Impacts of formal credit on rural household income:Evidence from deprived areas in western China

Financial support is a crucial part of China's poverty alleviation effort.Thus,it is vital to understand how formal credit impacts income growth in rural households.In 2012,2015,and 2018,a survey was conducted to obtain a panel dataset of 592 rural households from 6 poverty-stricken counties in western China,including counties in Guizhou,Yunnan,and Shaanxi provinces.We use the data to examine the effect of formal credit on rural household income and the mechanism that underlies this effect.We find that formal credit can significantly increase rural households'income in deprived areas in western China.Furthermore,formal credit promotes the reallocation of household labor from the agricultural sector to the non-agricultural sector and changes rural households'decisions about investment-consumption behavior.These are the drivers of changes in the amount and structure of household income.Further analyses show that formal credit may widen income inequality among rural households in western China's deprived areas.The individual characteristics of rural households,such as different levels of material capital,human capital,and social capital,bring about differences in the effects of formal credit on income growth.This study emphasizes that the implementation of formal credit is an essential strategy for poverty alleviation in underdeveloped areas,but policymakers should not excessively interfere with the financial market.

Rural vulnerability,migration,and relocation in mountain areas of Western China:An overview of key issues and policy interventions

Western China features a vast area of mountains and high plateaus where millions of people,including diverse ethnic minority groups,have inhabited for generations.Geographically located in the mountainous,remote,and isolated regions,rural communities are prone to natural hazards and thus become vulnerable to impoverishment.To reduce rural vulnerability,many people residing in mountainous villages opted to out-migrate from their original villages and hometowns while some took in-situ adaptation measures.A host of government-sponsored resettlement programs have been carried out to help rural villagers seek alternative livelihoods elsewhere over the past four decades.To achieve a sustainable future for rural communities in mountainous areas of western China,more effective policies and measures need to be developed and enforced.

Determining Optimal Strategies to Reduce Maternal and Child Mortality in Rural Areas in Western China: an Assessment Using the Lives Saved Tool

China, as a whole, is about to meet the Millennium Development Goals for reducing the maternal mortality ratio (MMR) and infant mortality rate (IMR), but the disparities between rural area and urban area still exists. This study estimated the potential effectiveness of expanding coverage with high impact interventions using the Lives Saved Tool (LiST). It was found that gestational hypertension, antepartum and postpartum hemorrhage, preterm birth, neonatal asphyxia, and neonatal childhood pneumonia and diarrhea are still the major killers of mothers and children in rural area in China. It was estimated that 30% of deaths among 0-59 month old children and 25% of maternal deaths in 2008 could be prevented in 2015 if primary health care intervention coverage expanded to a feasible level. The LiST death cause framework, compared to data from the Maternal and Child Mortality Surveillance System, represents 60%-80% of neonatal deaths, 40%-50% of deaths in 1-59 month old children and 40%-60% of maternal deaths in rural areas of western China.

Countermeasures on Elevating Self-development Ability of Western Rural Areas on the Basis of Visual Threshold of Human Capital

The thesis underscores the significant role of human capital in elevating rural self-development ability.The investment of human capital is making great contribution to western rural economic growth,and it plays an irreplaceable role in promoting the socio-economic development prominently.The characteristics of human resources development in western rural areas for the moment are analyzed as follows:the employment structure is simple;the structure of human resources is irrational;the shortage of human resources aggregate is accompanied by the critical phenomenon of idling;the human resources drain badly;there is low input and low output of talents.The thesis also propounds the fundamental approaches in order to elevating self-development ability of western rural areas:we should practise and implement National Medium and Long-term Planning of Talents Development and lay down as soon as possible the detailed matching policies and measures based on the reality of western rural areas;we should develop the education in western rural areas vigorously,and formulate the developmental strategies of bridging "knowledge gap";we should establish sound rural human resources development system,and reinforce the degree of training returning-home migrant workers;we should adjust the structure of human investment timely as needed,and strengthen the degree of human capital investment conspicuously.

