Trade Barriers and Countermeasures for Export of China's Agricultural Products

At present,export of China's agricultural products is faced with many trade barriers,especially technological barriers.Trade barriers include(1)technological barriers(such as quarantine and inspection barrier,identity certification/authentication barrier and labeling rules barrier);(2)trade remedy barrier;(3)other non-tariff barriers(NTB).Through positioning and analysis of trade barriers of China's agricultural products,it is known that technological barriers should not be deemed unreasonable totally.Some barriers also have certain positive significance.To respond to trade barriers,it comes up with countermeasures and recommendations from the perspective of agricultural producers and government.Agricultural producers should actively improve product quality,abide by requirement of importers,and treat quarantine and inspection in a rational manner;government should supply information and issue early warning,assist domestic producers in responding to lawsuits,and take advantage of WTO platform to solve trade disputes.

Republic of Congo’ Wood Products Exported to China: Insight of the Characteristics, Trends, and Perspectives for Sustainable Trade

Wood products trade sector remains crucial for many countries’ economies. This is also for the Republic of Congo (RC) where wood is the second most exported natural resource. In this study, we aimed to determine the predominant wood products exported from the RC to China from 2007 to 2019, analyze the trends related to this trade, compare the quantities of wood products exported to China and other destinations, and determine the perspectives for the sustainable trade. The descriptive study using graphs and tables, non-parametric technique Kruskal-Wallis, pairwise comparisons, and SWOT analysis made up the methodological basis for this study. IBM SPSS Statistics 26 software supported data processing. The results showed that logs were mainly exported to China, 92.585% of the three major wood products quantity (Logs, Wet sawnwood, and Dried sawnwood). Volume distributions between products categories differ significantly (Sig. = 0.000 < α = 0.05). Besides, a significant volume (69.32%) was exported to China compared to the other destinations, and volume distributions between different destinations differ significantly (Sig. = 0.000 < α = 0.05). The SWOT analysis describes weaknesses, strengths, opportunities, and potential threats related to RC’ wood products trade sector. The prospects for sustainable trade in wood products between the RC and China lie in establishing a good governance in the timber sector, supporting the emergence of domestic operators, and improving the business climate.

China Light Industrial Products Export Trade and China Light Industrial Products I/E Corp.

Under the impact of the reform and opening policy, China’s foreign economic and trade undertakings are increasingly flourishing, and light indus-

China’s alfalfa market and imports: Development, trends, and potential impacts of the U.S.-China trade dispute and retaliations

This study examines the development and trends of China’s alfalfa market and imports, identifies key factors for the rapid increase in China’s alfalfa imports, and discusses potential impacts of the U.S.-China trade dispute and retaliations on the alfalfa markets and trade in both nations. China’s rapid transition toward larger-scale commercial dairy production, with enhanced feed and cost management as well as quality and safety control, and its limited resources for high-quality alfalfa production are key factors for the dramatic increase in its alfalfa imports, from 19 601 metric tons in 2008 to 1.38 million metric tons(mmt) in 2018. While the United States dominated China’s alfalfa imports with an average share of 97.01% from 2007 to 2017, the share dropped to 83.76% in 2018 and 63.28% in January 2019 due to the trade dispute and retaliations started in 2018. China will likely remain a large importer of alfalfa because of both its growing demand and the comparative advantages of imported alfalfa in quality and price, but the imports from the United States will be highly affected by the ongoing trade dispute and negotiations. China is also expected to make more efforts to reduce its dependence on U.S. alfalfa through increased investment in domestic alfalfa production and identification of alternative sources of alfalfa and other hay imports.

