A Review of China Tourism Education during the Republic of China( 1912 - 1949 )

With the primary development of tourism industry during the Republic of China,tourism education had drawn the attention of the relevant people and a number of practical activities were carried out one after another.This article mainly analyzed the general situations of tourism education of the Republic of China from the object,the form and the content of tourism education and thought that tourism education of that period had extensive objects,various forms,rich and practical contents.Also the characteristics of tourism education during the Republic of China had a positive role in the future development of tourism education in China.

Community Tourism as Practiced in the Mountainous Qiang Region of Sichuan Province,China-a Case Study in Zhenghe Village

In China, community tourism is still a relatively new phenomenon, but the villagers of a small Qiang village in the Qiang Autonomous County of Beichuan in Southwestern Sichuan have initiated tourism in a way which conforms to the basic theory of community tourism development. This demonstrates that community tourism possesses a strength and vitality that can promote the development of tourism in the rural and mountainous areas. In the district of Zhenghe Village, the tourism industry, based on the community tourism model, is the mainstay of its economy. The practice of community tourism in the village not only promotes the economic development of the village community, but also leads to the protection of the mountainous natural environment and of the culture of the Qiang people. This paper investigates the development process of community tourism in Zhenghe and shows how the local residents participate in this process. It also looks at how profits have been distributed within the community. It demonstrates that community tourism is a correct choice by the Zhenghe people as they have clearly been moving from poverty to prosperity, while the local ecology and environment have been simultaneously protected. The authors hope that other minority villages with similar local conditions and natural resources will be able to use this example to develop their own community tourism.

GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGES AND THE TOURISM OF CHINA

The future global climate changes induced by the increased atmospheric CO2 concentration is receiving much attention from the scientific community as well as the public. Model simulations and palaeoclimatic data studies show an evident change in temperature and precipitation over China will occur under conditions of the global warming. Possible scenarios of the future climates are given here for China on the basis of synthesizing model simulations and palaeoclimatic data. Most parts of China will experience an increase in temperature, but the warming may be more remarkable in winter in h1e northern half of the country. Increase in precipitation will be seen in nearly every parts of the eastern China, and it will be larger in North and Northeast China. Impacts of the climate changes on the national tourism are assessed. Regions suitable for tourisin development in terms of climate comfortable index will shift northward. Some scenic spots and toruism facilities will be damaged due to sea level rise and increased rainfall. Some regions will benefit from the dimate change, but the tourism industry as a whole will be negatively affected.

Rural Tourism Development in China:Principles,Models and the Future

Rural tourism in China,has undergone a rapid development in the last three decades.It is an emerging and effective catalyst that promotes industrial restructuring,agricultural development and the upgrading of rural areas.However,there remains little understanding about the core issues of rural tourism in China:the exact connotation,the principles,the development models and the future directions.This review paper identifies the key issues based on literature analysis,national statistics and press reports to form a general picture of the past,the current and the future prospects of China's rural tourism.The paper firstly addresses the definition,content and principles of rural tourism,and then provides an overview and brief evaluation of the progress and the current development models in China.Finally,based on the analysis of the experiences and problems,the authors sum up with five pathways of the future development of China's rural tourism from the perspective of rural tourism resources,product,market and promotion.

On the Regional Coordinated Development Between Tourism Human Resource and Tourism Industry in China

Tourism is one of the typical labor intensive industries and tourism human resource(HR) is the main factor for regional discrepancy of tourism industry.The paper takes China as research region and evaluates the level of tourism HR and the level of tourism industry of 31 provinces respectively.First,the paper constructs evaluation index of regional tourism industry and tourism HR.Then,the paper gets the evaluation scores of every province by applying the principal components analysis and statistical package for the social sciences processing.Second,the paper builds the tourism development-tourism HR matrix and divides the matrix into four quadrants.Finally,the paper points out the problems of tourism HR that exist in the 31 provinces and puts forward development strategy.

