Recent increases in emissions from freight transport have caused strong concerns about air quality in Pakistan,following the rapid development of projects related to the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor(CPEC).This stu...Recent increases in emissions from freight transport have caused strong concerns about air quality in Pakistan,following the rapid development of projects related to the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor(CPEC).This study reported the first measurements of on-road truck emissions in Pakistan and investigated their dependence on altitude along CPEC routes.Emissions from 70 trucks were measured on CPEC highways located in Islamabad(540 m above sea level),Sost(2800 m above sea level),and at the Khunjerab Pass(4693 m above sea level).Calculated emission factors for carbon monoxide,hydrocarbons,and nitrogen oxides from heavy-duty trucks in Islamabad were 12.94±1.46,15.21±1.67,and 10.69±1.34 g km^(-1)(95%confidence level),respectively,for pre-Pak-II trucks,and 12.75±2.80,14.24±3.53,and 10.24±2.34 g km^(-1)(95%confidence level),respectively,for Pak-II trucks,representing 2e20 times higher values than the emission standards in Pakistan and India.An altitude increase of approximately 4000 m,with the associated changes in meteorology and fleet characteristics,induced an average increase of 103.6%,86.3%,124.5%,and 133.6%in the emission factors of carbon monoxide,hydrocarbons,nitrogen oxides,and carbon dioxide,respectively.Moreover,on-road emissions along the CPEC were mainly influenced by truck types.This study will support the budget evaluation of transport emissions from the CPEC trade fleet.展开更多
This study examines the economic dimensions of China–Pakistan cooperation,mainly focusing on the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor(CPEC).CPEC is a key project under China’s Belt and Road Initiative.The project is co...This study examines the economic dimensions of China–Pakistan cooperation,mainly focusing on the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor(CPEC).CPEC is a key project under China’s Belt and Road Initiative.The project is considered significant for Beijing’s initiatives to“bridging the gap”with its landlocked regions,especially its Xinjiang autonomous region.CPEC is regarded as a“game-changer project”for Pakistan’s economy,a“flagship project,”and a“gateway project”for BRI overall.CPEC plays a significant role in developing both countries,particularly Pakistan,through regional integration,connectivity,and economic growth.Besides the importance of CPEC,this study examines specific challenges for the CPEC project.It identifies the influential role of the US in South Asia as a global challenge,India’s proxies and political uncertainty in Afghanistan as regional challenges,and security,terrorism,and lack of consensus among political parties and provinces as internal challenges.This study is carried out by using exploratory case studies for qualitative data relying on primary data,including the interviews of high officials,academics,and other experts on the subject,and secondary sources such as journal articles and books,among others.The paper provided policy input to the Government of Pakistan and China regarding the importance of CPEC for the country's economic development and urged both countries to look into domestic,regional,and global challenges for this project.展开更多
China-Pakistan diplomatic relations are in their 65th year.Spread over more than half a century,relations have grown steadily in the fields of defense,economy and diplomacy.China has become a giant economic power,stri...China-Pakistan diplomatic relations are in their 65th year.Spread over more than half a century,relations have grown steadily in the fields of defense,economy and diplomacy.China has become a giant economic power,striding fast along a path to become a functional world power.A recently published book展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant numbers 41822505 and 42061130213 for H.L.)supported by the Royal Society of the United Kingdom through a Newton Advanced Fellowship(NAF\R1\201166).
文摘Recent increases in emissions from freight transport have caused strong concerns about air quality in Pakistan,following the rapid development of projects related to the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor(CPEC).This study reported the first measurements of on-road truck emissions in Pakistan and investigated their dependence on altitude along CPEC routes.Emissions from 70 trucks were measured on CPEC highways located in Islamabad(540 m above sea level),Sost(2800 m above sea level),and at the Khunjerab Pass(4693 m above sea level).Calculated emission factors for carbon monoxide,hydrocarbons,and nitrogen oxides from heavy-duty trucks in Islamabad were 12.94±1.46,15.21±1.67,and 10.69±1.34 g km^(-1)(95%confidence level),respectively,for pre-Pak-II trucks,and 12.75±2.80,14.24±3.53,and 10.24±2.34 g km^(-1)(95%confidence level),respectively,for Pak-II trucks,representing 2e20 times higher values than the emission standards in Pakistan and India.An altitude increase of approximately 4000 m,with the associated changes in meteorology and fleet characteristics,induced an average increase of 103.6%,86.3%,124.5%,and 133.6%in the emission factors of carbon monoxide,hydrocarbons,nitrogen oxides,and carbon dioxide,respectively.Moreover,on-road emissions along the CPEC were mainly influenced by truck types.This study will support the budget evaluation of transport emissions from the CPEC trade fleet.
文摘This study examines the economic dimensions of China–Pakistan cooperation,mainly focusing on the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor(CPEC).CPEC is a key project under China’s Belt and Road Initiative.The project is considered significant for Beijing’s initiatives to“bridging the gap”with its landlocked regions,especially its Xinjiang autonomous region.CPEC is regarded as a“game-changer project”for Pakistan’s economy,a“flagship project,”and a“gateway project”for BRI overall.CPEC plays a significant role in developing both countries,particularly Pakistan,through regional integration,connectivity,and economic growth.Besides the importance of CPEC,this study examines specific challenges for the CPEC project.It identifies the influential role of the US in South Asia as a global challenge,India’s proxies and political uncertainty in Afghanistan as regional challenges,and security,terrorism,and lack of consensus among political parties and provinces as internal challenges.This study is carried out by using exploratory case studies for qualitative data relying on primary data,including the interviews of high officials,academics,and other experts on the subject,and secondary sources such as journal articles and books,among others.The paper provided policy input to the Government of Pakistan and China regarding the importance of CPEC for the country's economic development and urged both countries to look into domestic,regional,and global challenges for this project.
文摘China-Pakistan diplomatic relations are in their 65th year.Spread over more than half a century,relations have grown steadily in the fields of defense,economy and diplomacy.China has become a giant economic power,striding fast along a path to become a functional world power.A recently published book
