Seed and Wasp Production in the Mutualism of Figs and Fig Wasps

Figs (Moracea: Ficus) and fig wasps (Hymenoptera: Chlocloids: Agaonideae) depend on each other to complete their reproduction. Monoecious fig species and their pollinating wasps are in conflict over the use of fig ovaries which can either produce one seed or one wasp. From observation on Ficus virens Ait., we showed that female flowers with outer layer of ovaries (near to the wall of syconium) had no significant difference from that with inner and interval layer of ovaries (near to the syconium cavity), in which most seeds and wasps were produced. This meant that fig tree provided the same potential resource for seed and wasps production. Observation indicated that there was usually only one foundress in syconium at female flower phase and no com- petition pollinators. Measurement of the style length of female flowers and the ovipositor of pollinators indicated that most ovaries could be reached by pollinator’s ovipositor. However, at the male flower phase, production of seeds was significantly more than that of wasps including non-pollinating wasps but there was no significant difference between seed and pollinating wasp production when without non-pollinating wasps produced. This result indicated that non-pollinating wasps competed ovaries not with seeds but with pollinating wasps for ovipositing. Bagged experiment showed that the sampling fig species was not self-sterile which was important for figs and wasps to survive bad season. Seed production in self-pollinated figs was not significantly different from total wasps in- cluding non-pollinating ones. This might be related with the weaker competition among wasps since bagged figs were not easy to reach by wasps from outside.

近30年大气化学和大气环境研究回顾——纪念中国气象科学研究院成立50周年

概述了中国气象科学研究院(简称气科院)近30年来有关大气化学和大气环境研究成果。该院完成了国家自然科学基金重大项目和科技部973项目等一系列重要研究项目,做出了许多具有重大创新性的成果:在青藏高原发现“臭氧低谷”,这一重大发现列为当年中国10大科技成果之一;首次把环境、生态、气候几个重要领域进行综合研究,发现人类活动对环境造成的变化改变了生态环境状态,最终对区域气候造成影响;对北京市大气污染机理和调控原理进行了深入研究,在三维立体观测基础上,提出了点-面结合与统计-动力综合分析,地面观测-卫星遥感分析方法及模式新技术等,获取了解决大气环境领域关键技术难点的创新成果;建立了全球第一个大陆大气本底基准观象台即瓦里关本底台,开创了我国全球大气本底业务观测等。几十年来气科院大气化学研究工作几乎涵盖了当前大气化学所有重要领域及其前沿学科,其中包括温室气体、臭氧和反应性气体、气溶胶、酸雨、模式的发展及应用、空气质量预报技术和环境评价等。气科院大气化学研究工作是和中国气象局大气成分监测站网建设密不可分的,广大科研人员参加了诸如大气本底站网、酸雨站网、臭氧站网、沙尘暴站网等业务站网的建设,与此同时也构建了大气化学科研平台。

气候和气候变化领域的研究进展

该文回顾了过去几十年来中国气象科学研究院在气候和气候变化研究方面的成果,主要包括对我国历史气候资料的恢复、重建和整理,气候区划,对我国气温和降水的研究,对青藏高原温度和降水、近地层与边界层地-气过程,大气热源特征和臭氧变化的研究,古气候模拟,对气候变化的预测理论和方法以及气候和气候变化对我国社会、经济的影响等方面的研究。近50年中国气象科学研究院收集大量气候资料并整理出版了《中国近五百年旱涝分布图集》;对风能等资源进行了气候区划;明确了近几十年中国地区在20世纪40年代和90年代出现了两个暖期,20世纪50—60年代出现了相对冷期;在全球变暖的背景下,以四川为中心的西南地区自20世纪50年代到80年代一直在变冷;20世纪80年代以后,多雨带由华北南移到长江中下游地区;提出青藏高原近地层与边界层地-气过程的综合物理图像;发现青藏高原夏季臭氧低值中心;模拟出青藏高原隆起过程中中国气候变化特征;揭示出东亚季风环流系统及其成员;设计了多种预报方法;还将气候和气候变化研究成果向国家经济转化。

