A time-space network-based model for transportation service optimization of China Railway Express

This paper describes the development and optimization plans for the China Railway Express(CR Express).As a new type of international land transport organization,CR Express has emerged with the continuous expansion of China toward European investment and trade,and in particular,has expanded with the continuous progress of the One Belt and One Road(OBOR)initiative.In addition to improving the service quality of CR Express,the operating costs must be reduced for developing“smart railways”that serve“smart cities”.We propose a dualobjective-based function mathematical optimization model;the satisfaction of the cargo owner is considered,and the timeliness,transportation capacity,and goods category constraints of CR Express transportation are designed.Moreover,we present the normalized equivalent method of the two-objective function of the model.Finally,a case study is conducted against the background of certain trains in the western corridor of CR Express to validate the effectiveness of the model and research methods proposed in this study.

The heterogeneous impact of China-Europe railway express on the efficiency of logistics industry in node cities

Purpose-The spatiotemporal compression effect of China-Europe Railway Express(CR-Express)can reduce the filow costs of resources between China's node cities.Additionally,it can break through the limitations of low-added-value marine products,significantly impacting the logistics industry efficiency.However,there are few literature verifying and analyzing its heterogeneity.This study explores the impact of CR-Express on the efficiency of logistics industry in node cities and analyzes the heterogeneity.Design/methodology/approach-First,this study uses panel data to measure the efficiency of node city logistics industry.Secondiy,this study discusses the impact of the opening of CR-Express on the efficiency of logistics industry in node cities based on the multi-period differential model.Finally,according to the node city difference,the sample city experimental group is grouped for heterogeneity analysis.Findings-The results show that CR-Express can promote the urban logistics industry efficiency,with an average effect of 4.55%.According to the urban characteristics classification,the heterogeneity analysis shows that the efficiency improvement effect of logistics industry in inland cities is more obvious.The improvement effect of node cities and central cities in central and western China is stronger,especially in the sample of megacities and type I big cities.Compared with non-value chain industrial products,the CR-Express has significant promotion effects on the logistics efficiency of the cities where main goods are value chain products.Originality/value-Under the background of double cycle development,this paper can provide a scientific basis for the investment benefit evaluation of CR-Express construction and the follow-up route planning.

THE POSITION AND ROLES OF PORTS AND RAILWAYS IN THE EURASIA LAND BRIDGE TRANSPORTATION IN NORTHEAST CHINA

This paper systematically analyzes and proves the favorable factors of utilizing the ports and the railways in Northeast China for the Asia-Europe land bridge transportation. It will be more beneficial to Dalian Port and HaDa (Harbin-Dalian) and Binzhou (Harbin-Manzhouli) railways in Northeast China to the Siberia railway in Russia than 1) to other ports and the corresponding railways in China, 2) to the Nakhodka Port in Russia and the corresponding railways and 3) to the Chongjin Port in North Korea and the corresponding railways. This paper also puts forward the reform measures to adopt the ports and the railways in the northeast region in China for the land bridge transportation and the problems in transportation policies and management systems.

Countermeasures and Prevention of Railway Traffic Accidents in the Early Days of the Founding of the People’s Republic of China

In the early days of the founding of the People’s Republic of China,in order to restore the national economy as soon as possible,the Communist Party of China carried out maintenance and repairs on the railways that caused serious damage to transportation tasks through war-torn smoke,and carried out large-scale railway construction.However,in the course of operation,railway safety accidents occur frequently due to outdated equipment,low quality of staff,lack of rules and regulations,vandalism,and various natural disasters.In the face of severe conditions,the railway authorities summed up the accidents and learned the safety of the railways,so that the railway transportation industry,which started after the founding of the country,was gradually on the right track,and laid a solid foundation for the safe development of the railway industry.

Transnational Economic Connection Analysis Based on Railway Class Accessibility Between China and Russia

Under the background of ‘the Belt and Road’ initiative, the economic cooperation has great potential between China and Russia. The railway accessibility has an important influence on the economic connections of cities along the railway line. This paper studied the Sino-Russian transnational economic connection based on the railway class accessibility along Trans-Siberian railway(the transnational China railway branch line). The results are as following. First, the railway accessibility of the Chinese nodes is stronger than that of the Russian nodes, which in general displays a tendency of space attenuation from China to the Sino-Russian border, then to Russia. Spatially, the railway accessibility within the study area shows a ‘High East, Low West’ and ‘High South, Low North’ spatial pattern. The railway accessibility of the nodes, which are located at the beginning and end of the railway line, is weaker than those nodes located in the middle of the line. Second, the railway accessibility and external economic connection intensity summation of the nodes show a positive relationship along the railway line. The economic connection intensity summation of different nodes presents obvious regional differentiation. Finally, as economic connection network has evolved, the small world effect of Sino-Russian railway economic connection network becomes strong.

