Cable Pin System versus K-wire Tension Band Fixation for Patella Fractures in Chinese Han Population: A Meta-analysis

This meta-analysis compared the therapeutic effect of cable pin system（CPS） with K-wire tension band（KTB） in the treatment of patella fractures among Chinese Han population. The databases of PubM ed, Cochrane library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure（CNKI）, Chinese Wan Fang and Chinese VIP were searched for studies on CPS versus KTB in the treatment of patella fractures among Chinese Han population. Literatures were screened according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The quality of the studies was assessed, and meta-analysis was performed using the Cochrane Collaboration＇s REVMAN 5.3 software. A total of 932 patients from 15 studies were included in this meta-analysis（426 fractures treated with CPS and 506 fractures treated with KTB）. There were significant differences in duration of hospital stay [mean difference（MD）=–1.07; 95% confidence interval（CI）： –1.71 to –0.43], fracture healing time（MD=–1.23; 95% CI： –1.68 to –0.77）, flexion degree of knee joint at 6 th month after operation（MD=14.82; 95% CI： 10.93 to 18.71）, incidence of postoperative complication [risk ratio（RR）=0.16; 95% CI： 0.09 to 0.27] and excellent-good rate of B？stman score（RR=1.09; 95% CI： 1.03 to 1.16） between the CPS group and KTB group, while no significant difference was found in operative time between the two groups（MD=–4.52; 95% CI： –11.70 to 2.67）. For the treatment of patella fractures among Chinese Han population, limited evidence suggests that the CPS is more suitable than the KTB when considering the hospital stay, fracture healing time, flexion degree of knee at 6 th month after operation, incidence of postoperative complication and excellent-good rate of B？stman joint score. Due to the limitation of high quality evidence and sample size, more large-scale randomized controlled trials are needed to validate the findings in the future.

Associations between thromboxane A synthase 1 gene polymorphisms and the risk of ischemic stroke in a Chinese Han population

Thromboxane A synthase 1 （TBXAS1） catalyses the synthesis of thromboxane A2 （TXA2）, which plays an important role in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke. Thus, the TBXAS1 gene was investigated as a candidate gene involved in the formation of atherosclerosis. This case-control study collected peripheral blood specimens and clinical data of 370 ischemic stroke patients and 340 healthy controls in the Northern Chinese Han population from October 2010 to May 2011. Two TBXAS1 single-nucleotide polymorphisms, rs2267682 and rs10487667, were analyzed using a SNaPshot Multiplex sequencing assay to explore the relationships between the single-nucleotide polymorphisms in TBXAS1 and ischemic stroke. The TT genotype frequency and T allele frequency of rs2267682 in the patients with ischemic stroke were significantly higher than those in the controls （P 〈 0.01 and P = 0.02）. Furthermore, compared with the GG ＋ GT genotype, the TT rs2267682 genotype was associated with increased risk of ischemic stroke （odds ratio （OR） = 1.80, 95% confidence interval （CI）： 1.16–2.79, P 〈 0.01）. Multivariate logistic analysis with adjustments for confounding factors revealed that rs2267682 was still associated with ischemic stroke （OR = 1.94,95% CI ： 1.13–3.33, P = 0.02）. The frequency of the T-G haplotype in the patients was significantly higher than that in the controls according haplotype analysis （OR = 1.49, 95% CI： 1.10–2.00, P 〈 0.01）. These data reveal that the rs2267682 TBXAS1 polymorphism is associated with ischemic stroke. The TT genotype of TBXAS1 and T allele of rs2267682 increase susceptibility to ischemic stroke in this Northern Chinese Han population. The protocol has been registered with the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry （registration number： ChiCTR-COC-17013559）.

The association analysis polymorphism of CDKAL1 and diabetic retinopathy in Chinese Han population

AIM： To identify the contribution of CDKAL1 to the development of diabetic retinopathy（DR） in Chinese population.·METHODS： A case-control study was performed to investigate the genetic association between DR and polymorphic variants of CDKAL1 in Chinese Han population with type 2 diabetes mellitus（T2DM）. A welldefined population with T2 DM, consisting of 475 controls and 105 DR patients, was recruited. All subjects were genotyped for the genetic variant（rs10946398） of CDKAL1. Genotyping was performed by i PLEX technology. The association between rs10946398 and T2 DM was assessed by univariate and multivariate logistic regression（MLR） analysis.· RESULTS： There were significant differences in C allele frequencies of rs10946398（CDKAL1） between control and DR groups（45.06% versus 55.00%, P 〈0.05）.The rs10946398 of CDKAL1 was found to be associated with the increased risk of DR among patients with diabetes.·CONCLUSION： Our findings suggest that rs10946398 of CDKAL1 is independently associated with DR in a Chinese Han population.