中国科学院红壤生态实验站长期监测研究进展

针对红壤地区面临的一系列土壤问题,中国科学院红壤生态实验站围绕典型红壤地区水、土、气、生4个方面的各项指标参数进行了长期监测。每年共采集和分析整理各类数据约30 Mb。大量的监测数据信息为红壤生态系统的长期研究以及区域农业可持续发展提供了支撑服务。通过多年的监测研究,发现红壤地区土壤p H呈下降趋势,土壤有机质、全量氮、磷等养分含量不同程度增加,土壤速效养分含量增长速度缓慢。

云南属都湖近百年环境演变的湖泊沉积记录与器测资料对比研究

通过对属都湖湖心钻取的短岩芯Esdr1进行放射性核素137Cs和常规的元素分析,利用137Cs建立精确的年代标尺,开展地球化学记录环境演变与器测资料的对比研究。器测资料表明,近50年来,该地区主要的气候变化特征:1958～1983年,气候偏冷湿;1983～2002年,气候逐渐暖干化,这些气候波动特征被沉积岩芯忠实记录。研究表明属都湖沉积物地球化学代用指标指示的气候演化特征与器测资料可很好的对比印证,属都湖沉积岩芯完整的记录了区域气候变化的信息。

中国气象科学研究院人工影响天气研究进展回顾

中国气象科学研究院人工影响天气研究,在过去的40多年中,围绕人工增雨技术与外场试验、雹云物理与人工防雹、雾结构观测与人工消雾、云的宏观结构与云图、云降水模式与数值模拟、云物理室内实验与催化剂及催化技术等方面开展了大量的研究工作,取得了丰硕的研究成果,很多研究成果在我国人工影响天气业务实践中已经得到广泛的应用,发挥了实际效益。

中尺度气象学研究与中国气象科学研究院

近50年来,中尺度气象学研究一直是中国气象科学研究院的首要课题。早在1963年,中国气象科学研究院就开始参与主持国内首次长江三角洲地区中尺度气象学试验。此后,又先后主持了“京津冀灾害性天气监测和超短期预报基地”(1986—1990年)、“海峡两岸及邻近地区暴雨试验研究”(1997—2003年)、“我国重大天气灾害形成机理与预测研究”(1998—2003年)以及“我国南方致洪暴雨监测与预测的理论和方法研究”(2004—2009年)等国家重大科技项目。在这些项目中,中国气象科学研究院与有关单位密切合作,独立自主地完成了数字天气雷达系统、多普勒天气雷达系统、车载多普勒天气雷达系统、风廓线雷达系统、全自动扫描双通道微波辐射计、自动气象站网、中尺度气象资料自动收集、处理、分析及显示集成系统等研制工作,并且研制发展了中尺度非静力大气数值预报模式。利用现代中尺度大气探测网,组织实施了多次中尺度暴雨等大气综合观测试验,取得了丰富的中尺度观测资料,为我国中尺度气象发展奠定重要的科学与技术基础,做出了重大贡献,先后获得了16项国家科技奖励。

返回式科学卫星搭载食用菌的空间生物学效应

为探讨食用菌空间生物学效应，利用返回式科学卫星搭载了食用菌平菇（Ｐｌｅｕｒｏｔｕｓｏｓｔｒｅａｔｕｓ）和金针菇（Ｆｌａｍｍｕｌｉｎａｖｅｌｕｔｉｐｅｓ），对搭载后的食用菌菌丝体和子实体进行了的一系列生物学检测及栽培试验。结果表明：搭载食用菌与地面对照相比，具有子实体形成早，产量高，粗纤维及有机质转化率高，多糖含量高，菌丝体内源激素含量高等优良性状，为培育优良的食用菌品种及食用菌栽培技术在受控生态生命支持系统中的应用提供了数据。

Climate Sensitivity and Feedbacks of a New Coupled Model CAMS-CSM to Idealized CO_2 Forcing: A Comparison with CMIP5 Models

