MANDELBROT enunciated the uncertainty of the length of a coastline in his paper "How long is the coastline of Britain?" published in Science in 1967. The fractal concept was presented for the first time in t...MANDELBROT enunciated the uncertainty of the length of a coastline in his paper "How long is the coastline of Britain?" published in Science in 1967. The fractal concept was presented for the first time in that paper and has been applied to many fields ever since. Although fractal dimensions of lots of phenomena were calculated by the box-counting method,the quantitative influence of series of square grids on them is ignored. The issue is systematically discussed as a case study of the mountains of China′s Mainland in this paper. And some significant conclusions are drawn as follows: 1) Although the fractal character objectively exists in the mountains of China′s Mainland,and it does not vary with the changes of series of square grids,the fractal dimensions of the mountains of China′s Mainland are different with these changes. 2) The fractal dimensions of the mountains of China′s Mainland vary with the average lengths of sides of series of square grids. The fractal dimension of the mountains of China′s Mainland is the function of the average length of side of square grid. They conform to the formula D=f(r) (where D is the fractal dimension,and r is the average length of side of square grid). 3) Different dots of data collection can affect the fractal dimension of the mountains of China′s Mainland. 4) The same range of length of side of square grid and dots of data collection can ensure the comparison of fractal dimensions of the mountains of China′s Mainland. The research is helpful to get the more understanding of fractal and fractal dimension,and ensure that the fractal studies would be scientific.展开更多
The clearing price and bidding price in electricity market are two key indicators to measure whether it is reasonable or not. Based on the grey incidence analysis, this paper studies the correlation coefficient betwee...The clearing price and bidding price in electricity market are two key indicators to measure whether it is reasonable or not. Based on the grey incidence analysis, this paper studies the correlation coefficient between the clearing price and bidding price with the generation cost, the supervision and rules of the market, the supply and demand situation, the behavior of market members over the same period, which is based on the actual data of the trans-provincial centralized trading market of East China Power Grid. The results show that the factors affecting the clearing price and bidding price from largest to smallest are generation cost, supervision and rules of the market, the supply and demand situation, the behavior of market members. The conclusion is that the trans-provincial trading platform of East China Power Grid is a reasonable regional market which can discover the market cost, and regulate the market supply and demand balance, and promote healthy competition.展开更多
In this paper a novel cost function based on the relationship between operation cost of unit and generation load rate is employed in an agent-based model of Trans-provincial Centralized Bidding Trading Market of East ...In this paper a novel cost function based on the relationship between operation cost of unit and generation load rate is employed in an agent-based model of Trans-provincial Centralized Bidding Trading Market of East China Grid. Simulation results are compared to real data to prove that the model is correct. Further analysis on simulation results point out the way to achieve an all-win game for power market members: generation companies improve their average load rates of the units by selling their electricity in the market, which makes units' cost drop and settlement price stay lower than benchmark price. Consequently electricity-demand provinces saved expenses, and units increase their profits. In conclusion, the trans-provincial electricity market of East China Power Grid is a successive case which improves the efficiency of the electricity industry by market-oriented measures.展开更多
In recent years, "Smart Grid" has become a hot topic and its related technologies are believed to be the best solutions for future power grid development to meet the 21st century’s challenges across the wor...In recent years, "Smart Grid" has become a hot topic and its related technologies are believed to be the best solutions for future power grid development to meet the 21st century’s challenges across the world, especially展开更多
Being abundant in hydropower, coal, wind energy and solar energy etc., Northwest China is an important energy base with great potential. In recent years, along with the vigorous development of the energy base,
The situation and status of the research work on the next higher transmission voltage for Northwest Power Grid in China are briefly presented in this paper. It has been preliminarily determined that 750 kV will be ado...The situation and status of the research work on the next higher transmission voltage for Northwest Power Grid in China are briefly presented in this paper. It has been preliminarily determined that 750 kV will be adopted as the next higher transmission voltage to the 330 kV being used. In consideration of the temporary slowing down of the growth of electric power industry in Northwest China and the advance of the.research work on nation--wide interconnection, the authors put forward their views on this problem.展开更多