Analysis on the Changes of Temperature and Heat Resources in Rural Area of Chaoyang in Western Liaoning

[Objective] The aim was to study the change characteristics of temperature and heat resources in rural area of Chaoyang in western Liaoning. [Method] Based on the data from rural meteorological station in Chaoyang in western Liaoning from 1966 to 2010, the change characteristics of temperature and heat resources in rural area in Chaoyang were analyzed by means of serial correlation and climate tendency method, so as to master its climate situation. [Result] The annual average value of daily average temperature, daily maximum temperature and daily minimum temperature in rural area of Chaoyang in western Liaoning from 1966 to 2010 showed fluctuation variation, and the annual average value of daily maximum temperature increased most obviously with the climatic tendency of 0.328 ℃/10 a and highest significant level, so it played an important role in temperature increase, next came daily average temperature (0.151 ℃/10 a), while there was no obvious decrease in daily minimum temperature. The average of daily maximum temperature in winter half year increased more obviously than that in summer half year, with the climatic tendency of 0.417 and 0.250 ℃/10 a, respectively; the trend of daily average temperature reached low significant level, and there was no obvious variation in daily minimum temperature. In addition, ≥10 ℃ accumulated temperature in rural area of Chaoyang in western Liaoning went up obviously, with the climatic tendency of 42.59 ℃·d/10 a, namely it increased by 192 ℃·d in recent 45 years. [Conclusion] The study could provide climatic reference for the adjustment of agriculture structure and varieties distribution.

New and Renewable Energy Development in China's Rural and Remote Area

This paper analyses the present situation of new and renewable energy development in China’s rural and remote areas and gives the development objectives and tasks which could be fulfilled in the future. At last, it is summed up that exploiting new and renewable energy is the national key strategy for rural economic development.

Eurasia Continental Bridge——An Important Link of the Coordinated Development between China's Eastern,Central and Western Regions

The new Eurasia Continental Bridgeruns from East China to Central andWest China, crossing 11 provincesand regions, namely Jiangsu, Shandong,Hubei, Anhui, Shaanxi, Gansu, Shanxi,Sichuan, Qinghai, Xinjiang and Ningxia.The total area is 3.6 million sq km and thepopulation is about 300 million, accountingfor a third and a quarter of the whole countryrespectively. The area is very rich in naturalresources, so it is called an "Economic goldbelt" and "Gold corridor". Aerial remote-control survey indicates that along thecontinental bridge from Lianyungang to theAla Mountains within China’s boundary,

The Efficient Ways to Develop English Teaching in Rural Middle School

The thesis aims to find ways to improve rural English teaching in the China,which is marginalized in the Profession of English language teaching.By researching it reaches the conclusion that teacher education is the key to develop rural ELT in China. To educate rural English teachers is a demanding but rewarding job. The author believes that this paper will be of help to the exploration of rural English teacher education in the context of curriculum reform.

中国式现代化背景下西部农村学前教育高质量发展的困境与纾解

西部农村学前教育高质量发展对建设教育强国、推进中国式现代化具有重要意义。理论上,中国式现代化从普惠性教育、整体性思维、内涵式发展、共生型主张、前瞻性布局五个维度为农村学前教育高质量发展指明了方向。实践上,通过对我国西部70所农村幼儿园的大规模调研发现,在中国式现代化进程中,我国学前教育整体取得了跨越式发展,但西部农村学前教育仍面临规模与质量协同的“困顿”、教育资源供给与需求的“错配”、园本课程特色与底色的“迷失”、教师专业发展能动与被动的“纠葛”、教育督导与评估机制的“乏力”等困境。为此,有必要建立“量质并举”的教育质量观,顺应人口变动,合理调控教育资源,坚持乡土特色与课程底色并重,构建以教师为核心的“1+3+N”育人新格局,加强数字化教育质量评估体系建设。

