“Chineseness”:A Discussion on Cases Related to Tulou in Contemporary Chinese Architecture

The article delves into the concept of“Chineseness”in contemporary Chinese architecture,a strategic tool for creating distinctive styles rooted in Chinese identity.It serves not only to distinguish projects from market-driven trends but also to establish a pivotal position in the global architectural landscape.“Chineseness”among 24 identified keywords represents a practical strategy embraced by many young architects with international exposure.The traditional Chinese dwelling,a symbol of familial and cultural essence,particularly in the context of home culture,is a primary inspiration for contemporary architects.The research adopts a case study approach,focusing on Tulou-related cases from the last fifteen years,encompassing various building types.The Tulou,a mountain-dwelling with rich cultural connotations,is introduced,reflecting ancient Chinese philosophies in its architectural principles.The case studies,including URBANUS’s“Tulou Collective Housing 2008”and Chengdu’s“Tulou Theater,”demonstrate how Tulou prototypes can be creatively adapted.These designs not only replicate forms but also capture the communal spirit inherent in traditional dwellings.“Stepped Courtyards”by OPEN Architecture reinterprets Tulou typology for a staff dormitory,emphasizing community awareness.In conclusion,the concept of“Chineseness”emerges as a prominent topic,showcasing the dynamic and adaptable nature of traditional Chinese culture and modern architectural expressions.The cases illustrate the evolving intersection between traditional Chinese culture and modern architecture,offering insights into the future trajectory of Chinese architectural culture.The interrelated keywords highlight the nuanced and evolving nature of“Chineseness”in architectural practices.

Interpretation,Construction and Exhibition-Seeking the Positive Significance of Ancient Architecture Model Making in the Teaching of History of Chinese Architecture

On the basis of a special project for teaching reform, in order to change the boring and dull situation of History of Chinese Architecture in students, ancient architecture model was introduced in the teaching process of the pure history course. Through the interpretation, construction, and exhibition stages,the ability of students in grasping the knowledge of architecture history can be strengthened. Then, from the historical background, physical composition, artistic conception of space, structural system, detailed structure, and architectural evolution, the positive significance of ancient architecture model to the teaching of the History of Chinese Architecture was discussed, in the hope of providing certain theoretical basis for the teaching of the History of Chinese Architecture.

Multi-source data-based 3D digital preservation of large scale ancient chinese architecture:A case report

The 3D digitalization and documentation of ancient Chinese architecture is challenging because of architectural complexity and structural delicacy.To generate complete and detailed models of this architecture,it is better to acquire,process,and fuse multi-source data instead of single-source data.In this paper,we describe our work on 3D digital preservation of ancient Chinese architecture based on multi source data.We first briefly introduce two surveyed ancient Chinese temples,Foguang Temple and Nanchan Temple.Then,we report the data acquisition equipment we used and the multi-source data we acquired.Finally,we provide an overview of several applications we conducted based on the acquired data,including ground and aerial image fusion,image and LiDAR(light detection and ranging)data fusion,and architectural scene surface reconstruction and semantic modeling.We believe that it is necessary to involve multi-source data for the 3D digital preservation of ancient Chinese architecture,and that the work in this paper will serve as a heuristic guideline for the related research communities.

Poetic and Pictorial Splendor-Expression of Traditional Chinese Literati in Chinese Architecture

The expression of traditional Chinese literati is based on connection, seeking emotion and harmony. With various forms, though, this style of expression shares the same value in some art forms, like traditional Chinese poetry, calligraphy and paintings, and Chinese architecture. Based on the commonalities of various forms of literature and art, this paper offered an insight into Chinese architecture in light of poetic and pictorial expression of traditional Chinese literati. In order to illuminate the corresponding connection between traditional Chinese poetry, calligraphy and paintings, and Chinese architecture, this paper discussed the expression of Chinese architecture corresponding to the essence of traditional Chinese poetry, calligraphy and paintings respectively from the perspective of philosophy, aesthetics, and culture study of Chinese architecture. Via analogous analysis, which includes the analogy between the emotion of architecture and the feelings in traditional poetry, the analogy between the order of architecture and the spirit of calligraphy, and the analogy between the artistic conception and the picturesque scene, the poetic and pictorial expression of Chinese architecture was clarified. This paper emphasized that Chinese architecture needs to jump out of the concrete image, eradicate the interdisciplinary boundaries, and stress the integration of arts and humanities in a higher level, to express Chinese architecture in a Chinese way. That means making Chinese architecture modern in forms and techniques, and traditional in spirit and artistic conception.

