Marketization the Key to Solving China-U.S. Trade Imbalance

China-U.S.trade has expanded rapidly over the past three decades,during which China’s trade deficit has turned into atrade surplus.China’s exports to the United States account for 20 percent of China’s total export trade,but the United States’exports to China make up less than 10 percent of its export trade.The trade dependence ratio of the two countries has adifference of up to 27 percentage points.While China’s economy and foreign trade become increasingly market-oriented,the U.S.implements long-term export restriction policies against it.Raising the degree of marketization of trade betweenChina and the U.S.is the key to redressing the China-U.S.trade imbalance.

A Comprehensive Bibliometric Analysis of China’s Free Trade Zones:Status and Evolutionary Trends

The China free trade zone,crucial for advancing a new open economy,has gained significant attention lately.We analyzed 885 papers from Peking University Core and CSSCI journals(2012-2023)using CiteSpace for visualization.Our research results indicate that the literature on China’s free trade zone peaked with 171 articles in 2015,and gradually returned to an average of 45 articles per year.The main research focuses in this field include“institutional innovation”,“negative list”,“financial innovation”,“financial openness”,“opening up to the outside world”,and“economic growth”.In addition,cutting-edge analysis indicates that“dual circulation”and“blockchain”are future research trends.The main authors of the literature include Yang Bin,Zhu Xiaolin,Yuan Bo,Li Meng,Zhao Liang,and others.Their affiliated institutions,research institutes,and universities have not yet formed a clear core circle of authors;The top three research institutions with the highest number of publications are the International Trade and Economic Cooperation Research Institute of the Ministry of Commerce,Kaiyuan Law School of Shanghai Jiao Tong University,and the Comprehensive Research Institute of the Free Trade Zone of Sun Yatsen University.This article delves into the current hot topics and progress in the research of China’s free trade zones,providing important references and inspirations for future scholars in this field.

China’s alfalfa market and imports: Development, trends, and potential impacts of the U.S.-China trade dispute and retaliations

This study examines the development and trends of China’s alfalfa market and imports, identifies key factors for the rapid increase in China’s alfalfa imports, and discusses potential impacts of the U.S.-China trade dispute and retaliations on the alfalfa markets and trade in both nations. China’s rapid transition toward larger-scale commercial dairy production, with enhanced feed and cost management as well as quality and safety control, and its limited resources for high-quality alfalfa production are key factors for the dramatic increase in its alfalfa imports, from 19 601 metric tons in 2008 to 1.38 million metric tons(mmt) in 2018. While the United States dominated China’s alfalfa imports with an average share of 97.01% from 2007 to 2017, the share dropped to 83.76% in 2018 and 63.28% in January 2019 due to the trade dispute and retaliations started in 2018. China will likely remain a large importer of alfalfa because of both its growing demand and the comparative advantages of imported alfalfa in quality and price, but the imports from the United States will be highly affected by the ongoing trade dispute and negotiations. China is also expected to make more efforts to reduce its dependence on U.S. alfalfa through increased investment in domestic alfalfa production and identification of alternative sources of alfalfa and other hay imports.

China-US Trade Relations:Win-Win Picture Distorted

At present China-U.S.trade relations are in a state of confusion.Although both countries have gained tremendous benefits from the bilateral trade relationship,some Americans have intentionally distorted some basic facts regarding China-U.S.trade relations. Based on an analysis of some official and nonofficial research reports published in the United States,this article holds that the China-U.S.trade imbalance is the symptom of a bigger issue stemming from the contradiction between the United States as the world's sole superpower and China as an emerging power.Economic globalisation came about due to the needs of western developed countries represented by the United States to boost economic development.Only by seizing the opportunities of economic globalisation, has China gained strong economic growth. Such a development is changing the world political,economic,military and cultural landscape that have been shaped since the post-cold-war era,and has to some extent raised doubt or suspicion on the part of the United States and its western allies.This is a manifestation of how unprepared some people in the United States and other western countries are in the face of China's rapid development and rising status.So,their immediate reaction has been to seek protection for themselves,and try their utmost to prevent China's rapid growth from impacting on the international framework and their vested interests.