Export competitiveness of agricultural products and agricultural sustainability in China

The competitiveness of a country’s agricultural products is not only related to its capacity to export agricultural products,but also to the sustainability of its agricultural sector.How to improve the international competitiveness of a country’s agricultural products while maintaining the sustainability of its agricultural sector is a practical problem of great urgency for a country with a large agricultural sector such as China.With this in mind,this study should have a considerable policy and practical significance.We used two evaluation indices,namely trade competitiveness(TC)index and revealed comparative advantage(RCA)index,to measure and analyze the international competitiveness of six China’s representative agricultural products,i.e.,live pigs,live chickens,live cattle,apples,tea,and beer,and to examine the changing trends of these products’competitiveness during 1994-2013.The results indicate that the export competitiveness of China’s agricultural products is weak and likely to deteriorate further.However,some traditional agricultural products with distinctive regional characteristics,for example,tea and live pigs,are relatively strong internationally.To this end,China should vigorously promote the production and foreign trade in traditional agricultural products with distinctive regional characteristics.At the same time,comprehensive measures should be taken to enhance the international competitiveness of disadvantaged agricultural products.

Empirical Analysis on the Impacts of Technical Barrier to Trade on Chinese Agro-products Export

In view of the impacts on Chinese agro-products export caused by various technical barriers to trade,the academic circles analyzed them from the costs and quantity of exported agro-products.On the basis of the status quo of Chinese agro-products,the gravity model is introduced to analyze the impacts on Chinese agro-product export caused by technical barriers to trade.The results show that as long as the quality of Chinese agro-products can achieve the standard set by developed countries,for one thing,the health of Chinese consumers can be ensured,for another thing,the export of Chinese agro-products will be more smooth,which can provide reference for our government to make decisions and solve trade dispute.

CHINA'S FOREIGN TRADE PROSPECT IN 2002

China’s foreign trade volume hit US$509.77 billion in 2001, the figure represented 7.5% increase over the previous year. Of the total, exports topped US$266.16 billion, 6.8% up over the previous year, imports reached US$243.61 billion, up 8.2%, and accumulated trade surplus climbed to US$22.55 billion. The results were fairly outstanding if we take a general look at the world economy, which experienced significant slowdown in 2001 mainly due to the serious downturns in the United States and Japan. The increase can be attributed to a number of factors including the rise

On China's Foreign Trade Development and Linkage with the Customary Rules of International Trade

Although great differences exist between the trade systems of different countries,internationaltrade must go on in line with the customary international trade rules.As China’s economy developsand the socialist market economic system emerges,China is basically qualified to link up withcustomary international trade rules.In the Ninth Five-Year Plan period,China’s reform of its foreigntrade system aims at setting up a trade system that conforms with international trade practice.Forthe purpose,the author of this article suggests that a neutral trade policy should be adopted inaccordance with the international practice since it does not hinder exports,nor restrict imports toan excessive degree.

China-US High-Tech Competition,Trade Conflict and Development Rights

The power and interest of industrial manufacturers are determined by their status in the relations of production.At the international level,countries see their economic and political status rise only when they climb the ladder in the international division of labor.As the primary production forces,science and technology are the main drivers behind such change.As new technologies give rise to new industries and restructure the international division of labor,developed countries strive to enhance the protection of their intellectual property rights(IPR)and safeguard their monopoly over core technologies.For developed countries,technological prowess holds the key to their supremacy in the global supply chain and international relations.The 19 th CPC National Congress makes clear the overarching goal in the new era is to rejuvenate the Chinese nation and turn China into a strong modern country.As an important material condition for achieving this goal,China must transition from being medium-and low-end links in the international division of labor to becoming high-end links.In this process,China will encounter backlash from developed countries that lead in the international division of labor.The recent China-US tussle over trade in high-tech goods is a case in point,and should be viewed through the lens of the relations of production and the international division of labor.The insights thus achieved will be of great significance to China’s future development.

Is pork trade good for China's greenhouse gas emissions?

China produces the largest amount of pork in the world, which emits the largest amount of greenhouse gases （GHGs）. This paper calculates GHG emissions from China＇s hog production at the provincial level using newly published emission factors~ Empirical results show that GHG emissions from China＇s hog production mainly respond to the scale intensity~ Capital abundance and income contribute positively to GI-IG emissions from hog production. Pork trade increases GHG emissions from China＇s hog produc- tion with a significantly direct effect, reduces GHG emissions through indirect technique effects.