Historic Progress of China's Tourism

The first year of the Ninth Five-Year Plan saw historic progress in China’s tourism, as it maintained the momentum of rapid development in the Eighth Five-Year Plan period. 1. China’s international tourism service broke through US$10 billion of profit earnings in 1996, and international tourist sources continued to maintain a strong development momentum, witnessing a growth rate of 10 percent. In the year, we accepted 51.12 million overseas tourists, including 6.74 million foreign tourists, respective

Visit China '97——spotlight on China's tourism

Visit China ’97 will be introduced soonthrough the joint efforts of the NationalTourism Administration and the CivilAviation Administration of China ( CAAC )following the first success of China Tour ’92,which they also sponsored. It is a common promotional methodto hold tourist years in international tourismcircles and thus in most cases, achievegratifying results. To promote the integrationof China’s tourism with the internationalmarket, the National Tourism Administrationhas launched a series of promotional activities,including the ’93 China Scenery Tour,

Interaction between Hosts and Guests of Rural Tourism in Northeast China Based on Symbolic Interaction Theory

With constant economic development and continuous improvement of living standards in Northeast China,rural tourism,as a new type of tourism,is increasingly favored. From the perspective of symbolic interaction theory,taking the current situation of rural tourism in Northeast China as an example,this paper explained the semiotic significance between hosts and guests in rural tourism. It established the evaluation indicators for authentic symbolic perception of rural tourism. Also,combined with the theories of sociology and anthropology,it studied the interaction between hosts and tourists of rural tourism in Northeast China.

PEST Analysis on Dark Tourism Development in China

In domestic and foreign literature about the dark tourism,there are few papers about the dark tourism in China.At present,the study on the dark tourism in China remains at the starting stage.Most studies analyzed development of the dark tourism by SWOT method.No scholar has made analysis on the dark tourism development by PEST(political,economic,social and technological factor) analysis method.China is a large country rich in dark tourism resources.However,the theoretical researches of dark tourism lag behind the practical development.Therefore,it is necessary and urgent to study the development of dark tourism in China.Besides,the dark tourism is a special tourism resource and product,and its researches will further promote prosperity of tourism,push forward social development.Using PEST method,this paper analyzed development of the dark tourism from political,economic,social and technological factors,and it came up with pertinent recommendations.

Research Progress of Tourism-oriented Poverty Alleviation in China

Through systematic summary of domestic research documents about China's tourism-oriented poverty alleviation in recent 10 years,it is found that researches mainly focus on 5 aspects:effect of tourism-oriented poverty alleviation,model and development strategy,benefit of poverty stricken people,practice of tourism-oriented poverty alleviation in specific region,and other related problems.At present,academic circle mainly has weak points of research content,method,object and region in tourism-oriented poverty alleviation.Finally,it points out key research interests:(1)Strengthening combination of qualitative and quantitative researches;(2)Expanding research fields and scope and promoting in-depth researches;(3)Analyzing benefiting mechanism of poverty-stricken people participating in tourism development in depth with poverty-stricken people as research objects;(4)Increasing scale development of perception research on effect of tourism-oriented poverty alleviation and research on measurement testing,to make subsequent research have reliability and comparability.

Analysis of Higher Tourism and Hospitality Education in China

Tourism education plays an important role in supporting tourism development and providing qualified employees to meet the great demands in China. A lack of high quality educators and employees is a common concern of Chinese tourism and hospitality education. The role of higher tourism and hospitality education has become more and more important for Chinese tourism and hospitality education. The purpose of this study was to analyze the situation of Chinese higher tourism and hospitality education and to identify the constraints and evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of it.The results suggest three main existing problems of current Chinese higher tourism and hospitality education: lack of practical training occurred both in teaching activity and the quality of teachers; poor curriculum design particularly the unbalance of theory and practice; and teachers require further study especially practical training and work experience.