Tumor suppressor gene p16 and Rb expression in gastric cardia precancerouslesions from subjects at a high incidence area in northern China

AIM:To further understand the molecular basis for gastric cardia carcinogenesis and to provide etiological clues. METHODS: Endoscopic mucosa biopsy and histopathological examinations were made on 37 subjects from a high incidence area for both esophageal and gastric cardia carcinomas in northern China. All the biopsy samples were fixed in 850 ml. (-1)L alcohol and embedded in paraffin. Each block contained one piece of tissue and was serially section at 5 microm. Immunohistochemistry (ABC) was carried out on these gastric cardia samples to determine the alterations of p16 and Rb. RESULTS: Based on the histopathlogical examination there were 11 cases of chronic superficial gastritis, 12 cases of chronic atrophic gastritis and 14 cases of dysplasia. The immunostaining demonstrated different levels of unclear immunostaining of p16 and Rb in normal gastric cardia tissue and the tissues with different severity of lesions. With the lesions progressing, the positive immunostaining rates for p16 protein had a decreasing tendency. In contrast, the positive immunostaining rate for Rb protein had an increasing tendency. There was a significant negative relationship between the two parameters. Changes of p16 was CSG 11(100%), CAG 7(58%), DYS 4(29%) and changes of Rb was CSG 2(18%), CAG 8(67%) and DYS 12(86%), (P【0.05). CONCLUSION: The alterations of p16 and Rb protein may play a role in the early stages of gastric cardia carcinogenesis.

Analyze China High-Speed Railway Ticket for Spring Transportation from the Perspective of Microeconomics

In recent ten years, the rapid development of China high-speed railway is called "China miracle", and it not only provides great convenience for people's daily life trip, but also greatly promotes the economic development. However, the annual spring transportation in the special period is still a great challenge to high-speed railway transportation, and this paper analyzes the high-speed railway ticket for spring transportation from the perspective of microeconomics, and then thinks for the solution. This paper specifically analyzes the problem that demand exceeds supply for high-speed railway ticket by using the theories of the demand elasticity of supply and demand and the influence of price on supply and demand, monopoly markets. In addition, opportunity cost, incomplete information and other economic principles are used to think about the theoretical reasons for the difficulty of buying tickets during the spring transportation. I have given my understanding for the two problems owned by China spring transportation, and the corresponding countermeasures and suggestions. For example, speed up the development of substitutes and carry out the mechanism of price fluctuation;In the ticket refunding mechanism, this paper boldly conceives the method to relieve the pressure through a reasonable and scientific ticket refunding mechanism. Finally, this paper starts from the source and find the key point to solve the problem of spring transportation in China by breaking the urban-rural dual structure. Hereafter the final conclusion was drawn: Although there are some problems to cope with the spring transport for the current China high-speed railway, it is believed that in the near future, the difficulty of buying a ticket in spring transportation will no longer hinder the homecoming of wanderers.

Cloning of cytochrome P-450 2C9 cDNA from human liver and its expression in CHL cells

AIM: Using bacterial, yeast, or mammalian cell expressing a human drug metabolism enzyme would seem good way to study drug metabolism-related problems. Human cytochrome P-450 2C9(CYP2C9) is a polymorphic enzyme responsible for the metabolism of a large number of clinically important drugs. It ranks among the most important drug metabolizing enzymes in humans. In order to provide a sufficient amount of the enzyme for drug metabolic research, the CYP2C9 cDNA was cloned and expressed stably in CHL cells. METHODS: After extraction of total RNA from human liver tissue, the human CYP2C9 cDNA was amplified with reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and cloned into cloning vector pGEM-T. The cDNA fragment was identified by DNA sequencing and subcloned into a mammalian expression vector pREP9. A transgenic cell line was established by transfecting the recombinant vector of pREP9-CYP2C9 into CHL cells. The enzyme activity of CYP2C9 catalyzing oxidation of tolbutamide to hydroxy tolbutamide in S9 fraction of the cell was determined by high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC). RESULTS: The amino acid sequence predicted from the cDNA segment was identical to that of CYP2C9*1, the wild type CYP2C9. However, there were two base differences, i.e. 21T】C, 1146C】T, but the encoding amino acid sequence was the same, L7, P382. The S9 fraction of the established cell line metabolizes tolbutamide to hydroxy tolbutamide; tolbutamide hydroxylase activity was found to be 0.465 +/- 0.109 micromol.min(-1).g(-1) S9 protein or 8.62 +/- 2.02mol.min(-1).mol(-1) CYP, but was undetectable in parental CHL cell. CONCLUSION: The cDNA of human CYP2C9 was successfully cloned and a cell line of CHL- CYP2C9, efficiently expressing the protein of CYP2C9, was established.