Effects of SNPs at Newly Identified Lipids Loci on Blood Lipid Levels and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in Chinese Han Population:A Case Control Study

Associations between ＂lipid-related＂ candidate genes,blood lipid concentrations and coronary artery disease（CHD） risk are not clear.We aimed to investigate the effect of three newly identified lipids loci from genome-wide association studies on CHD and blood lipid levels in Chinese Han population.The genotypes of SNPs at three newly identified lipid loci and blood lipids concentrations were examined in 1360 CHD patients and 1360 age-and sex-frequency matched controls from an unrelated Chinese Han population.Allele T of rs16996148 occurred less frequently in CHD patients with the odds ratio（OR） being 0.64（95% CI 0.50 to 0.81）,after adjusting for conventional risk factors and was associated with a 33% decreased CHD risk（P0.01） comparing with the major allele G.Individuals with GT genotype had the lowest CHD risk.No associations were found between the polymorphisms of other two loci with CHD risk and all three SNPs had no effect on lipid profile in this population.SNP rs16996148 on chromosome 19p13 is significantly associated with lower risk for CHD in Chinese Han population.However,it remains unresolved why these lipid-related loci had significantly less effects than the correspondingly expected effects on blood lipids levels in this population.

MAPT as a predisposing gene for sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in the Chinese Han population

A previous study of European Caucasian patients with sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis demonstrated that a polymorphism in the microtubule-associated protein Tau （MAPT） gene was significantly associated with sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis pathogenesis. Here, we tested this association in 107 sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients and 100 healthy controls from the Chinese Han population. We screened the mutation-susceptible regions of MAPT- the 3＇ and 5＇ untranslated regions as well as introns 9, 10, 11, and 12 - by direct sequencing, and identified 33 genetic variations. Two of these, 105788 A 〉 G in intron 9 and 123972 T 〉 A in intron 11, were not present in the control group. The age of onset in patients with the 105788 A 〉 G and/or the 123972 T 〉 A variant was younger than that in patients without either genetic variation. Moreover, the pa- tients with a genetic variation were more prone to bulbar palsy and breathing difficulties than those with the wild-type genotype. This led to a shorter survival period in patients with a MAPT genetic variant. Our study suggests that the MAPT gene is a potential risk gene for sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in the Chinese Han population.

A single nucleotide polymorphism in the IL1RL1 gene is associated with Behcet's disease in a Chinese Han population

AIM:To explore the association of single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs)in the IL33/IL1RL1 gene region with the susceptibility to Behcet’s disease(BD)in a Chinese Han population.METHODS:A total of eight SNPs in the candidate gene region(rs11792633,rs7025417,rs10975519 and rs1048274 in IL33;rs2310220,rs12712142,rs13424006 and rs3821204 in IL1RL1)were genotyped in783 BD patients and 701 healthy controls by the Sequenom Mass Array i PLEX platform.RESULTS:A statistically significant association was observed between IL1RL1 rs12712142 and BD patients.The frequency of IL1RL1 rs12712142 variant allele A was significantly lower in BD patients than that in controls(OR=0.8,95%CI:0.69-0.94,Pc=0.039);the genotype distribution(Pc=0.043)and additive and dominant genetic model analyses(OR=0.8,95%CI:0.69-0.94,Pc=0.040 and OR=0.72,95%CI:0.58-0.88,Pc=0.011)also indicated a strong association between rs12712142 and BD patients.CONCLUSION:This is the first study to reveal the association between IL1RL1 rs12712142 variant allele A and the decreased risk of BD in the Chinese Han population,indicating a protective role of IL1RL1 in the pathogenesis of BD.

