Analysis on Long-Term Change of Sea Surface Temperature in the China Seas

Long-term change of sea surface temperature （SST） in the China Seas from 1900 to 2006 is examined based on two different observation datasets （HadlSSTI and HadSST3）. Similar to the Atlantic, SST in the China Seas has been well observed during the past 107 years. A comparison between the reconstructed （HadISSTI） and un-interpolated （HadSST3） datasets shows that the SST wanning trends from both datasets are consistent with each other in most of the China Seas. The warming trends are stronger in winter than in summer, with a maximum rate of SST increase exceeding 2.7℃ （100year）-I in the East China Sea and the Taiwan Strait during winter based on HadISSTI. However, the SST from both datasets experienced a sudden decrease after 1999 in the China Seas. The estimated trend from HadlSSTI is stronger than that fi＇om HadSST3 in the East China Sea and the east of Taiwan Island, where the difference in the linear SST warming trends are as large as about 1℃ （100year）-I when using respectively HadISST1 and HadSST3 datasets. When compared to the linear winter warnling trend of the land surface air temperature （1.6℃ （100 year）-1）, HadSST3 shows a more reasonable trend of less than 2.1℃（ 100 year）-1 than HadISST 1 ＇s trend of larger than 2.7℃ （ 100 year）-1 at the mouth of the Yangtze River. The restllts also indicate large uncertainties in the estimate of SST warming patterns.

Unprecedented Warming Revealed from Multi-proxy Reconstruction of Temperature in Southern China for the Past 160 Years

Using the southern limit of snowfall recorded in Chinese documents, chronologies of tree-ring width, and tree-ring stable oxygen isotope（δ^（18）O）, the annual temperature anomaly in southern China during 1850–2009 is reconstructed using the method of signal decomposition and synthesis. The results show that the linear trend was 0.47℃（100 yr）^（-1）over 1871–2009,and the two most rapid warming intervals occurred in 1877–1938 and 1968–2007, at rates of 0.125℃（10 yr）^（-1）and 0.258℃（10 yr）^（-1）, respectively. The decadal variation shows that the temperature in the moderate warm interval of the 1910s–1930s was notably lower than that of the 1980s–2000s, which suggests that the warming since the 1980s was unprecedented for the past 160 years, though a warming hiatus existed in the 2000s. Additionally, there was a rapid cooling starting from the 1860s,followed by a cold interval until the early 1890s, with the coldest years in 1892 and 1893. A slight temperature decline was also found from the 1940s to the late 1960s. This study provides an independent case to validate the global warming for the past 160 years and its hiatus recently, because the proxy data are not affected by urbanization.

Soil Geochemistry Changes Induced by a Foreign Soil Reconstruction Project in Three Gorges Reservoir Region of China

Fertile topsoil was added onto the surface of barren slope land in Three Gorges Reservoir region of China in an anthropogenic process known as the foreign soil reconstruction project. The main goal of this paper was to reveal the influence of anthropogenic activities on pedogenic processes and soil classifications. Chemical weathering indices and comparative analysis were applied to discuss changes in geochemical compositions and weathering features of purplish soils(Cambisols) before and after the project. Results showed that:(1) The foreign soil reconstruction project slightly altered the major element composition of topsoil and improved the soil structure. Although the distributions of major elements in the original topsoil, original subsoil, foreign topsoil and newly constructed topsoil were all similar to that in upper continental crust, newly constructed topsoil was the most similar soil.(2) The chemical index of alteration was more sensitive than the weathering index of Parker at indicating chemical weathering status of purplish soil. The chemical weathering status of newly constructed topsoil was higher than that of the original topsoil and lower than that of foreign topsoil.(3) Anthropogenic activities may provide a promising new thought for the anthropogenic soil classification system. The scope and subgroups of Anthrosols should be extended and strengthened. Or there may be a need to combine Anthrosols and Technosols orders to create a new soil order. The results may be used for optimizing soil mellowing engineering activities and enriching the soil classification system.

CHINA'S RECONSTRUCTION: TODAY AND TOMORROW

An alternative concept or framework of reference is presented in this paper on the basis of Science of Human Settlements through the discussion of the relationship between the reconstruction and the development of the economy and society. Unprecedented conflicts and problems have emerged on an unprecedented scale in the urban and rural construction, which is moving forward at an unprecedented speed. In this context it appears significant to set up and develop a science which studies the "conservation and development" in the general terms of the human habitat.

Research on financial support in new rural reconstruction

The new rural reconstruction in China cannot develop without financial support. At present, the limitations on rural finance supply constitute one of the bottlenecks in the ＂Three Nongs＂ （agriculture, countryside and farmers） problems. The paper starts from the present situation, analyses the reasons why rural finance has current difficulties and puts forward proposals for policy reform.

THE SOUTHERN OSCILLATION RECONSTRUCTION AND DROUGHT/FLOOD IN CHINA

Variation of the Southern Oscillation (SO) is, though observed at low latitudes, an indication of anom- alies of the global atmospheric circulation. In this study, we found that the dryness/wetness in China is influenced significantly by variation of the SO, and that monsoon rainfall, prior to ENSO maybe affect large scale atmosphere motion at lower latitudes. Since the dryness/wetness grades appear to be responsive to climate anomalies related to the SO, it should be possible to reconstruct past value of SO directly from grade indices. Thus we attempted to reconstruct the seasonal SO indices back to 1472 A. D. using canonical correlation technique. The best cstimates were derived from the model in which the period 1851--1962 is used for calibration and then is tested over an independent period 1963--1986. These estimates calibrate about 37 percent of the SO variance with about 17 percent of the variance verified. Significant peaks are apparent at period in 2.5--3, 5--6, 10.3--25 year range in the spectrum of the reconstructións of the SO which seems to have relationship with QBO and solar activity. It is encouraging that ENSO event in 1982-- 1983 is very well identified, especially in three seasons JJA, SON and DJF.

RECONSTRUCTION OF WINTER TEMPERATURE IN CHINA FOR THE LAST 500 YEARS

Winter temperature in China during the last 500 years was constructed based on historical data about the freeze-up events, the heavy snow and the agricultural damages brought about by cold weathers in East China (25°N--35°N, 115°E--120°E). Fisrt, the data about the freezing of rivers and lakes and those about snowfall in this region were compiled and evaluated on the basis of an ordinal scale. Then the series of freeze-up events and heavy snow were produced separately and the combination of these series was made to generate a consistent series that reflects the changes in the degree of coldness in winter during the last 500 years. Finally, a reconstruction of winter temperature was carried out at a resolution of 10 years based on a calibration of a regression between recent temperature observations and the cold winter series constructed.