge sandy belt of mid-latitude in Eurasia and the eastern fringe of desertified land with best bio-climatic conditions in China. With rapid economic development, the deterioration of eco-environment has occurred and the desertification becomes very obvious. The first part of this paper studies the regional differences of landscape patterns and explores the regional differences of desertification. The second part aims to reveal the dynamics of desertification in the 1990s by using NOAA/AVHRR data and thematic data in GIS database. This work lays a scientific basis for the rehabilitation and development of the sandy lands.

Geology, Pb Isotope Geochemistry and Ore Genesis of the Liziyuan Gold Deposit, West Qinling Orogen, Central China

The Liziyuan gold deposit, situated on the south side of the Shangdan suture zone, West Qinling Orogen, occurs in metamorphic volcanic rocks(greenschist facies) of the early Paleozoic Liziyuan Group and in Indosinian Tianzishan monzogranite. Orebodies in the Liziyuan gold field are controlled by the ductile-brittle shear zone, and by thrusting nappe faults related to the Indosinian orogeny. In detail, this paper analyzed the geological characteristics of the Liziyuan gold field, and the Pb isotopes of the Lziyuan host rocks, granitoids(Tianzishan monzogranite and Jiancaowan syenite porphyry), sulfides, and auriferous quartz veins by multiple-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(MC-ICPMS). In addition, previous data on the sulfur, hydrogen, and oxygen isotopes were employed to discuss the possible sources of the ore-forming fluids and materials, and to further understand the tectonic setting of the Liziyuan gold deposit. The sulfides and their host rocks(Lziyuan Group), Tianzishan monzogranite and Jiancaowan syenite porphyry, and auriferous quartz veins have similar Pb isotopic compositions.Zartman’s plumbotectonic model diagram shows that most of the data for the deposit fall near the orogenic Pb evolutionary curve or within the area between the orogenic and mantle Pb evolutionary curves. In the△β-△γ diagram, which genetically classifies the lead isotopes, most of the data fall within the range of the subduction-zone lead mixed with upper crust and mantle. This indicates that a complex source of the ore lead formed in the orogenic environment. The δ34S values of the sulfides range from 3.90 to 8.50‰(average6.80‰), with a pronounced mode at 5.00‰-8.00‰. These values are consistent with that of orogenic gold deposits worldwide, indicating that the sulfur sourced mainly from reduced metamorphic fluids. The isotopic hydrogen and oxygen compositions support a predominantly metamorphic origin of the oreforming fluids, with possible mixing of minor magmatic fluids, but the late stage was dominated by meteoric water. The characteristics of the Liziyuan gold deposit formed in the Indosinian orogenic environment of the Qinling Orogen are consistent with those of orogenic gold deposits found worldwide.

Research on Impact Mechanism and Power System of Urbanization in West China

Based on the current situation of urbanization development in West China, this paper analyses main factors responsible for sluggish urbanization in West China as follows: impact of environment factor, impact of population quality and quantity, lagging of public product service, stagnancy of technological development, backwardness of slow growth, and rigidity of system building. And then this paper analyses the restriction mechanism of urbanization in West China: at the superficial level, the constraints of urbanization in West China arise from the shortage of capital; at the profound level, the backward culture contributes to the constraints of urbanization in West China. The thread of resolving restriction mechanism of urbanization in West China is put forward from system, economy and culture. On the basis of this thread, we construct the power system for the development of urbanization in West China. The power system for urbanization in West China should be propelled by "four forces", namely, pull of external forces, cohesive strength of regional market environment, expansion power inside countryside, traction of industrial structure adjustment. Innovation is the engine of impetus for urbanization in West China; spatial clustering and modernization of industry is the major driving force for urbanization; the government behaviour, driving of foreign investment, great projects and other forces are supplementary power. Via the main power, we should take the market as medium to achieve the role of power in promoting urbanization.

Future Changes in Extreme High Temperature over China at 1.5℃-5℃ Global Warming Based on CMIP6 Simulations

Extreme high temperature(EHT)events are among the most impact-related consequences related to climate change,especially for China,a nation with a large population that is vulnerable to the climate warming.Based on the latest Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6(CMIP6),this study assesses future EHT changes across China at five specific global warming thresholds(1.5℃-5℃).The results indicate that global mean temperature will increase by 1.5℃/2℃ before 2030/2050 relative to pre-industrial levels(1861-1900)under three future scenarios(SSP1-2.6,SSP2-4.5,and SSP5-8.5),and warming will occur faster under SSP5-8.5 compared to SSP1-2.6 and SSP2-4.5.Under SSP5-8.5,global warming will eventually exceed 5℃ by 2100,while under SSP1-2.6,it will stabilize around 2℃ after 2050.In China,most of the areas where warming exceeds global average levels will be located in Tibet and northern China(Northwest China,North China and Northeast China),covering 50%-70%of the country.Furthermore,about 0.19-0.44 billion people(accounting for 16%-41%of the national population)will experience warming above the global average.Compared to present-day(1995-2014),the warmest day(TXx)will increase most notably in northern China,while the number of warm days(TX90p)and warm spell duration indicator(WSDI)will increase most profoundly in southern China.For example,relative to the present-day,TXx will increase by 1℃-5℃ in northern China,and TX90p(WSDI)will increase by 25-150(10-80)days in southern China at 1.5℃-5℃ global warming.Compared to 2℃-5℃,limiting global warming to 1.5℃ will help avoid about 36%-87%of the EHT increases in China.