Genetic polymorphisms in pri-let-7a-2 are associated with ischemic stroke risk in a Chinese Han population from Liaoning, China: a case-control study

Ischemic stroke is a complicated disease, and its pathogenesis has been attributed to the occurrence of genetic polymorphisms.Evidence has suggested that the microRNA let-7a is involved in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke.Pri-miRNA is the primary transcript, which undergoes several processing steps to generate pre-miRNA and, later, mature miRNAs.In this case-control study, we analyzed the distribution of prilet-7a-2 variants in patients at a high risk for ischemic stroke and the interactions of pri-let-7a-2 variants and environmental factors.Blood samples and clinical information were collected from 1086 patients with ischemic stroke and 836 healthy controls between December 2013 and December 2015 at the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University.We found that the rs1143770 CC genotype and the C allele were associated with a decreased risk of ischemic stroke, whereas the rs629367 CC genotype was associated with an increased risk for ischemic stroke.Moreover, these two single-nucleotide polymorphisms were in linkage disequilibrium in this study sample.We analyzed gene-environment interactions and found that rs1143770 exerted a combined effect on the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke, together with alcohol use, smoking, and a history of hypertension.Therefore, the detection of pri-let-7a-2 polymorphisms may increase the awareness of ischemic stroke risk.This study was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, China(approval No.2012-38-1) on February 20, 2012, and was registered with the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry(registration number: ChiCTR-COC-17013559) on December 27, 2017.

Identification of Common Variants within KCNK17 in Chinese Han Population

KCNK17 is a member of the acid-sensitive subfamily of tandem pore K+ channels,which are open at all membrane potentials and contribute to cellular resting membrane potential.Recent genome-wide study(GWA)has shown that variants within KCNK17 confer genetic susceptibility for increasing ischemic stroke.In an effort to discover additional polymorphism(s),we scrutinized the genetic polymorphisms in the KCNK17.By direct DNA sequencing in 32 individuals,we identified nine sequence variants within the 16kb of whol...

Association of IL33/ST2 Signal Pathway Gene Polymorphisms with Myocardial Infarction in a Chinese Han Population

This study investigated the relationship between IL-33/ST2 signal pathway gene polymorphisms and myocardial infarction（MI） in Han Chinese. A case-control association analysis was performed on a total of 490 MI patients（MI group） and 929 normal subjects（NC group）. Sequenom Mass Array and Taqman genotyping technique were used to analyze the tag single nucleotide polymorphisms（SNPs） in the genes encoding IL-33, ST2, and IL-1Ra P（rs11792633, rs1041973 and rs4624606）. The results showed that the frequencies of rs4624606 genotypes AA, TT, AT were 0.031, 0.647, 0.322 in MI group and 0.026, 0.712, 0.263 in NC group, and the allele frequencies of A and T were 0.192, 0.808 in MI group and 0.157, 0.843 in NC group. There were significant differences in rs4624606 genotypes and allele frequencies between MI group and NC group（P〈0.05）. For rs11792633, the allele frequencies of C and T were 0.45, 0.55 in MI group and 0.454, 0.546 in NC group with no significant differences found between the two groups. Compared with genotype CC＋TC, rs11792633 genotype TT had an increased risk of hypertension（P〈0.05）. However, there were no significant differences in the frequencies of rs11792633 genotypes between the two groups. No significant differences were noted in the frequencies of rs1041973 genotype and allele between the two groups. Logistic regression analysis showed that rs4624606 genotypes AT and AA＋AT were both significantly associated with MI（AT： OR=1.325, P=0.029, 95% CI=1.03–1.705; AA＋AT： OR=1.316, P=0.028, 95% CI=1.03–1.681） after factors such as age, gender, smoking, drinking, body mass index（BMI）, triglyceride（TG） and cholesterol were adjusted. Those carrying rs4624606 genotype AT or AA＋AT had an increased risk of MI. No associations were found between the polymorphisms of the other two loci with MI. It was concluded that, in the IL33/ST2 signal pathway, the A allele of rs4624606 polymorphism of IL-1Ra P gene is a potential independent risk factor for MI, and the genotypes AA＋AT and AT are associated with the incidence of MI.