CHINA'S FOREIGN TRADE PROSPECT IN 2002

China’s foreign trade volume hit US$509.77 billion in 2001, the figure represented 7.5% increase over the previous year. Of the total, exports topped US$266.16 billion, 6.8% up over the previous year, imports reached US$243.61 billion, up 8.2%, and accumulated trade surplus climbed to US$22.55 billion. The results were fairly outstanding if we take a general look at the world economy, which experienced significant slowdown in 2001 mainly due to the serious downturns in the United States and Japan. The increase can be attributed to a number of factors including the rise

On China's Foreign Trade Development and Linkage with the Customary Rules of International Trade

Although great differences exist between the trade systems of different countries,internationaltrade must go on in line with the customary international trade rules.As China’s economy developsand the socialist market economic system emerges,China is basically qualified to link up withcustomary international trade rules.In the Ninth Five-Year Plan period,China’s reform of its foreigntrade system aims at setting up a trade system that conforms with international trade practice.Forthe purpose,the author of this article suggests that a neutral trade policy should be adopted inaccordance with the international practice since it does not hinder exports,nor restrict imports toan excessive degree.

China-US High-Tech Competition,Trade Conflict and Development Rights

The power and interest of industrial manufacturers are determined by their status in the relations of production.At the international level,countries see their economic and political status rise only when they climb the ladder in the international division of labor.As the primary production forces,science and technology are the main drivers behind such change.As new technologies give rise to new industries and restructure the international division of labor,developed countries strive to enhance the protection of their intellectual property rights(IPR)and safeguard their monopoly over core technologies.For developed countries,technological prowess holds the key to their supremacy in the global supply chain and international relations.The 19 th CPC National Congress makes clear the overarching goal in the new era is to rejuvenate the Chinese nation and turn China into a strong modern country.As an important material condition for achieving this goal,China must transition from being medium-and low-end links in the international division of labor to becoming high-end links.In this process,China will encounter backlash from developed countries that lead in the international division of labor.The recent China-US tussle over trade in high-tech goods is a case in point,and should be viewed through the lens of the relations of production and the international division of labor.The insights thus achieved will be of great significance to China’s future development.

TPFTZ(Tianjin Port Free Trade Zone)——A New Pattern of China's Openning to the Outside World

Under the guidance of Deng Xiao-ping’s strategic think-ing of openning to the outside world, the structure of om-nibearing openness has basically taken shape in China. Follow-

China's Foreign Trade:from Quantitative Change to Qualitative Change

The latest General Customs'statistics showing that by November 20, 2004,China's foreign trade has topped 1 trillion and reached RMB 1.0017 trillion, marking a new leap of China's foreign trade. After entering the 1 trillion dollar period, it is on a new stage. Foreign trade, as a big stage for China's economic cooperation, shows the six features as No.1, top 3, 10%, US$10 billion, US$100 billion, and US$1 trillion.……

China's Cosmetics Trade

In more than a decade since 1980,thenumber of producing enterprises inChina’s cosmetics trade has developedfrom some twenty to over two thousand,and annual sales amount has increasedfrom RMB0.3 billion to 10 billion; onenow has difficulty in finding at cosmeticscounter in shopping malls the skinprotection products that dominated themarket for more than three decades.Instead, there are Chinese products offamous brands, joint venture products,

CHANGES FOR CHINA'S FOREIGN TRADE GROWTH

In 1996,China began to set targets for quadrupling its per capitaaverage GNP for a better livelihood and socialist market economicsystem——a kind of mature opening economy in the Ninth Five-YearPlan period(1996-2000),aiming at comformity with the worldeconomy.For these purposes,it is essential to expand China’sopening to the outside for its foreign trade to boom and thus make fulluse of foreign and domestic markets for accelerating our economicdevelopment and upgrading development efficiency.In other words,China’s foreign trade development in the Ninth Five-Year Planperiod will greatly affect and control our economic growth andeconomic system reform.

Member List of Council of China′s Foreign Trade

Honorary Chairmen: Wan Jifei Chairman of China’s Council for the Promotion of International Trade He Guangwei Former Director General of China National Tourism Administration Li Kenong Vice Minister of General Administration of China

Member List of Council of China's Foreign Trade

Honorary Chairmen: Wan Jifei Chairman of China's Council for the Promotion of International Trade He Guangwei Former Director General of China National Tour- ism Administration Li Kenong Vice Minister of General Administration of China Custom Consultants: Shi Guangsheng Vice Director of Financial and Economic Com- mittee of NPC's Standing Committee Former Minister of the Administration of Foreign Economic and Trade Cooperation Gan Ziyu Vice Director of Financial and Economic Com- mittee of NPC's Standing Committee Former Vice Director of National Development and Reform