红花(Carthamus tinctorius L.)种子醇溶蛋白遗传多样性分析

利用A—PAGE（Acid—polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis）技术对来源于32个国家的53份红花材料进行了种子醇溶蛋白检测。结果表明，这些红花材料具有丰富的醇溶蛋白等位变异，共分离出15条迁移率不同的谱带。其中，每份材料可电泳出5-12条谱带，平均8．5条，所有材料有1条共有带。红花种子醇溶蛋白可作为评价红花遗传多样性的工具之一。不同材料的遗传相似系数（GS）变异范围为0．375—1．000，平均值为0．752。聚类分析结果表明，在GS值为0．752的水平上供试材料聚为6大类，其亲缘关系远近与地理来源关系不大。其中，来自中国的7份材料分别被聚在了3个大类中，表明中国红花种子醇溶蛋白遗传多样性比较丰富。

Progress of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) regeneration through tissue culture

Background: Safflower regeneration through tissue culture has long been limited to low frequency and lack of an efficient protocol that suitable for most safflower cultivars. In past decades, researches had been carried out to investigate safflower regeneration through tissue culture and great progress had been made. Objective: To investigate factors that affect safflower regeneration through tissue culture principally. Methods: This article summarized available literatures about advancements in safflower regeneration, especially discussed factors affecting safflower tissue culture in detail. Results: Safflower regeneration was fairly hard than other congeneric plants, such as chrysanthemum. The genotype, seedling age, type of explants, medium components, plant growth regulators and other additives all had specific influences on safflower tissue culture. More deepgoing researches need to be undertaken to establish an effective safflower regeneration system.

Color spaces of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) for quality assessment

Objective:In this study,safflower(Carthamus tinctorius L.)was taken as a representative example to examine the application of color characteristics to evaluate quality.Methods:A computer vision system was established for the objective and nondestructive assessment of color using image processing algorithms.Color parameters were investigated based on the RGB,L*a*b and HSV color spaces.The content of hydroxysafflor yellow A(HSYA),a major bioactive constituent of safflower,was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography.The relationship between HSYA content and color values was investigated by Pearson correlation analysis.A multiple linear regression model was established to predict the HSYA content from color values.Results:The red color and lightness of safflower were found to be significantly related to HSYA content.The prediction equation obtained by multiple regression was reliable with an R2 value of 0.805(P<.01).Conclusion:The results suggest that the computer vision technique could be used as a promising and non-destructive technology for color measurement and quality evaluation of CHM.

Safflower (Carthamus Tinctorius L.) a Potential Source of Drugs against Cryptococcal Infections, Malaria and Leishmaniasis

In this research we present that Carthamus Tinctorius L.(gen.Asteraceae,otherwise known as Safflower)(Fig.1)may contain agents active in Cryptococcal infections,malaria and Leishmaniasis,as treatment options are becoming scarce due to drug resistance development.Phytochemistry and pharmacological activities(antimicrobial,antimalarial,antileishmanial)of C.tinctorius L.were analyzed.The composition of volatile oil of safflower dried flowers was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometry with flame ionization detector(GC-FID)and in vitro sensitivity assays were performed to assess biological activity.8 known and 3 unknown compounds were detected in the extract(Fig.1).Then the Safflower ointment was manufactured and its acute toxicity study on rats was tested.The volatile oil of C.tinctorius L exhibited activity against Cryptococcus neoformans,Plasmodium falciparum and Leishmania donovani.Safflower volatile oil has anticryptococcal,antimalarial and antileishmanial effects.The prepared ointment had an excellent acute toxicity safety profile.