Constructing an industrial system for a large-scale,non-grid-connected wind power industry is a key step towards the diverse utilization of wind power.However,wind power exploitation is not only a technical challenge ...Constructing an industrial system for a large-scale,non-grid-connected wind power industry is a key step towards the diverse utilization of wind power.However,wind power exploitation is not only a technical challenge but an industrial problem as well.The objective of this study is to introduce a concept of large-scale,non-grid-connected wind power(LSNGCWP) industrial zones and establish an evaluation model to assess their industrial arrangement.The data of wind energy,industry,nature resources and socio-economy were collected in this study.Using spatial overlay analysis of geographic information system,this study proposes a spatial arrangement of the LSNGCWP indus-trial zones in the coastal areas of China,which could be summarized as the 'one line and three circles' structure,which will contribute to the optimization of the industrial structure,advance the wind power technology,coordinate the multi-industrial cooperation,and upgrade the industrial transformation of China's coastal areas.展开更多
Natural resource-management studies have become increasingly attentive to the influences of human factors. Among these,cultural biases shape people’s responses to changes in natural resource systems. Several studies ...Natural resource-management studies have become increasingly attentive to the influences of human factors. Among these,cultural biases shape people’s responses to changes in natural resource systems. Several studies have applied grid-group cultural theory to assess the effects of multiple value biases among stakeholders on natural resource management. We developed and administered a questionnaire in the Heihe River Basin(n = 364) in northwestern China to investigate the appropriateness of applying this theory in the Chinese context of natural resource management. The results revealed various cultural biases among the respondents. In descending order of prevalence, these biases were hierarchism(46.98%), individualism(26.65%), egalitarianism(18.96%), and fatalism(2.78%), with the remaining respondents(4.67%) evidencing no obvious bias. Our empirical study revealed respondents’ worldviews and the influence of sociodemographic characteristics on cultural biases, as theoretically posited. Among the variables examined, age had a positive and significant effect across all biases except individualism. The correlation of income to all cultural biases was consistently negative. Only education had a negative and significant effect across all biases. Women were found to adhere to egalitarianism, whereas men adhered to individualism and hierarchism. Thus, grid-group cultural theory was found to be appropriate in the Chinese context, with gender, age, education, and income evidently accounting for cultural biases. Relationships between environmental attitudes and cultural biases conformed with the hypothesis advanced by grid-group cultural theory. This finding may be of value in explaining individuals’ environmental attitudes and facilitating the development and implementation of natural resource-management policies.展开更多
Climate research relies heavily on good quality instrumental data; for modeling efforts gridded data are needed. So far, relatively little effort has been made to create gridded climate data for China. This is especia...Climate research relies heavily on good quality instrumental data; for modeling efforts gridded data are needed. So far, relatively little effort has been made to create gridded climate data for China. This is especially true for high-resolution daily data. This work, focuses on identifying an accurate method to produce gridded daily precipitation in China based on the observed data at 753 stations for the period 1951-2005. Five interpolation methods, including ordinary nearest neighbor, local polynomial, radial basis function, inverse distance weighting, and ordinary kriging, have been used and compared. Cross-validation shows that the ordinary kriging based on seasonal semi-variograms gives the best performance, closely followed by the inverse distance weighting with a power of 2. Finally the ordinary kriging is chosen to interpolate the station data to a 18 km× 18 km grid system covering the whole country. Precipitation for each 0.5°×0.5° latitude-longitude block is then obtained by averaging the values at the grid nodes within the block. Owing to the higher station density in the eastern part of the country, the interpolation errors are much smaller than those in the west （west of 100°E）. Excluding 145 stations in the western region, the daily, monthly, and annual relative mean absolute errors of the interpolation for the remaining 608 stations are 74%, 29%, and 16%, respectively. The interpolated daily precipitation has been made available on the internet for the scientific community.展开更多