Combined soft measurement on key indicator parameters of new competitive advantages for China’s export

The estimation of the difference between the new competitive advantages of China’s export and the world’s trading powers have been the key measurement problems in China-related studies.In this work,a comprehensive evaluation index system for new export competitive advantages is developed,a soft-sensing model for China’s new export competitive advantages based on the fuzzy entropy weight analytic hierarchy process is established,and the soft-sensing values of key indexes are derived.The obtained evaluation values of the main measurement index are used as the input variable of the fuzzy least squares support vector machine,and a soft-sensing model of the key index parameters of the new export competitive advantages of China based on the combined soft-sensing model of the fuzzy least squares support vector machine is established.The soft-sensing results of the new export competitive advantage index of China show that the soft measurement model developed herein is of high precision compared with other models,and the technical and brand competitiveness indicators of export products have more significant contributions to the new competitive advantages of China’s export,while the service competitiveness indicator of export products has the least contribution to new competitive advantages of China’s export.

Competitiveness and Complementarity of Cocoon Silk Trade between China and Southeast Asia

In the context of the Belt and Road Initiative,it is of great significance to study the trade ties between China and Southeast Asia with cocoon silk as a link.Trend analysis,trade competitiveness index and trade complementarity index were comprehensively used in this paper to study the competitiveness and complementarity of the cocoon silk trade between China and Southeast Asia.The results show that the export trade volume of cocoon silk of China and Southeast Asia is decreasing while fluctuating,but it is difficult for other regions to replace their export trade status in the world market.The development trend of the replacement of the silkworm cocoon trade by the raw silk trade is presented.The cocoon silk trade of China and Southeast Asia is characterized by dislocation competition.China's raw silk export trade is competitive and has become the leader of the raw silk export camp.This paper further analyzes the changes and complementarities of the cocoon silk trade competitiveness between China and Southeast Asia.

China's Foreign Trade:from Quantitative Change to Qualitative Change

The latest General Customs'statistics showing that by November 20, 2004,China's foreign trade has topped 1 trillion and reached RMB 1.0017 trillion, marking a new leap of China's foreign trade. After entering the 1 trillion dollar period, it is on a new stage. Foreign trade, as a big stage for China's economic cooperation, shows the six features as No.1, top 3, 10%, US$10 billion, US$100 billion, and US$1 trillion.……

TPFTZ(Tianjin Port Free Trade Zone)——A New Pattern of China's Openning to the Outside World

Under the guidance of Deng Xiao-ping’s strategic think-ing of openning to the outside world, the structure of om-nibearing openness has basically taken shape in China. Follow-

China's Cosmetics Trade

In more than a decade since 1980,thenumber of producing enterprises inChina’s cosmetics trade has developedfrom some twenty to over two thousand,and annual sales amount has increasedfrom RMB0.3 billion to 10 billion; onenow has difficulty in finding at cosmeticscounter in shopping malls the skinprotection products that dominated themarket for more than three decades.Instead, there are Chinese products offamous brands, joint venture products,

Soaring China's Auto Export

China's export of passenger cars,private cars in particular,has maintained a momentum of fast growth this year,which serves as the highlight of the auto market in 2008.The latest statistics show that in the first seven months car export grew by 85.98% over the same period of

China's Mechano-electronic Import & Export

China’s electronics and machinery exports have witnessed rapid development since China expanded its electronics and machinery exports as a strategic policy in its foreign trade development in 1985. Similarly, electronics and machinery imports also maintained their growth pace in line with China’s national economic development. China’s electronics and machinery trade with foreign countries stood at US$19.97 billion in 1985, with exports taking US$1.68 billion and imports US$18.29 billion. By the year 1994, China’s electronics and machinery