Does the China Railway Express Promote Equitable Regional Development?Evidence from Manufacturing Relocation

The China Railway Express(CRE)has improved regional economic integration with external markets and has reshaped regional development by encouraging the relocation of manufacturing activities("manufacturing transfer").We analyzed data from 284 prefecture-level cities in China to evaluate the impact of the CRE on regional manufacturing relocation,using a staggered difference-in-diferences model with entropy balancing.We found that the launch of the CRE significantly stimulated the relocation of manufacturing industries to node cities-key hubs for transportation and logistics within the CRE network-especially in the central,western,and northeastern regions.Specifically,the CRE significantly increased manufacturing dynamism,firm profitability,openness,and foreign investment in node cities,which attracted more manufacturing industries to relocate in this area.Higher levels of infrastructure development moderated the CRE's effect.Further analysis showed that significant moderating effects of infrastructure development occurred only in the western region.Overall,our conclusions provide useful insights into how to promote equitable regional development through manufacturing development in China.

Research on the path of effective management of participation in joint-venture railway companies by China railway group

Purpose-Following the regional restructuring,the number of joint-venture railway companies in which the Group participates has significantly increased.This paper aims to explore the challenges faced by China Railway Group in managing participation in joint-venture railway companies.The study seeks to propose specific approaches to ensure the effective management of these companies,thereby maximizing the benefits of the regional restructuring and supporting the development of a strong transportation country and a modern infrastructure system.Design/methodology/approach-Based on the change in the shareholding relationship between China Railway Group and the joint-venture railway companies,and considering the current situation of the regional restructuring of these companies,as well as the insights from existing literature and typical case studies,this paper proposes some specific paths for effective management of joint-stock railway companies which China Railway Group participated in.Findings-The problems in participation management are the unclear dual leadership role of the party committee,the lack of discourse power,the lack of synergy between shareholders,the increasing risk of sustainable operation of the loss-making companies and the role of dispatched personnel is not fully played.Based on the theories,combined with the existing research and practical cases,the paper proposed specific approaches,such as perfecting top-level system design,maintaining the discourse power,carrying out differentiated management,arranging personnel rationally,arranging shareholders synergy,and innovating methods to provide references for China Railway Group’s subsequent management of joint venture railway companies.Originality/value-This paper contributes to the existing literature by providing a comprehensive analysis of the challenges faced by China Railway Group in managing participation in joint-venture railway companies following the regional restructuring.The study offers novel insights and practical recommendations for addressing these challenges.The findings can serve as valuable references for China Railway Group’s subsequent management of joint-venture railway companies which participated in,as well as for other stateowned enterprises facing similar challenges in managing their joint ventures.

Key technologies of earthquake early warning system for China’s high-speed railway

Purpose–The purpose of this study is to introduce the top-level design ideas and the overall architecture of earthquake early-warning system for high speed railways in China,which is based on P-wave earthquake early-warning and multiple ways of rapid treatment.Design/methodology/approach–The paper describes the key technologies that are involved in the development of the system,such as P-wave identification and earthquake early-warning,multi-source seismic information fusion and earthquake emergency treatment technologies.The paper also presents the test results of the system,which show that it has complete functions and its major performance indicators meet the design requirements.Findings–The study demonstrates that the high speed railways earthquake early-warning system serves as an important technical tool for high speed railways to cope with the threat of earthquake to the operation safety.The key technical indicators of the system have excellent performance:The first report time of the P-wave is less than three seconds.From the first arrival of P-wave to the beginning of train braking,the total delay of onboard emergency treatment is 3.63 seconds under 95%probability.The average total delay for power failures triggered by substations is 3.3 seconds.Originality/value–The paper provides a valuable reference for the research and development of earthquake early-warning system for high speed railways in other countries and regions.It also contributes to the earthquake prevention and disaster reduction efforts.