The planning environmental impact assessment （EIA） of transmission and transformation power grid at levels of 500 and 220 kV had been finished completely in the 13 municipalities of Jiangsu Province by the end of 20...The planning environmental impact assessment （EIA） of transmission and transformation power grid at levels of 500 and 220 kV had been finished completely in the 13 municipalities of Jiangsu Province by the end of 2012, which played important roles in guiding and planning the following transmission and transformation projects in environmental protection. In this paper, through the detail analysis on the objective and significance of the planning EIA of transmission and transformation power grid, legal basis and planning EIA practices, some suggestions and thinking about the planning EIA of transmission and transformation power grid were put forward.展开更多
基金co-supported by the Guangdong Major Project of Basic and Applied Basic Research [grant number 2021B0301030007]the National Key Research and Development Program of China [grant number 2017YFA0604302]+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China [grant number 41875137]the National Key Scientific and Technological Infrastructure project"Earth System Science Numerical Simulator Facility"(EarthLab)
基金Under the auspices of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.40301002) and the Key Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.40335046)
文摘MANDELBROT enunciated the uncertainty of the length of a coastline in his paper "How long is the coastline of Britain?" published in Science in 1967. The fractal concept was presented for the first time in that paper and has been applied to many fields ever since. Although fractal dimensions of lots of phenomena were calculated by the box-counting method,the quantitative influence of series of square grids on them is ignored. The issue is systematically discussed as a case study of the mountains of China′s Mainland in this paper. And some significant conclusions are drawn as follows: 1) Although the fractal character objectively exists in the mountains of China′s Mainland,and it does not vary with the changes of series of square grids,the fractal dimensions of the mountains of China′s Mainland are different with these changes. 2) The fractal dimensions of the mountains of China′s Mainland vary with the average lengths of sides of series of square grids. The fractal dimension of the mountains of China′s Mainland is the function of the average length of side of square grid. They conform to the formula D=f(r) (where D is the fractal dimension,and r is the average length of side of square grid). 3) Different dots of data collection can affect the fractal dimension of the mountains of China′s Mainland. 4) The same range of length of side of square grid and dots of data collection can ensure the comparison of fractal dimensions of the mountains of China′s Mainland. The research is helpful to get the more understanding of fractal and fractal dimension,and ensure that the fractal studies would be scientific.
文摘The clearing price and bidding price in electricity market are two key indicators to measure whether it is reasonable or not. Based on the grey incidence analysis, this paper studies the correlation coefficient between the clearing price and bidding price with the generation cost, the supervision and rules of the market, the supply and demand situation, the behavior of market members over the same period, which is based on the actual data of the trans-provincial centralized trading market of East China Power Grid. The results show that the factors affecting the clearing price and bidding price from largest to smallest are generation cost, supervision and rules of the market, the supply and demand situation, the behavior of market members. The conclusion is that the trans-provincial trading platform of East China Power Grid is a reasonable regional market which can discover the market cost, and regulate the market supply and demand balance, and promote healthy competition.
文摘In this paper a novel cost function based on the relationship between operation cost of unit and generation load rate is employed in an agent-based model of Trans-provincial Centralized Bidding Trading Market of East China Grid. Simulation results are compared to real data to prove that the model is correct. Further analysis on simulation results point out the way to achieve an all-win game for power market members: generation companies improve their average load rates of the units by selling their electricity in the market, which makes units' cost drop and settlement price stay lower than benchmark price. Consequently electricity-demand provinces saved expenses, and units increase their profits. In conclusion, the trans-provincial electricity market of East China Power Grid is a successive case which improves the efficiency of the electricity industry by market-oriented measures.
文摘In recent years, "Smart Grid" has become a hot topic and its related technologies are believed to be the best solutions for future power grid development to meet the 21st century’s challenges across the world, especially
文摘Being abundant in hydropower, coal, wind energy and solar energy etc., Northwest China is an important energy base with great potential. In recent years, along with the vigorous development of the energy base,
文摘The situation and status of the research work on the next higher transmission voltage for Northwest Power Grid in China are briefly presented in this paper. It has been preliminarily determined that 750 kV will be adopted as the next higher transmission voltage to the 330 kV being used. In consideration of the temporary slowing down of the growth of electric power industry in Northwest China and the advance of the.research work on nation--wide interconnection, the authors put forward their views on this problem.