Assay for the developmental toxicity of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) to zebrafish embryos/larvae

Objective:To explore the developmental toxicity and the potential toxicological mechanism of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) on zebrafish embryos/larvae.Methods:Mortality,malformations and increased apoptosis induced by safflower were assessed in zebraflsh embryos from 6 to 96 hours post-fertilization.Enzymes and genes in the anti-oxidative and apoptotic pathways were also assayed.Results:The lethal concentration 50 of safflower to zebrafish embryos was 345.6 mg/L.Hatching inhibition,abnormal spontaneous movement,depressed heart rate,pericardial edema,yolk sac edema,abnormal head-trunk angle,inhibition of melanin release,enlarged yolk,and short body length were observed in safflower-treated zebrafish.Additional apoptotic cells mainly appeared around the heart.Safflower exposure changed the activities of defense enzymes (SOD T,CAT↑,MDA↑,GPX without trend),increased MDA content,decreased caspase-3 activity,and altered mRNA levels of related genes (ogg1 ↓,p53↓,Cu/Zn-sod↑,Mn-sod↓,cat↓,gpx↑).Conclusion:Safflower exhibits developmental toxicity for zebrafish embryos/larvae.The developing heart was speculated as the target organ of toxicity.Oxidative stress and increased apoptosis have roles in the developmental toxicity of safflower.This article provides a novel method to research the teratogenicity and possible mechanisms of toxicity of traditional Chinese medicines that are prohibited or contraindicated in pregnant women.

Influence of Meta-Topolin on Efficient Plant Regeneration via Micropropagation and Organogenesis of Safflower (<i>Carthamus tinctorius</i>L.) cv. NARI-H-15

The effect of meta-Topolin (mT) was assessed to develop a reliable protocol for efficient plant regeneration of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) cv. NARI-H-15. For micropropagation, 7 - 9 days old shoot-tip explants cultured on MS basal medium supplemented with 3.0 mg/L meta-Topolin (mT) + 0.5 mg/L CPPU showed 97.7% adventitious shoot formation (42.4 shootlets) than node after 45 days of culture. For organogenesis, the seedling explants of immature leaf cultured on 1.5 mg/L CPPU or 1.5 mg/L NAA fortified medium produced high amount of callus than cotyledon and stem calli after 60 days of culture. However, MS basal medium fortified with 4.0 mg/L mT + 1.5 mg/L CPPU was found beneficial to stimulate 100% organogenic response (74.7 shootlets) from immature leaf calli than cotyledon and stem derived calli after 45 days of culture. The healthy plantlets obtained from micropropagation and organogenesis process cultured on 1/4 MS basal salts, 1.5% sucrose (w/v) and 0.8% agar (w/v) medium supplemented with NAA (1.5 mg/L) and mT (0.1 mg/L) produced maximum of 96% (12.8 rootlets) and 84% (7.3 rootlets) adventitious rooting, respectively than mT and CPPU tested medium. However, maximum of 67% and 42% survival rate was noticed when in vitro raised plants from micropropagation and organogenesis were hardened in pots containing soil mix and maintained under green house condition. This optimized regeneration protocol might be helpful in regeneration of new genotypes and cultivars of safflower to improve agronomic traits through in vitro selection process and Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation system.

Molecular mechanism of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge and Carthamus tinctorius L. in the treatment of myocardial ischemia based on network pharmacology: a comparative study

Based on network pharmacology and molecular docking technology,the similarities and differences of anti-myocardial ischemia mechanism between Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge(SM)and Carthamus tinctorius L.(CT)were studied.Firstly,based on the traditional Chinese medicine systems pharmacology(TCMSP),the related compounds of SM and CT were obtained,and the potential targets of these compounds were collected by the target fishing method.Genecards database was used to obtain targets related to myocardial ischemia.The cross targets of CT,SM,and myocardial ischemia were then selected,and the protein-protein interaction(PPI)network was constructed based on the STRING database.The cross targets were imported into the Metascape database for Gene Oncology(GO)and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)analysis.Cytoscape software was used to build the topological network diagram of the drug-compound-target path.Finally,the binding ability of the active ingredient and the key target was verified by molecular docking.65 active ingredients and 38 potential targets were screened from SM,and 22 active ingredients and 58 potential targets were excavated from CT.Important targets common to SM and CT were TNF,IL6,VEGFA,AKT1,etc.The common enrichment pathways involved are fluid shear stress and atherosclerosis,IL-17 signaling pathway,pathways in cancer,and toxoplasmosis.The findings suggested that the two traditional Chinese medicines exerted the effect of myocardial ischemia through the characteristics of multiple targets,multiple pathways,and multiple compounds.