我国西部农村地区固体燃料燃烧污染物排放因子测定及分布特征

排放因子是估算污染物排放量的重要参数,为获取可靠的、有区域特征的固体燃料排放因子,2018年在我国西部9个省/自治区利用稀释采样系统入户收集了226个固体燃料燃烧样本,获得了薪柴、秸秆和煤在不同类型炉具中燃烧排放CO_(2)、CO、OC、EC、PM_(2.5)的排放因子。结果表明:秸秆类较易燃烧的燃料有较高的OC、EC、PM2.5排放因子,煤有较高的CO_(2)、CO排放因子。炉灶类型对薪柴的OC、PM2.5的排放因子影响稍大,薪柴在炕中燃烧的OC、PM_(2.5)排放因子比在砖灶和铁炉高约2-3.1倍,但秸秆在不同炉具中的排放因子差异较小。受不同区域燃料和炉灶类型以及操作习惯差异的共同影响,排放因子呈现明显的区域性差异,高CO_(2)排放因子分布在以煤为主要燃料的区域,高OC、EC、PM_(2.5)排放因子分布在以生物质为主要燃料的区域,并且CO、OC和PM_(2.5)排放因子的区域分布呈现一定的相关性。

“双碳”目标下西部农村生活能源消费特征及碳排放分析

运用能源环境理论、多元线性回归分析和主成分分析方法探究西部地区10个省区(市)农户主要生活能源消费特征及碳排放。结果表明:①西部农村生活能源存在明显区域异质性,四川和甘肃生活能源分布特征极明显,贵州、广西和云南生活能源分布特征明显,陕西、青海、重庆、宁夏和新疆生活能源分布特征不明显。②西部农村主要生活能源平均占比排序依次为:太阳能0.29%、沼气0.79%、液化石油气19.95%、煤40.47%、柴草49.16%、电53.24%,使用绿色能源农户占比仅有18.1%,通过发展绿色能源促进“双碳”目标实现任务艰巨。③若西部农村1789万煤用户、4225万柴草用户和1770万煤气、天然气、液化石油气用户转型升级使用绿色能源,每年能节约标准煤约3700万t,减少CO_(2)排放约1亿t。由此可见,生活能源蕴含着巨大碳减排潜力,是不可忽视的“双碳”载体,应进一步加大居民生活能源消费转型升级以此促进“双碳”目标的实现。

发现“东西中国”:市场化与当代乡村变迁

改革开放以来出现的全国统一的劳动力市场、全国性的农产品市场和全国性的婚姻“市场”,让乡村走向了自由开放。市场化改变社会连接方式,打破乡村的地方性,让乡村中的人财物变成了自由流动的要素,市场区位决定了乡村人财物流动的方向。在三大市场的共同作用下,农村人财物总体呈现东进西出的特点,乡村秩序和乡村发展因而出现了显著的东中西地区差异。东部与中西部地区农村不仅在城乡关系、村庄形态等方面存在不同,而且还存在发展路径上的差异。“东西中国”是从农民与市场的关系的角度,呈现出改革开放后乡村变迁逻辑和分布形态。下一步,在定位乡村发展、实施乡村振兴、选择基层治理手段和推动重大涉农政策改革的过程中,要立足于“东西中国”这个现实前提。

中西部乡村地区家校社协同育人的现实困境与纾解路径——基于37位乡村校长访谈数据的质性分析

随着教育改革的纵深发展,家校社协同育人成为促进我国基础教育高质量发展的应有之义。通过对37位中西部地区乡村校长访谈数据的质性分析发现,中西部乡村地区家校社协同育人的现实困境主要表现在认知困境、师资困境、沟通困境和管理困境四个方面。促进乡村地区家校社协同育人,需要增强家长心理资本,以获得感为取向促进农村家长对家校共育的认同;加强队伍建设,以主题培训为抓手提高乡村教师的家庭教育指导专业素养;优化资源供给,以社区资源整合为手段丰富家庭教育指导内容;强化制度保障,以机制建设为驱动促进家校社三方高效联动。