基金Under the auspices of National Basic Research Program (No.2007CB210306)
文摘Constructing an industrial system for a large-scale,non-grid-connected wind power industry is a key step towards the diverse utilization of wind power.However,wind power exploitation is not only a technical challenge but an industrial problem as well.The objective of this study is to introduce a concept of large-scale,non-grid-connected wind power(LSNGCWP) industrial zones and establish an evaluation model to assess their industrial arrangement.The data of wind energy,industry,nature resources and socio-economy were collected in this study.Using spatial overlay analysis of geographic information system,this study proposes a spatial arrangement of the LSNGCWP indus-trial zones in the coastal areas of China,which could be summarized as the 'one line and three circles' structure,which will contribute to the optimization of the industrial structure,advance the wind power technology,coordinate the multi-industrial cooperation,and upgrade the industrial transformation of China's coastal areas.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) (41571516)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA19040500 , XDA19070502, XDA2010010402)Gansu Province Social Science Planning Project (YB063)
文摘Natural resource-management studies have become increasingly attentive to the influences of human factors. Among these,cultural biases shape people’s responses to changes in natural resource systems. Several studies have applied grid-group cultural theory to assess the effects of multiple value biases among stakeholders on natural resource management. We developed and administered a questionnaire in the Heihe River Basin(n = 364) in northwestern China to investigate the appropriateness of applying this theory in the Chinese context of natural resource management. The results revealed various cultural biases among the respondents. In descending order of prevalence, these biases were hierarchism(46.98%), individualism(26.65%), egalitarianism(18.96%), and fatalism(2.78%), with the remaining respondents(4.67%) evidencing no obvious bias. Our empirical study revealed respondents’ worldviews and the influence of sociodemographic characteristics on cultural biases, as theoretically posited. Among the variables examined, age had a positive and significant effect across all biases except individualism. The correlation of income to all cultural biases was consistently negative. Only education had a negative and significant effect across all biases. Women were found to adhere to egalitarianism, whereas men adhered to individualism and hierarchism. Thus, grid-group cultural theory was found to be appropriate in the Chinese context, with gender, age, education, and income evidently accounting for cultural biases. Relationships between environmental attitudes and cultural biases conformed with the hypothesis advanced by grid-group cultural theory. This finding may be of value in explaining individuals’ environmental attitudes and facilitating the development and implementation of natural resource-management policies.
基金supported by the Swedish Foundation for International Cooperation in Research and High Education through a grant to D.L.Chen.C.-H.Ho is supported by CATER 2006-4204
文摘Climate research relies heavily on good quality instrumental data; for modeling efforts gridded data are needed. So far, relatively little effort has been made to create gridded climate data for China. This is especially true for high-resolution daily data. This work, focuses on identifying an accurate method to produce gridded daily precipitation in China based on the observed data at 753 stations for the period 1951-2005. Five interpolation methods, including ordinary nearest neighbor, local polynomial, radial basis function, inverse distance weighting, and ordinary kriging, have been used and compared. Cross-validation shows that the ordinary kriging based on seasonal semi-variograms gives the best performance, closely followed by the inverse distance weighting with a power of 2. Finally the ordinary kriging is chosen to interpolate the station data to a 18 km× 18 km grid system covering the whole country. Precipitation for each 0.5°×0.5° latitude-longitude block is then obtained by averaging the values at the grid nodes within the block. Owing to the higher station density in the eastern part of the country, the interpolation errors are much smaller than those in the west （west of 100°E）. Excluding 145 stations in the western region, the daily, monthly, and annual relative mean absolute errors of the interpolation for the remaining 608 stations are 74%, 29%, and 16%, respectively. The interpolated daily precipitation has been made available on the internet for the scientific community.
基金Supported by the National Key Technology R&D Program(2012BAC20B1003)the Key National Social Science Fund Project(12&ZD214)the Special Fund Project for the Scientific Research of the Environmental Protection Welfare Industry(201209001)
文摘The planning environmental impact assessment （EIA） of transmission and transformation power grid at levels of 500 and 220 kV had been finished completely in the 13 municipalities of Jiangsu Province by the end of 2012, which played important roles in guiding and planning the following transmission and transformation projects in environmental protection. In this paper, through the detail analysis on the objective and significance of the planning EIA of transmission and transformation power grid, legal basis and planning EIA practices, some suggestions and thinking about the planning EIA of transmission and transformation power grid were put forward.