油用型红花(Carthamus tinctoris L.)种子醇溶蛋白遗传多样性分析

利用A-PAGE（Acid-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis）技术对来源于不同国家的79份油用型红花材料醇溶蛋白位点进行检测。结果表明，油用型红花醇溶蛋白位点存在丰富的变异类型，共分离出15条迁移率不同的谱带，每份材料具有3—12条不等，平均8．5条。材料间平均遗传相似系数（GS）为0．5303，变幅为0．1333—1．000，且各洲间遗传多样性大于洲内遗传多样性。在GS值为0．512的水平上，供试材料聚为六大类，聚类结果表明，红花醇溶蛋白图谱类型与其地理分布有一定的相关，但不显著。

不同品种红花HPLC指纹图谱及其化学成分差异性研究

目的采用HPLC指纹图谱结合化学模式识别评价不同品种红花Carthamus tinctorius L.质量。方法建立HPLC指纹图谱,采用HPLC-Q-TOF-MS法对共有峰进行鉴定,结合聚类分析、偏最小二乘判别分析进行质量评价,筛选差异成分。结果43批样品指纹图谱中有12个共有峰,鉴定出6-羟基山柰酚-3,6,7-三-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷、烟花苷等11种成分,相似度为0.919~0.998。不同品种样品聚为3类,9,12,13-三羟基-10-十八碳烯酸等6种成分为质量差异标志物。结论该方法可有效识别不同品种红花成分差异,为该药材选育及质量控制提供依据。

Effects of several Chinese crude drugs on ^(45)Ca transmembrane influx in vascular smooth muscles

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化肥减量配施微生物菌肥对膜下滴灌红花生长发育及产量的影响

【目的】研究化肥减量配施微生物菌肥对膜下滴灌红花生长发育及产量的影响。【方法】2020~2021年在新疆塔城地区裕民县设置2年定位施肥试验,采用裂区试验设计,设6个处理:(1)对照CK:不施肥;(2)CF:复合肥20 kg/667m^(2);(3)OF:微生物菌肥20 kg/667m^(2);(4)CF+25M:化肥15 kg/667m^(2)(化肥减量25%)+微生物菌肥5 kg/667m^(2);(5)CF+37.5M:化肥12.5 kg/667m^(2)(化肥减量37.5%)+微生物菌肥7.5 kg/667m^(2);(6)CF+50M:化肥10 kg/667m^(2)(化肥减量50%)+微生物菌肥10 kg/667m^(2)。研究不同施肥处理对红花农艺性状、干物质积累与分配和产量形成的影响。【结果】处理CF+25M和CF+37.5M有利于红花的生长发育,可以显著增加红花株高、分枝数、叶片数和叶绿素含量等,并能促进红花干物质积累,调节干物质分配,协调改善红花产量构成因素,从而增加红花花丝和籽粒产量。其中以CF+37.5M处理下红花综合性状表现最优,其单株果球数、千粒重、花丝产量和籽粒产量分别比CF处理显著提高了87.85%、12.29%、11.42%和15.78%,同时株高、根长和叶绿素含量亦均达到最高水平。【结论】化肥减量配施微生物菌肥CF+37.5M:化肥12.5 kg/667m^(2)(化肥减量37.5%)+微生物菌肥7.5 kg/667m^(2)最优,能有效降低化肥施用量,促进红花生长发育,从而提高肥料利用率。

UV,HPLC测定红花中黄色素、多糖和腺苷的含量

目的：为红花药材的质量评价提供依据。方法：采用ＵＶ，ＨＰＬＣ分析不同产地红花的化学成分含量（黄色素、多糖、腺苷）。结果：不同产地红花黄色素含量在２４．９０％～４０．３４％的范围内，多糖含量在５．６２％～１０．２２％的范围内，腺苷含量在３８．７～３９２．７μｇ·ｇ－１的范围内。结论：不同产地红花化学成分含量存在差异（Ｐ＜０．０１），巍山红花黄色素含量最高，新乡红花多糖含量最高；吉木萨尔红花腺苷含量最高。