Variants of Interleukin-7/Interleukin-7 Receptor Alpha are Associated with Both Neuromyelitis Optica and Multiple Sclerosis Among Chinese Han Population in Southeastern China

Background： Neuromyelitis optica （NMO） and multiple sclerosis （MS） are autoimmune demyelinating diseases of the central nerve system, lnterleukin-7 （IL-7） and interleukin-7 receptor alpha （IL-7Rα） were proved to be important in the pathogenesis of both diseases because of the roles they played in the differentiations of autoimmune lymphocytes. The variants of both genes had been identified to be associated with MS susceptibility in Caucasian, Japanese and Korean populations. However, the association of these variants with NMO and MS has not been well studied in Chinese Southeastern Han population. Here, we aimed to evaluate the association of six IL-7 variants （rsl520333, rs1545298, rs4739140, rs6993386, rs7816065, and rs2887502） and one variant of IL-7RA （rs6897932） with NMO and MS among Chinese Han population in southeastern China. Methods： Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry （MassARRAY system） and Sanger sequencing were used to determine the variants of IL-7 and IL-7RA in 167 NMO patients, 159 MS patients and 479 healthy controls among Chinese Han population in southeastern China. Samples were excluded if the genotyping success rate 〈90%. Results： Statistical differences were observed in the genotypes of IL-7 rs1520333 in MS patients and IL-7RA rs6897932 in NMO patients, compared with healthy controls （P = 0.035 and 0.034, respectively）. There was a statistically significant difference in the genotypes of IL-7 rs2887502 between MS and NMO patients （P = 0.014）. And there were statistically significant differences in the rs6897932 genotypes （P = 0.004） and alleles （P = 0.042） between NMO-IgG positive patients and healthy controls. Conclusions： The study suggested that among Chinese Hart population in southeastern China, the variant of IL-7RA （rs6897932） was associated with NMO especially NMO-IgG positive patients while the variant of IL-7 （rs1520333） with MS patients. And the genotypic differences of IL-7 rs2887502 between MS and NMO indicated the different genetic backgrounds of these two diseases.

Positive Association Between Type 2 Diabetes Risk Alleles Near CDKAL1 and Reduced Birthweight in Chinese Han Individuals

Background： Fetal insulin hypothesis was proposed that the association between low birth weight and type 2 diabetes is principally genetically mediated. The aim of this study was to investigate whether common variants in genes CDKALI, HHEX, ADCY5, SRR, PTPRD that predisposed to type 2 diabetes were also associated with reduced birthweight in Chinese Han population.Methods： Twelve single nucleotide polymorphisms （rs7756992/rs10946398 in CDKAL1, rsl 111875 in HHEA; rs391300 in SRR, rs17584499 in PTPRD. rs1170806/rs9883204/rs4678017/rs9881942/rs7641344/rs6777397/rs6226243 in ADCY5） were genotyped in 1174 unrelated individuals born in Peking Union Medical College Hospital from 1921 to 1954 by TaqMan allelic discrimination assays, of which 645 had normal glucose tolerance, 181 had developed type 2 diabetes and 348 impaired glucose regulation. Associations of these 12 genetic variants with birthweight and glucose metabolism in later life were analyzed.Results： Birthweight was inversely associated with CDKAL 1-rs 10946398 （β = -41 g [95% confidence interval [CI]： -80, 3], P= 0.034）, common variants both associated with increased risk of impaired glucose metabolism and decreased insulin secretion index later in life. After adjusting for sex, gestational weeks, parity and maternal age, the risk allele of CDKAL1-rs7756992 was associated with reduced birthweight （β = 36 g [95% CI： -72, -0.2], P = 0.048）. The risk allele in SRR showed a trend toward a reduction ofbirthweight （P =0.085）. Conclusions： This study identified the association between type 2 diabetes risk variants in CDKAL 1 and birthweight in Chinese Hart individuals, and the carrier of risk allele within SRR had the trend of reduced birthweight. This demonstrates that there is a clear overlap between the genetics of type 2 diabetes and fetal growth, which proposes that lower birth weight and type 2 diabetes may be two phenotypes of one genotype.