The attitudes of primary school teachers toward inclusive education in rural and urban China

This study investigated the attitudes of primary school teachers from the selected rural and urban areas in China toward inclusive education.The results indicated that,(1)teachers’attitudes are composed of three dimensions:positive and negative effects of inclusion,and benefits of segregated special education;(2)most surveyed teachers demonstrated positive attitudes toward segregated special school education while supporting inclusion;(3)rural and urban teachers held significantly different attitudes toward inclusion,and urban teachers were more negative toward inclusion than rural ones;and(4)teachers’attitudes were not essentially influenced by resources,teaching years or relevant special education training.

西部山区乡村聚落空间演进研究的主要进展

西部山区由于生境条件差,很多地区面临较大的人口压力,生态问题和贫困问题长期交织在一起,不仅一直受政府扶贫工作的关注,也受区域乃至全球生态保护和社会发展相关组织的关注。本文主要从不同时间段、不同地区梳理了自20世纪初以来西部山区乡村聚落空间分布规律及其影响因素的研究,从理论、实证及生态系统等多角度对西部山区乡村聚落空间演化的过程及其成因机制进行了分析。作者认为随着多学科融合程度的加强,山区乡村聚落演化的研究逐步从以案例区分析为主的一般性的规律揭示走向以模式探寻为主的普适化的理论体系构建,对于山区乡村聚落,由于涉及更多的生态、贫困等多种区域发展问题,开展乡村聚落空间演化的综合性研究的需求会更加迫切,并在此基础上指出未来研究的方向。

西部农村留守儿童身心健康可持续发展模式研究——以重庆留守儿童为例

运用田野调查和数理统计等研究方法,对西部农村留守儿童身心问题进行调研。结果表明,农村留守儿童平均BMI指数为15.5;(外)祖父母和父母其中一方是其主要照顾者,且1/4的农村留守儿童具有良好的体育生活方式特征;60%的农村留守儿童存在心理问题。统计分析显示,农村留守儿童的体育生活方式与心理健康有密切的相关性,有体育生活方式的留守儿童比没有体育生活方式的人际交友更好,更能主动地适应社会,拥有更多的积极幸福感,情绪障碍和心理烦恼也少于没有体育生活方式的。体育专业教师缺乏、场地器材不足和体育活动环境滞后是制约农村留守儿童体育生活方式养成的主要原因。据此,提出以"体育生活方式为核心,留守儿童为主体,政府层为主导,学校层为主阵地,社会层为支持,家庭层为配合"的西部农村留守儿童身心健康可持续发展"1+5"模式。

建设社会主义新农村 破解西部“三农”问题

本文从实际出发,阐述了我国西部农村经济社会发展滞后的现状,分析了建设社会主义新农村这一提法的内涵以及新农村建设在西部地区实践的特殊性,并在此基础上提出了西部建设社会主义新农村的对策和建议。

西部农村社会救助制度与对策研究——以四川省为例

本文对我国西部目前的社会救助现状进行了分析,并针对西部农村由于受社会、经济发展水平的制约所呈现出的社会救助发展特点进行了综合分析;结合国内外经验,进一步提出了构建西部农村社会救助体系的对策。

农村危房改造的影响因素分析及对策建议

2008年以来,中国政府投入了大量资金对农村受灾严重、年久失修的危房进行改造,但实施过程中存在监管不力、资金使用不当、缺乏公平、公开等诸多问题。文章通过文献研究及对西部典型地区农村危房改造实施情况进行实地走访和问卷调查,分析西部地区农村危房改造的现状及实施中的影响因素,结合SPSS软件,运用因子分析法从25个影响农村危房改造效果的主要因素中提取出6个公共因子,即资金使用因子、对象评选因子、组织管理因子、基层操作因子、客观问题因子、监督管理因子,进而提出相应的对策建议,旨在为政府有关部门制定相关政策和危房改造资金的合理、有效利用提供决策支持。