Between Tao and Instruments:Railways,China,and the World From the Perspective of Modern Thought(1875-1936)

In the evolution of modern railway thought,it includes not only the discussion of railway planning,sovereignty,debt,and construction,but also the discussion of spiritual guiding ideology such as“Tao,body and utility”and“material and spirit”.From the perspective of the relationship between road and equipment,the development of modern railway thought in China has experienced three stages.During the Westernization Movement,Li Hongzhang and other people expounded the benefits brought by railway construction from the angle of“utility”,and believed that there was still a unity of“Tao and style”.After the Sino-Japanese Naval Battle,with the emergence of the theory of railway sovereignty and the theory of dividing China,Kang Youwei and others questioned the thought of Westernization school.The unified Tao body was divided into two parts:China and the West.After the May Fourth Movement,railway,as a product of western material civilization,was compared with Eastern spiritual civilization by Liang Shuming,Li Dazhao,and others.The conflict between material and spirit made the Western“Tao style”evolve into the Europe-American way of pursuing“scientific spirit”and the Soviet-Russian way of exploring the ideas of revolution and transformation.The railway has thus become an important carrier of the“scientific spirit”and socialism.

Energy Saving and Emission Reduction Estimations of Electrified Railways in China

Based on the annual production data collected by the Statistic Center of the Ministry of Railways of the People＇s Republic of China, we calculated the energy saving and direct emission reductions of CO2, soot, SO2, CO, NOx and CnHm of electrified railways, and analyzed their dynamic characteristics during the period of 1975 2007. The results show that during this period, the annual mean values of energy saving is 1.23×10^6 tce, and direct emission reduction of CO2, soot, SO2, CO, NOx and CnHm are 4.267×10^6 t, 20.5×10^3 t, 3.0×10^3 t, 9.6×10^3 t, 67.9×10^3 t, and 6.9×10^3 t per year, respectively. The annual average increasing rates of energy saving is 139×10^3 tce, and direct emission reduction of CO2, soot, SO2, CO, NOx and CnHm are 483×10^3 t, 2.3×10^3 t, 0.34×10^3 t, 1.1×10^3 t, 7.7 ×10^3 t and 0.78×10^3 t per year, respectively. The electrified railways have played an important role in decreasing the energy consumption and air pollutant emissions of China＇s railway system. The results of this study could provide some reference knowledge for future reductions of energy consumption and waste gas emission in China＇s railway transportation.

Can Trade Facilitation Prevent the Formation of Zombie Firms?Evidence from the China Railway Express

Using data on firms listed on Chinese A-share markets from 2009 to 2017,this paperapplies the difference-in-difference model to test the effect of trade facilitation onpreventing the formation of zombie firms.We find that the China Railway Express(CRE)significantly prevented the formation of such firms.Mechanism tests show:(i)the CRE has accelerated the speed of sales,which increased the overseas salesrevenue of firms;(ii)the economies of scale and the capital accumulation effectcaused by the CRE can help increase firms'solvency and development ability.Heterogeneity analysis indicates that the effect of the CRE on preventing theformation of zombie firms is mainly reflected in non-state-owned firms,firms inhighly competitive industries,and firms in the eastern region of China.We suggestthat China should continue to promote trade facilitation by expanding the CRE andstrengthening the market's dominant role in preventing the formation of zombie firms.Disadvantaged firms should seize the development opportunities brought by the CRE.

Promoting or Inhibiting?Influence of Railway Container Transportation on Regional Economic Development

In the context of building a country with a strong transportation network,railway container transportation(RCT)is an important means of reducing costs,increasing efficiency,and adjusting transportation structures.Thus,its impact on regional economic development is important.Based on data from railway container-handling stations and spatial econometric models,this study discusses the differences in the development of RCT and their impact on regional economic development at different leves.This study has three main findings:first,there are significant regional differences in the development of the RCT.The intra-regional differences between the eastern and central regions of China(which do not include Hong Kong,Macao and Taiwan)are gradually narrowing,while the regional differences in the western region are widening.Meanwhile,the intra-regional differences in important economic zones such as Pearl River Delta Economic Zone(PRDEZ),Chengdu-Chongqing Economic Zone(CYEZ),Bohai Rim Economic Zone(BHEZ),and Yangtze River Delta Economic Zone(YRDEZ)are narrowing daily.Second,the development differences of RCT in regional level and important economic regions level show different trends.The unbalanced features of large regions are increasingly evident,whereas the differences in economic regions are decreasing.However,the problem of overlapping RCT remains prominent.Third,the transformation of RCT development mode and fierce competition among transportation modes cause RCT to have a restraining effect on the regional economy at three levels.Rational allocation of resources and other means must be used to guide the transformation from inhibition to promotion,and by formulating targeted policies that will promote the development of RCT,which will improve the transportation structure and help construct a country with a strong transportation system.