Genetic Analysis of 15 STR Loci in Chinese Han Population from West China

Allele frequencies for 15 short tandem repeat （STR） loci （D8S1179, D21S11, D7S820, CSFIPO, D3S1358, TH01, D13S317, D16S539, D2S1338, D19S433, vWA, TPOX, D18S51, D5S818, and FGA） were obtained from 7,636 unrelated individuals of Chinese Han population living in Qinghai and Chongqing, China. Totally 206 alleles were observed, with the corresponding allele frequencies ranging from 0.0001-0.4982. Chi-square test showed that all of the STR loci agreed with the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. We also compared our data with previously published population data of other ethnics or areas. The results are valuable for human identification and paternity testing in Chinese Han population.

Contribution of the Akt2 gene to type 2 diabetes in the Chinese Han population

Background The Akt2 protein kinase is thought to be a key mediator of the insulin signal transduction process. Akt2 is suggested to play a role in glucose metabolism and the development or maintenance of proper adipose tissue and islet mass. In order to determine whether the Akt2 gene plays a role in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes characterized by insulin resistance, and to further identify if variations in this gene have a relationship with type 2 diabetes, we sequenced the entire coding region and splice junctions of Akt2 and made a further case-control study to explore the association between sinclle-nucleotide polvmorphisms （SNPs） in this Qene and type 2 diabetes in the Chinese Han population.Methods We selected 23 probands with a type 2 diabetic pedigree whose family members＇ average onset age was within 25 to 45 years old. The body mass index of all the participants was lower than 28 kg/m2 and all of them were insulin-resistant （the fasting insulin level 〉100 pmol/L or 16 μlU/ml）. The entire coding region and splice junctions of Akt2 were directly sequenced in these 23 probands, SNPs with a frequency of minor allele over 20 percent were selected to be further studied in a case-control study, We chose 743 non-diabetic subjects as the control group and 742 type 2 diabetic patients as the case group, All these subjects were genotyped. A Snapshot Technology Platform （Applied Biosystems） was used for genotyping.Results The Akt2 genes from all 23 subjects were successfully sequenced. We did not identify any mutation in the type 2 diabetic pedigree. Two SNPs were identified, 13010323T〉C and 13007939G〉T. 13010323T〉C was in intron 9, which was the location of rs2304188 reported in Genbank. Its minor allele frequency was 13.04%. 13007939G〉T was in the 3＇-untranslated region （UTR） of exon 14, which was the location of rs2304186 reported in Genbank. Its minor allele frequency was 34.78%. The allele frequency of rs2304188 and rs2304186 were consistent with the frequency reported in Genbank. In the case-control study with 742 patients and 743 controls, there was no significant difference between the two qroups for the allele frequency of rs2304186 （odd ratio： 0.96, 95% confidence interval： 0.82-1.12, P=0.597）.Conclusions The Akt2 gene is not a major cause of diabetes in a non-obese Chinese Han population characterized by insulin resistance. There is no significant relationship between rs2304186 and type 2 diabetes in the Chinese Han population.

Rs548234 polymorphism at PRDM1-ATG5 region susceptible to rheumatoid arthritis in Caucasians is not associated with rheumatoid arthritis in Chinese Han population

Background A previous study has shown that rs548234 polymorphism at PRDM1-ATG5 region is associated with rheumatoid arthritis （RA） in Caucasian populations. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of rs548234 polymorphism at PRDM1-ATG5 region on susceptibility to RA in Chinese Han population. Methods We genotyped 848 RA patients and 1431 matched healthy controls for rs548234 single-nucleotide polymorphism （SNP） with a predesigned TaqMan SNP genotyping assay. Association analyses were performed on the whole data set and on rheumatoid factors （RF） and anti-cyclic citrullinated peptides （anti-CCP） antibody. Finally, we carried out combined analysis of rs548234 association with RA based on the published data. Results No significant difference in the genotype distribution between RA patients and healthy controls for rs548234 （C/T） polymorphism was found in Chinese Han population, neither in whole data set nor in stratified subsets, e.g. RF and anti-CCP status. Association analysis in different ethnic groups showed that rs548234 at PRDM1-ATG5 region was associated with RA in Caucasian ancestry but not in East Asian population. Conclusions Our results showed no involvement of rs548234 at PRDM1-ATG5 region in the susceptibility or clinical relevance of RA in Chinese Han population.