红花RP-HPLC指纹图谱的建立及其质量研究

目的 建立红花RP HPLC指纹图谱分析法 ,研究不同产地红花药材的质量。方法 采用梯度洗脱的方法进行色谱分离 ,使用“计算机辅助相似度评价软件”进行数据处理 ,对不同产地红花药材指纹图谱的相似度进行比较分析。结果 不同产地红花药材指纹图谱相似度较好 ,但仍有少数产地的药材指纹图谱中有明显差别。结论 采用RP HPLC方法控制药材的指纹图谱 ,方法重现性好 ,用于红花的质量评价切实可行。不同产地红花药材化学组成相似 ,其相对比例较稳定。

种植密度和行距对膜下滴灌红花生长发育及产量的影响

【目的】研究不同种植密度和行距对膜下滴灌红花生长发育和产量的影响,为构建红花高光效种植模式提供参考。【方法】2020~2021年在新疆塔城地区裕民县设置田间试验,采用两因素随机区组设计,种植密度设4个处理:1.0×10^(4)株/667m^(2)(A_(1))、1.5×10^(4)株/667m^(2)(A_(2))、2.0×10^(4)株/667m^(2)(A_(3))和2.5×10^(4)株/667m^(2)(A_(4)),行距设2个处理:20 cm(B_(1))和30 cm(B_(2)),分析不同种植密度和行距对膜下滴灌红花农艺性状、干物质积累和产量的影响。【结果】在一定种植密度范围内,红花株高、叶绿素含量、干物质积累量、产量等指标均随种植密度的增加而逐渐增加,单株果球数、每果粒数和千粒重则随着种植密度的增加而降低,而不同行距则对红花的各指标影响较小。A_(3) B_(1)和A_(3) B_(2)处理下红花的综合指标和产量均显著优于其他处理,A_(3)处理下花丝产量分别比A_(1)、A_(2)和A_(4)处理增加了15.73%、11.23%和7.97%,籽粒产量分别比A_(1)、A_(2)和A_(4)处理增加了18.75%、11.96%和14.50%。【结论】种植密度(2.0×10^(4)株/667m^(2)(A_(3)),20 cm(B_(1))或30 cm(B_(2)),等行距)为红花高产高效的栽培模式,能协调红花生长,显著提高红花花丝和籽粒产量。

水氮耦合对膜下滴灌红花生长发育及产量的影响

【目的】研究水氮耦合对膜下滴灌红花生长发育、干物质积累量和产量的影响。【方法】采用裂区试验设计,以灌水量水平为主区。播前施基肥磷酸二铵(总养分64%,N-P_(2)O_(5)=18-46)150 kg/hm^(2),氧化钾(30%)75 kg/hm^(2)。设灌水量(W)和施氮量(N)2个因素,3个灌水量水平:W_(1):1200 m^(3)/hm^(2)(低灌量)、W_(2):1500 m^(3)/hm^(2)(中灌量)和W_(3):1800 m^(3)/hm^(2)(高灌量);3个施氮量水平:N_(0):不施氮(空白)、N_(1):300 kg/hm^(2)(传统施氮量)和N_(2):600 kg/hm^(2)(高施氮量)。测定不同处理下红花的农艺性状、干物质积累量和产量,评估不同水氮耦合处理对红花生长发育和产量影响。【结果】适宜的灌溉量和施肥量对红花生长发育有显著的促进作用,W_(2)N_(0)和W_(2)N_(1)处理下红花的株高、分枝数和叶片数等农艺性状均显著高于其他处理,其中W_(2)N_(1)处理下红花干物质积累速率及积累量、单株果球数和每果粒数均达到最高水平,花丝产量和籽粒产量在W_(2)处理下均比W_(1)和W_(3)处理显著增加了8.09%和20.84%,但在N_(1)和N_(2)处理下差异较小,却均比N_(0)处理显著增加了10.69%和25.66%。【结论】中灌量和传统施肥量处理W_(2)N_(1)(灌溉量1500 m^(3)/hm^(2)及施肥量300 kg/hm^(2))最优,可以促进红花的生长发育、提高水肥利用效率、增加干物质积累、协调产量构成因素,达到高产优质。

中国红花遗传多样性的AFLP分子标记(英文)