Gate Culture of Chinese Architecture

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Teaching System of Chinese Architectural History Based on the Idea of “Innovation + Practice + Entrepreneurship”

With the introduction of Opinions on Deepening the Reform in Innovation and Entrepreneurship Education in Colleges and Universities issued by the General Office of the State Council, establishing an advanced innovative and entrepreneurial education idea, persisting in cultivation-orientation and comprehensively improving personnel training quality have become an important development direction of higher education, and the innovation and entrepreneurship education reform has provided an impetus for the comprehensive reform in colleges and universities. In this context, how to combine the concept of innovation and entrepreneurship education with the traditional teaching system proves to be an important issue to be considered in the development of colleges and universities. The construction of three teaching platforms for innovation, practice and entrepreneurship enables the idea of innovation and entrepreneurship education to be incorporated into the teaching process of Chinese architectural history, thereby carrying out a systematic, comprehensive, far-reaching teaching system reform. The past several years have witnessed a good teaching effect in University of Science and Technology Liaoning due to the implementation of the teaching system reform. It is hoped that the teaching system reform carried out by University of Science and Technology Liaoning can provide a reference for the teaching of Chinese architectural history.

Evolution and Review of Modern Chinese Vernacular Buildings

This paper divided the evolution of modern Chinese vernacular architecture(1949–2010) into 3 stages: early exploration,confine and confusion,and modern development,by taking time line as the clue,vernacular characteristics of modern architecture in Xi'an during different phases as the support,and combining literature research and field investigation. On this basis,it reviewed historical background,relevant context and typical features of modern vernacular architecture in Xi'an during different phases,and further concluded the evolution laws and research level of modern Chinese vernacular architecture.

Beautification of Chinese Architectural Images in the New Media Age

From the perspective of communication science,the communication of architectural images in the new media age has an obvious beautifying trend.Due to the differences in politics,economics,and cultural environment between China and western countries,the beautification of architectural images in China is a unique phenomenon.This study classifies the beautification of Chinese architectural images into different types in terms of image communication:audience orientation,time orientation,space orientation,and cultural orientation.By investigating and analyzing relevant cases,this study explores the beautification of Chinese architectural images in the new media age and puts forward thoughts and evaluation,aiming to better comprehend the relationship between beautification and architectural communication.

Pioneers for the Study on Yangshi Lei

The architectural graphics and archives of Yangshi Lei collected in the National Library of China and other institutions are of great importance for the research on the architectural history of China. This paper introduces the pioneers for the study on Yangshi Lei and their innovative checkup and research work.

Research on Traditional Structural Aesthetics in Construction Realm in China

The paper aims at indicating and demonstrating a kind of beautiful harmony in technology and art of excellent buildings of ancient China, through the analysis of cases of historic building up to the study of theoretical generalization. Any applicative, practical and durable building will conform to the simplicity of science and technology and harmony of design, and conform to the principle of beauty in the meantime. Architecture not only satisfies the need of functions, but represents the combination of skill and art, which is a sufficient integration of technology and art. The paper analyzes the relationship between technology and art of historic buildings in China by taking the typical examples of the Zhaozhou Bridge and the Hanging Temple of Hengshan, and clarifies the way of fusion between building and art, and indicates ways of fusion and reasons. In the last, the article proves the theory by the case of indoor decoration in modern building in order to defend mechanics and aesthetics in the modern buildings.

The evolution of Liang Sicheng’s construction of Chinese architectural traditions in his drawings(1920se1930s)

This article investigates one of the earliest attempts to systematically construct a building tradition and incorporate it into modern Chinese architectural design.These efforts were put forth by Liang Sicheng(1901e1972),one of the most distinguished Chinese architects and architectural historians,in the 1920s and 1930s in China,informed by the strong collective intention to honour the Chinese past.This article provides a historical and critical reflection on this collective intention that is still shared nowadays by architects and architectural theorists.This article examines in depth the evolution of the different ways Liang used the building past and constructed the Chinese architectural traditions in different crucial stages of his architectural career in the 1920s and 1930s.It uses architectural drawing as both the research subject and the research method.Three of Liang’s representative drawings from these crucial professional stages are juxtaposed and investigated to reveal this evolution using the iconography and iconology method.

Shennan Road and the modernization of Shenzhen architecture

Shenzhen exemplifies the rapid development of urban planning and construction in China.Over the last 40 years,many representative urban spaces and buildings have been built on Shennan Road,the city’s main eastewest thoroughfare,which has witnessed the formation of a multicenter structural layout and the miraculous expansion of the city.Many iconic buildings were designed by Hong Kong or foreign architects.The continuous development along Shennan Road not only symbolizes the fruits of the reform and opening up policies of Shenzhen and even China,but also reflects the modern architectural history in Shenzhen.This study uses historical research methods to review the changes in the urban fabric and the design trends,as seen in representative buildings along Shennan Road in different periods.In addition to the transition path of the city center,the unique role of streets and buildings in the development of the urban structure is analyzed,and other urban functions and symbolic meanings are identified.This work contributes to the history and theory of the modernization of contemporary Chinese architecture.