A rare variant in COL11A1 is strongly associated with adult height in Chinese Han population

Human height is a highly heritable trait in which multiple genes are involved. Recent genome-wide association studies （GWASs） have identified that COL11A1 is an important susceptibility gene for hu- man height. To determine whether the variants of COL11A 1 are associated with adult and children height, we analyzed splicing and coding single-nucleotide variants across COL11A1 through exome-targeted sequencing and two validation stages with a total 20,426 Chinese Han samples. A total of 105 variants were identified by exome-targeted sequencing, of which 30 SNPs were located in coding region. The strongest association signal was chrl 103380393 with P value of 4.8 × 10-7. Chrl_103380393 also showed nominal significance in the validation stage （P = 1.21×10 6）. Combined analysis of 16,738 samples strengthened the original association of chrl 103380393 with adult height （Pcombinea - 3.1×10 8）, with an increased height of 0.292sd （standard deviation） per G allele （95% CI： 0.19-0.40）. There was no evidence （P = 0.843） showing that chrl 103380393 altered child height in 3688 child samples. Only the group of 12-15 years showed slight significance with P value of 0.0258. This study firstly shows that genetic variants of COL11A1 contribute to adult height in Chinese Han population but not to children height, which expand our knowledge of the genetic factors underlying height variation and the biological regulation of human height.

Association of Common Genetic Variants in Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Kinase Kinase Kinase 4 with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in a Chinese Han Population

Background： A study has identified several novel susceptibility variants of the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase kinase 4 （MAP4K4） gene for type 2 diabetes mellitus （T2DM） within the German population. Among the variants, five single nucleotide polymorphisms （SNPs） of MAP4K4 （rs1003376, rs1 1674694, rs2236935, rs2236936, and rs6543087） showed significant association with T2DM or diabetes-related quantitative traits. We aimed to evaluate whether common SNPs in the MAP4K4 gene were associated with T2DM in the Chinese population. Methods： Five candidate SNPs were genotyped in 996 patients newly diagnosed with T2DM and in 976 control subjects, using the SNPscanTM method. All subjects were recruited from the Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University from October 2010 to September 2013. We evaluated the T2DM risk conferred by individual SNPs and haplotypes using logistic analysis, and the association between the five SNPs and metabolic traits in the subgroups. Results： Of the five variants, SNP rs2236935T/C was significantly associated with T2DM in this study population （odds ratio = 1.293; 95% confidence interval： 1.034-1.619, P= 0.025）. In addition, among the controls, rs1003376 was significantly associated with an increased body mass index （P = 0.045） and homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance （P = 0.037）. Conclusions： MAP4K4 gene is associated with T2DM in a Chinese Han population, and MAP4K4 gene variants may contribute to the risk toward the development of T2DM.

Association of Connexin Gene Polymorphism with Essential Hypertension in Kazak and Han Chinese in Xinjiang,China

Essential hypertension（EH） is affected by both genetic and environmental factors.The polymorphism of connexin（Cx） genes is found associated with the development of hypertension.However,the association of the polymorphism of Cxs with EH has not been investigated.This study aimed to investigate the association of the polymorphism of connexin（Cx） genes Cx37,Cx40,and Cx43 with EH in Kazak and Han Chinese in Xinjiang,China.Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism（PCR-RFLP） method and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry（MALDI-TOF-MS） were used to analyze the polymorphism of Cx genes in Kazak and Han EH patients as well as their normotensive controls.The results showed that there were no significant differences in the frequencies of different three genotypes（A/A,A/G,and G/G） and A and G alleles of Cx40 rs35594137 and rs11552588 between EH patients and normotensive controls.However,in Kazak EH patients,the frequencies of three genotypes（A/A,A/G,and G/G） of Cx37 rs1630310 were 24.8%,47.2% and 28.0%,respectively,which were significantly different from those in Han EH patients.In Han EH patients,the frequencies of the three genotypes（C/C,C/G and G/G） of Cx43 rs1925223 were 6.4%,35.6% and 58.0%,respectively.Frequencies of the other four genotypes had no statistical differences among Kazak and Han EH patients and their normotensive controls.These results suggest polymorphisms of Cx37 rs1630310 and Cx43 rs1925223 genes may be associated with the pathogenesis of EH.Carrying Cx37 rs1630310-A or Cx43 rs1925223-G genotypes may protect against the development of EH.