目的考察红花的种内变异，为进一步进行红花种质资源选育和筛选品质相关基因奠定基础。方法采用扩增片段长度多态性（AFLP）技术，研究中国红花28个不同栽培居群在DNA水平的多态性。采用UPGMA构建系统树图进行聚类分析和计算遗传距离。结果筛选得到的12对引物的扩增片段具有丰富的多态性。各居群间的遗传相似系数在0．48-0．96。聚类分析显示它们分为3大主要类群和一个中间类群。结论红花种内存在一定的遗传多样性。基于AFLP条带统计的聚类结果和表型特征并不完全一致，可能是基因型和环境共同作用于表型的结果。

红花的HPLC指纹图谱研究

目的建立评价红花质量优劣的指纹图谱分析方法。方法采用高效液相色谱分析,色谱柱Zorbax SB-C18柱(4.6 mm ×250 mm,5 μm),以乙腈-0.5%磷酸水溶液为流动相,采用梯度洗脱的方法进行色谱分离,流速为0.8 mL·min-1,检测波长275 nm,枉温为30 0℃测定了23批不同产地的红花药材的HPLC指纹图谱,并使用“计算机辅助相似度评价软件”和相似度分析对数据进行处理,对不同批药材指纹图谱的相似度进行比较分析。结果根据相似度分析处理结果,将红花药材分为2类,合格药材与不合格药材结论本方法简便、快捷、可靠,为提高红花质量控制标准提供参考。

HPLC法测定红花中红花黄色素A的含量

目的:建立了高效液相色谱法测定红花药材中红花黄色素A的含量,考察不同产地红花中红花黄色素A的含量。方法:以香草酸为内标物,色谱柱为ODS2(200 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),甲醇-0.2%乙酸水溶液(10:90)为流动相,流量为1.0 mL·min-1,柱温为25℃,检测波长为222 nm。结果:线性范围9.4-150.4μg·mL-1,r=0.9999,平均回收率(n=3)为97.6%,RSD为1.7%。结论:本法简便、准确、重现性好,可作为红花药材质量控制的有效方法。

新疆红花的产量等级划分及增产措施

采用文献整合分析的方式,利用联合国粮食及农业组织官网下载的世界及中国的红花子粒产量数据,调查了新疆红花生长指标、产量及增产措施效果。结果表明,新疆红花株高、茎粗、分枝高、果球直径的均值分别为88.97、1.58、36.45、2.50 cm,单株平均果球数为15.71个,平均千粒重为43.61 g,花丝产量为152.00~1 350.00 kg/hm^(2),平均为421.06 kg/hm^(2),子粒产量为540.00~2 913.00 kg/hm^(2),平均为1 699.35 kg/hm^(2)。相关分析表明,红花花丝产量与各生长指标间存在不同程度的相关性,子粒产量未呈显著相关性。2016—2021年全球与中国红花子粒产量均值分别为949.4 kg/hm^(2)和1 458.5 kg/hm^(2),将子粒产量1 800 kg/hm^(2)及以上作为高产田,1 350~1 800 kg/hm^(2)作为中高产田,900~1 350 kg/hm^(2)作为中产田,900 kg/hm^(2)以下作为低产田。合理密植、灌溉、施肥等措施均能提高红花产量。适当提高种植密度可提高产量31%~54%,合理灌溉可增加产量33%~92%,而合理施肥可提高产量约1倍。新疆红花产量变异较大,有必要进一步探索红花高产稳产栽培技术体系。

注射用丹红(粉针)-中间体-药材HPLC指纹图谱相关性研究

探讨中药指纹图谱相关性研究方法,运用Agilent 1100 DAD-HPLC高效液相色谱仪,采用色谱条件:大连依利特SinoChrom ODS-BP(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm)色谱柱,甲醇-0.1%磷酸水梯度洗脱,柱温30℃,流速1.0 mL.min-1,检测波长280 nm,进样量20μL。建立了的相同条件下丹红注射剂、中间体和药材的HPLC指纹图谱。所建立的指纹图谱个峰分离度较好,指纹信息完整,符合指纹图谱技术规范。进一步利用相似度分析软件进行了指纹图谱相关性分析,揭示了丹红注射剂与中间体和药材具有较好的相关性。共有峰的相对保留时间及相对峰面积参数,可作为中药注射剂质量控制的重要依据。