A 30-year controversy over the Shanghai East China Electric Power Building:the creation and conservation of late 20th century Chinese architectural heritage

The Shanghai East China Electric Power Building,which was completed in 1988,is widely accepted as one of the first postmodern high-rise buildings in Shanghai.Based on articles published in mass media and professional magazines,interviews with relevant stakeholders and social media debates,this paper focuses on two controversies regarding the building’s peculiar architectural form.The first occurred between 1988 and 1992,when the building’s postmodern appearance aroused heated debates among architectural professionals.The second happened between 2015 and 2018,when the building’s postmodern appearance was planned to be replaced with a slated Art Deco surface during its renovation into a boutique hotel.This paper reveals how a thirst for‘form innovation’emerged in the specific social and professional environment shortly after China’s opening-up,and how professional and public awareness of the value of late 20th century architectural heritage was stimulated in the early 21st century in the search for an alternative representation of urban identity other than the widely accepted Art Deco style.This paper emphasises the public meaning of architectural forms in arguing for institutional co-operation in systematic evaluation and conservation legislation for late twentieth century Chinese architectural heritage sites to maintain the historical diversity of the cityscape during urban regeneration.

A 30-year controversy over the Shanghai East China Electric Power Building:the creation and conservation of late 20th century Chinese architectural heritage

The Shanghai East China Electric Power Building,which was completed in 1988,is widely accepted as one of the first postmodern high-rise buildings in Shanghai.Based on articles published in mass media and professional magazines,interviews with relevant stakeholders and social media debates,this paper focuses on two controversies regarding the building’s peculiar architectural form.The first occurred between 1988 and 1992,when the building’s postmodern appearance aroused heated debates among architectural professionals.The second happened between 2015 and 2018,when the building’s postmodern appearance was planned to be replaced with a slated Art Deco surface during its renovation into a boutique hotel.This paper reveals how a thirst for‘form innovation’emerged in the specific social and professional environment shortly after China’s opening-up,and how professional and public awareness of the value of late 20th century architectural heritage was stimulated in the early 21st century in the search for an alternative representation of urban identity other than the widely accepted Art Deco style.This paper emphasises the public meaning of architectural forms in arguing for institutional co-operation in systematic evaluation and conservation legislation for late twentieth century Chinese architectural heritage sites to maintain the historical diversity of the cityscape during urban regeneration.

Constructing New Meanings of Chinese Architectural Heritage in the World Heritage Sites of Malacca Straits

This paper aims to construct new meanings of Chinese architectural heritage in the World Heritage sites of Malacca and Penang in the Malacca Straits.Inscribed in 2008,both sites have a history of more than 600 years of migrating trades and cultural exchanges with China.The influence of Chinese culture has given them diverse urban and architectural assets as tangible heritage,and different life styles of different groups of people as intangible heritage.Starting with a survey of the varied Chinese architectural heritage in the two World Heritage sites of the Malacca Straits,this study presents Chinese temples,huiguans,and shop-houses in the surviving historic city centres where various cultures and religions met and coexisted.These sites bear testimony to a living multi-cultural heritage and the tradition of Malay Archipelago,historic China and India,and modern Europe up to nowadays.Setting the two Wold Heritage sites in the full context of China,India and Southeast Asia which were part of the Maritime Silk Roads in ancient times,the study establishes a broader view to understand heritage as a cultural entity,explores the Chinese contribution to heritage,and calls for awareness towards heritage renovation and adaptive reuse throughout history.Furthermore,through an investigation of the architectural and cultural heritage in Southeast Asia from the 15^(th)to the 19^(th)century,the study intends to achieve a better understanding of the vernacular architecture and craftsmanship in southern China and the vernacular Chinese culture and art in Southeast Asia.It means to explore how Chinese cultural heritage was transplanted to the non-Chinese contexts in the Malacca Straits。

Interpretation of appropriate places: State ceremonies and the imperial main halls of the Tang and Song dynasties

This paper aims to inquiry on the dialectical relationships between Chinese architecture’s form and function in the horizon of long-term historical evolution,by clarifying how the histories of imperial main halls and state ceremonies relate to and interact with each other during the Tang and Song dynasties.The imperialmain halls are themost archetypical and accomplished ones among traditional Chinese buildings,and their function is primarily ritual rather than practical.Although these magnificent buildings are indisputably considered the crowning achievement of Chinese architectural history,how the built space cooperates with ritual practices did not receive deserved attention.With the thorough reading of voluminous official ritual documents and comprehensive utilization of archaeological discoveries together with visual materials,the research presents a broad understanding of the asynchronous developments of the ground-level architectural arrangement and the ritual configuration across these centuries.Also specifically depicted are details of how architecture engaged in the ritual narration and was used as an apparatus to articulate emperor-courtier relationships.

Where Did the Wood Go？ Rethinking the Problematic Role of Wood in Wood-Like Mimicry

This paper explores fangmugou （＂imitating the mode of building with wood＂）, a comprehensive and longstanding architectural leitmotif reflective of the socio-cultural environment of China. Whether carved in stone, molded in clay, or cast in metal fangmugou continuously serves to visually confn＇m and ratify the significance of wood as the primary building material in Chinese architectural history. By peeling offthe successive layers of distortion between model and replica, this paper uncovers the traces of wood embedded infangmugou, and deciphers the visual and symbolic language that evolved out of the physical properties of wood, even as the final product transcends materiality by adapting to new media.