Bayesian network-based risk evaluation model for the operational requirements of the China Railway Express under the Belt and Road initiative

The operation of the China Railway Express features numerous links across several regions and countries. Effectively controlling therisks involved in the operation of the China Railway Express is crucial for ensuring safety and efficiency and promoting the sustainabledevelopment of the China Railway Express. The Bayesian network-based risk-management model was built corresponding to theactual operation of the China Railway Express;the model used an advanced risk-management theory. The sensitivity analysis of riskfactors and Bayesian network inference were realized using the expectation-maximization and clique-tree propagation algorithms.Using the risk-checklistmethod, 17 risk-related factors were analysed on 17 nodes of the Bayesian network fromthree perspectives—safety, efficiency and effectiveness—based on expert opinions and the actual operating conditions of the China Railway Express.Data from a sensitivity analysis and evidence inference of the Bayesian network model indicated that the sensitivity coefficients ofnodes N01, N04, N07, N08 and N17 of the network were high. Moreover, the risk-occurrence probabilities for nodes N01, N04, N06,N07 and N09 were higher in the case of reverse inference. Our results revealed the crucial factors influencing the risk. The identifiedrisk factors included the stability of the political environment in countries along the route, conditions of station infrastructures andthe complexity of the process of changing rails and reloading. Further, risk-management suggestions were provided. By establishinga sound risk-management framework, reliable assessment and management could be realized in accordance with changes in theoperating conditions of the China Railway Express.

关于打通铁路网运输能力堵点对策探究

国铁企业落实党中央部署要求并加快推进铁路货运市场化改革,采取有效措施尽快打通铁路网运输能力堵点,有效降低物流成本。通过分析路网总体规模、旅客运输供给能力、货物运输保障能力等铁路网运输能力现状,剖析铁路网运输能力堵点及成因。在此基础上,提出加强铁路网运输能力经验借鉴,探析打通铁路网运输能力堵点对策,即:畅通普速干线通道,加强煤运通道能力保障,强化中欧班列通道能力,完善港口铁路通过能力,增强西部陆海新通道线路能力,完善枢纽点线配套能力,强化铁路货运设施设备卸车能力等方面,在助力降低全社会物流成本中发挥“火车头”的重要作用。

Comprehensive Landscape Planning of Express Railway: A Case Study of Shanghai-Nanjing Section of Beijing–Shanghai Express Railway

Comprehensive landscape planning of express railway is a signifi cant part of railway planning, and landscape contributes greatly to the integration of railway into neighboring environment. This paper focused on the scientific comprehensive landscape planning of express railway, applied "layer, group and cluster" analysis, concluded the landscape features of different hierarchical systems of "layer—group—cluster" by analyzing landscapes along the Shanghai–Nanjing Section of Beijing–Shanghai Express Railway, proposed the landscape design principles for this section, in order to promote the integration of express railway construction with city and regional development, and provide a new concept and technique for the future railway landscape design.

平滑肌细胞成骨分化致血管钙化中MAPK信号通路基因的表达谱变化

背景:血管钙化是一种细胞介导的主动的、可调控的复杂生物学过程,血管平滑肌细胞转分化为成骨样细胞发挥着重要作用,其确切机制尚不清楚。目的:探讨尿毒症背景下动脉粥样硬化血管钙化的病理生理机制。方法:采用5/6肾切除法建立尿毒症背景下ApoE-/-小鼠动脉血管钙化模型,苏木精-伊红染色和VonKossa染色观察主动脉组织形态学特点,明确造模成功。应用小鼠全基因组Agilent芯片筛查MAPK信号通路的差异表达基因,实时定量PCR分析验证部分与MAPK信号通路相关的差异表达基因,并结合通路分析来探索MAPK信号通路与血管钙化的内在联系。结果与结论:造模12周后,尿毒症ApoE-/-小鼠主动脉组织形态学特点证实动脉粥样硬化钙化斑块形成。Agilent基因芯片检测结果显示,MAPK信号通路中存在14个差异表达基因,RT-PCR验证结果与芯片检测结果相符合。经KEGG通路分析,ERK1/2信号通路可能在血管钙化的病理生理过程中扮演着重要的角色。说明5/6肾切除ApoE-/-小鼠主动脉钙化斑块形成与MAPK信号通路激活密切相关,该信号通路可能在平滑肌细胞转分化过程中起着至关重要作用。