Forests of West Virginia,U.S.A. and Shaanxi,China:a study in forest exploitation and recovery

A review of the period of unregulated exploitation of forests in the state of West Virginia (U.S.) and in Shaanxi Province, PRC was presented. Economic and ecological recovery from exploitation has been different in the two regions due to basic differences in nature of the forest and in the degree and persistence of exploitive pressures. After a century since unregulated exploitation, West Virginia forests are well on the road to management for sustainability and conservation. Shaanxi's recovery from overuse and unregulated exploitation is less certain; forests are still in the early phases of ecological recovery there. Full recovery to a period of sustainability will take a century or longer. Suggestions are made for measures needed to enhance the forest recovery. Keywords Forests - Shaanxi - West Virginia - Central China - Forest exploitation - Recovery CLC number S754 Document code A Article ID 1007-662X(2004)01-0049-06 Foundation item: The project was sponsored by the Scientific Research Foundation for the Returned Overseas Chinese Scholars, State Education Ministry (2002–2004) and Shaanxi Provincial Foreign Expert Bureau (2003).Biography: Jack E. Coster (1935-), male, professor of West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia. U.S.A.Responsible editor: Song Funan

An Evolutionary Economic Geography Perspective on Types of Operation Development in West Lake, China

The types of operation play a key role in facilitating tourism consumption and economic development in a tourism destination. By adopting evolutionary economic geography theory, the paper analyzes the types of operation in West Lake Scenic Area from 1978 to 2013. First, an evolution process consisting of four stages is underpinned, and they are: the new establishment stage, the preliminary development stage, the speedup development stage, and the stabilized maturity stage. Specifically, the distinct characteristics associated with operation types are compared and evaluated at different stages throughout the process. The evolution trees are introduced to scrutinize types of operation development. The results of evolution trees demonstrate the substantial increase in both numbers and types. Second, by applying GIS spatial analysis, the paper also analyzes the spatial evolution characteristics on the types of operation, and the results unveil the co-existence of centripetal and centrifugal forces: the processes of spatial agglomeration and spatial dispersion. More specifically, we recognize the spatial process includes the emergence of node and concentration(1978–1995), the sparse distribution and intensity reduction(1996–2002), the patchy distribution and spatial agglomeration intensification(2003–2008), the dispersed distribution and core area agglomeration(2009–2013). Lastly, path dependence on resource endowment, government and market innovation, knowledge learning and spillover can reasonably explain the types of operation evolution. In conclusion, the evolutionary economic geography theories provide new theoretical and empirical perspectives for tourism policy analysis. At the same time, our comprehensive evidences impart more comprehensive insights and offer useful managerial and policy implications.

Managing Soil Erosion Potential by Integrating Digital Elevation Models with the Southern China's Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation——A Case Study for the West Lake Scenic Spots Area of Hangzhou,China

In China, many scenic and tourism areas are suffering from the urbanization that results from physical development of tourism projects, leading to the removal of the vegetative cover, the creation of areas impermeable to water, in-stream modifications, and other problems. In this paper, the risk of soil erosion and its ecological risks in the West Lake Scenic Spots （WLSS） area were quantitatively evaluated by integrating the revised universal soil loss equation （RUSLE） with a digital elevation model （DEM） and geographical information system （GIS） software. The standard RUSLE factors were modified to account for local climatic and topographic characteristics reflected in the DEM maps, and for the soil types and vegetation cover types. An interface was created between the Areinfo software and RUSLE so that the level of soil erosion and its ecological risk in the WLSS area could be mapped immediately once the model factors were defined for the area. The results from an analysis using the Areinfo-RUSLE interface showed that the risk value in 93 % of the expanding western part of the WLSS area was moderate or more severe and the soil erosion risk in this area was thus large compared with that in the rest of the area. This paper mainly aimed to increase the awareness of the soil erosion risk in urbanizing areas and suggest that the local governments should consider the probable ecological risk resulting from soil erosion when enlarging and developing tourism areas.

Tectono-Sedimentary History of Southeastern Coast Region,China:a Synthesis

According to the ideas and concepts of systems dynamic of continent structure, using previous information related to the study area, combining analyses on orogenic belt, basin and magmatic rock, the present paper synthesizes the tectono - sedimentary development of southeastern coast region, China, with special emphasis on the mountain making, basining and magmatic activity. The tectonic evolution after Late Caledonian orogeny was dominated by alternating rifting and converging, subsiding and uplifting, mountain making and basining in central and southern parts of southeastern China and the adjacent regions to the east and west. Seventeen geologic events , nine events of plate or terrain convergence , and continental crust accretion , as well as eight events of intracontinental rifting and basin faulting , are closely related to the tectonic and sedimentary evolution of the study area . The accompanied intense and frequent sedimentation , folding , faulting , magmatism and ore- forming process allowed huge coal , multimetal and potential petroleum source rocks to form in local depressions throughout the Caledonian to Himalavan time .