Climate sensitivity and feedbacks are basic and important metrics to a climate system. They determine how large surface air temperature will increase under CO_2 forcing ultimately, which is essential for carbon reduction policies to achieve a specific warming target. In this study, these metrics are analyzed in a climate system model newly developed by the Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences(CAMS-CSM) and compared with multi-model results from the Coupled Model Comparison Project phase 5(CMIP5). Based on two idealized CO_2 forcing scenarios, i.e.,abruptly quadrupled CO_2 and CO_2 increasing 1% per year, the equilibrium climate sensitivity(ECS) and transient climate response(TCR) in CAMS-CSM are estimated to be about 2.27 and 1.88 K, respectively. The ECS is near the lower bound of CMIP5 models whereas the TCR is closer to the multi-model ensemble mean(MME) of CMIP5 due to compensation of a relatively low ocean heat uptake(OHU) efficiency. The low ECS is caused by an unusually negative climate feedback in CAMS-CSM, which is attributed to cloud shortwave feedback(λSWCL) over the tropical Indo-Pacific Ocean.The CMIP5 ensemble shows that more negative λSWCL is related to larger increase in low-level(925–700 hPa)cloud over the tropical Indo-Pacific under warming, which can explain about 90% of λSWCL in CAMS-CSM. Static stability of planetary boundary layer in the pre-industrial simulation is a critical factor controlling the low-cloud response and λSWCL across the CMIP5 models and CAMS-CSM. Evidently, weak stability in CAMS-CSM favors lowcloud formation under warming due to increased low-level convergence and relative humidity, with the help of enhanced evaporation from the warming tropical Pacific. Consequently, cloud liquid water increases, amplifying cloud albedo, and eventually contributing to the unusually negative λSWCL and low ECS in CAMS-CSM. Moreover, the OHU may influence climate feedbacks and then the ECS by modulating regional sea surface temperature responses.

Performance of CAMS-CSM in Simulating the Shortwave Cloud Radiative Effect over Global Stratus Cloud Regions: Baseline Evaluation and Sensitivity Test

The ability of climate models to correctly reproduce clouds and the radiative effects of clouds is vitally important in climate simulations and projections.In this study,simulations of the shortwave cloud radiative effect(SWCRE)using the Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences Climate System Model(CAMS-CSM)are evaluated.The relationships between SWCRE and dynamic–thermodynamic regimes are examined to understand whether the model can simulate realistic processes that are responsible for the generation and maintenance of stratus clouds.Over eastern China,CAMS-CSM well simulates the SWCRE climatological state and stratus cloud distribution.The model captures the strong dependence of SWCRE on the dynamic conditions.Over the marine boundary layer regions,the simulated SWCRE magnitude is weaker than that in the observations due to the lack of low-level stratus clouds in the model.The model fails to simulate the close relationship between SWCRE and local stability over these regions.A sensitivity numerical experiment using a specifically designed parameterization scheme for the stratocumulus cloud cover confirms this assertion.Parameterization schemes that directly depict the relationship between the stratus cloud amount and stability are beneficial for improving the model performance.

An Assessment of CAMS-CSM in Simulating Land–Atmosphere Heat and Water Exchanges

The Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences(CAMS)has been devoted to developing a climate system model(CSM)to meet demand for climate simulation and prediction for the East Asian region.In this study,we evaluated the performance of CAMS-CSM in regard to sensible heat flux(H),latent heat flux(LE),surface temperature,soil moisture,and snow depth,focusing on the Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project experiment,with the aim of participating in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6.We systematically assessed the simulation results achieved by CAMS-CSM for these variables against various reference products and ground observations,including the FLUXNET model tree ensembles H and LE data,Climate Prediction Center soil moisture data,snow depth climatology data,and Chinese ground observations of snow depth and winter surface temperature.We compared these results with data from the ECMWF Interim reanalysis(ERA-Interim)and Global Land Data Assimilation System(GLDAS).Our results indicated that CAMS-CSM simulations were better than or comparable to ERA-Interim reanalysis for snow depth and winter surface temperature at regional scales,but slightly worse when simulating total column soil moisture.The root-mean-square differences of H in CAMS-CSM were all greater than those from the ERA-Interim reanalysis,but less than or comparable to those from GLDAS.The spatial correlations for H in CAMS-CSM were the lowest in nearly all regions,except for North America.CAMS-CSM LE produced the lowest bias in Siberia,North America,and South America,but with the lowest spatial correlation coefficients.Therefore,there are still scopes for improving H and LE simulations in CAMS-CSM,particularly for LE.