Residents’ Attitudes Towards Tourism in a Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems Pilot Site: a Case Study in China

Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS) is a wide program to promote the conservation and adap-tive management of such systems and their associated landscapes, biodiversity, knowledge systems and cultures. Rice-Fish Systems (RFS) in Longxian village of China, as a traditional agricultural system, was selected as one of the five pilot sites of GIAHS in 2005. Researchers have paid more attention to the dynamic conser-vation and adaptive management of RFS because it is under severe threats from global development challenges. Tourism is suggested to be brought into the RFS conservation program as an alternative industry. This paper presents a comparative study of residents in three types of farm household in Longxian, seeking attitudes to the RFS conservation and tourism development and ways in which such information may guide future strategies. Results show resi-dents, belonging to the household type in which most family mem-bers are abroad, have the most positive attitudes to RFS conserva-tion and tourism development; while residents, as other household type in which less than 50% of family members are abroad, are the least sensitive group in these three household types, due to the motivation of moving abroad weakening their enthusiasm to participate in the local activities. Implications are discussed in the context of how resident attitudes will affect the future manage-ment of GIAHS conservation and tourism development, and then measures are put forward to foster tourism cooperation and multi-stakeholders process establishment.

OPENING UP NEW PROSPECTS FOR CHINA'S SERVICE TRADE LED BY TOURISM

Since the launch of the reform, China’s service trade has been growing at a much faster speed compared to that of the rest of the country’s economy and world trade. In developing commodity trade, we are also engaged in technology trade, service trade and international investment, making efforts to achieve fusion and mutual promotion. Now, we are speeding up the opening

Social Media Impact on Tourism Destination Decision: Evidence from International Students in China

Technological advancement has led to the adoption and usage of social media among businesses including tourism sector to disseminate information and communicate with customers more effectively. Due to the limitless capabilities that social media provides, it is gradually transforming diverse business ecosystems. This study seeks to assess at the impact of social media on tourism destination decision-making from foreign students in China context. From the background of Uses and Gratification theory, a quantitative research approach was used to achieve the sole of the present study. This study used an online questionnaire tool to obtain response, validated using a Partial Least Square and Structural Equation Modeling and SPSS statistical software to analyze 271 samples of foreign students in China. The findings of the study show that behavioral intentions have a positive and significant effect on tourism destination decision-making, and social media significant direct influence on tourism destination decision making. Furthermore, tourists’ satisfaction can enhance tourism destination decisions when mediated by social media usage. The research findings would help tourism service providers to identify and select social media platforms as a marketing strategy for tourism competitiveness.

Temporal-spatial change and driving mechanism for regional difference of domestic tourism in China

By using the variation coefficient,Gini coefficient and Theil coefficient,this paper makes preliminary exploration of temporalspatial change features and driving mechanism for regional differences of domestic tourism in China from 1995 to 2009.According to the results,we drew the following conclusions:(1)The regional difference of domestic tourism in China tends to be narrowing generally,and is less than that of inbound tourism,playing an important role in narrowing the overall gap of regional tourism in China.(2)The regional internal difference features:inter-provincial difference in the eastern region and difference among the eastern,central and western regions are comparatively obvious and demonstrate a significantly shrinking tendency,the change tendency is consistent with the change tendency of overall difference and exercises a decisive role in overall difference,whereas the inter-provincial difference in the central and western regions is small and relatively stable,having less influence on the overall difference.(3)The temporal-spatial change in regional difference is featured by:low-level provinces occupy a majority and are concentrated in the central and western regions,showing a tendency of narrowing difference;high-level provinces are concentrated in the eastern region,showing a tendency of spreading to the central and western regions;spatial pattern of regional difference demonstrates 4 types,i.e."proliferation type","polarization type","quiescence type"and"collapse type."(4)The driving force for regional difference of domestic tourism in China comes down to 3 aspects:regional socio-economic attribute,regional transport accessibility level and regional development policy.

An Empirical Study on E-commerce Service in the Western China’s Tourism Industry

With the rapid development of China’s tourism industry, e-commerce will bring about new opportunity and challenge to tourism. Hotels and travel agencies play very important roles in tourism industry and their level of application of IT prominently shows the management level and information process of whole tourism. This study uses content analysis to evaluate the web sites service of travel agencies and hotels in the Western China. Moreover, this paper puts forward strategic suggestion for the future development of tourism e-commerce in the Western China.