The Inner Split in Genetics of Wu Colloquial Expression“[hÃɲ33 paʔ3 lÃɲ33 tÃɲ31]”

“[ã44 kã44 paʔ5 lã44 tã53]”(Chinese characters transcription“昂更八冷打”)is an colloquial expression in Tongxiang dialect of Suzhou-Jiaxing-Huzhou Sub-branch,Taihu Branch,Wu.It describes an awkward state with unfinished tasks.Its similar expressions can be found in other regions of Taihu Branch,including Yixing,Changzhou,Shaoxing and Ningbo,usually serving as“all”,while the expression“[hÃɲ33 paʔ3 lÃɲ33 tÃɲ31]”(“亨八冷打”)in Shanghai Sub-branch indicates“the remaining parts”when used alone.“[hÃɲ33 paʔ3 lÃɲ33 tÃɲ31]”stands for“all”only when followed by a word with meaning of“adding together”.In this paper,it is concluded and deduced from other similar morphemes that the contradictory connotations are related to an“inner split”process of an original word.Considering similar morphemes in other Chinese dialects(including Cantonese,Hakka,Jianghuai and Min),the following analysis proposes three possible original expressions and correlating trajectories of this inner phonetic-semantic split process,and selects a most credible way based on the rhyming dictionary and previous reconstructive models of ancient Chinese phonology.This presumptive analysis indicates that a broader“split and derivate”process generating new morphemes exists widely in Sinitic dialects as a natural company of phonetic features in Chinese language flow.

Ophthalmic Syndrome Differentiation System and Digital Chinese Medicine

In traditional Chinese medicine(TCM),ophthalmic syndrome differentiation is an ophthalmology-specific method for identifying syndromes based on the“Five Orbiculi”theory.It was devised by Professor Qing-Hua PENG through an unprecedented combination of syndrome element differentiation and ophthalmic clinical practices,based on the Clinical Terminology of Chinese Medical Diagnosis and Treatment-Syndromes of the National Standards of the People's Republic of China.This approach integrates an ophthalmic syndrome differentiation system with digital Chinese medicine(DCM),and proposes the extraction of syndrome elements of ophthalmic diseases from research on DCM.These elements are then quantified and organized to form a model of digital diagnosis and treatment specific to ophthalmology,which should help to achieve synergistic development of the ophthalmic syndrome differentiation system and DCM.

Brief Exploration of Nasal Assimilation Phenomenonin Negative Prefixes-Comparison Between Chinese Dialect & English

Nasals and assimilation are basic terminologies in phonology,nasal assimilation is a kind of common phonological phenomenon in addition.As is known to all,in English,assimilation mainly happens between consonants and consonants,which is one of the important constitutes of English mutation,for the sake of labor-saving convenience and better fluency.From an applied linguistic view,nasal assimilation in negative prefixes(e.g.un-,ab-,ir-,im-&non-,etc.)is seemingly another interesting phenomenon for an innovative exploration.This paper focuses on some specific enumeration and comparison between Chinese dialect(specifically,Sichuan dialect)as well as English.This brief exploration and analysis might contribute to relative study in years to come.

Diagnostic value of traditional Chinese medical dialectical classification in hashimoto's thyroiditis complicated with suspicious nodules

Objective:To explore the diagnostic value of traditional Chinese medical(TCM)dialectical classification in Hashimoto's thyroiditis complicated with suspicious nodules.Methods:The clinical data of patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis complicated with thyroid nodules in the Department of Breast and thyroid surgery of Weifang Hospital of traditional Chinese Medicine from January 2018 to December 2019 were collected.The patients were examined by 2 or more experienced TCM doctors,and the four diagnostic data were obtained,and then the relevant syndrome types of the patients were judged according to the data.According to the color Doppler ultrasonographic features of thyroid nodules,the patients who met the indication of fine needle aspiration biopsy of thyroid nodules were selected and underwent fine needle aspiration biopsy of thyroid nodules before operation.To analyze the clinical diagnostic value of that the ultrasonic mode used in this study and thyroid cytopathology Bethesda report system combine dialectical classification of traditional Chinese medicine in Hashimoto's thyroiditis complicated with suspected thyroid nodules.Result:A total of 89 patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis complicated with thyroid nodules were collected.according to the ultrasonic mode,the difference between different modes was statistically significant(P<0.05).The mode of color ultrasound is also related to the dialectical classification of traditional Chinese medicine.The patients with high malignant risk score are mainly qi depression and phlegm stagnation,phlegm and blood stasis,while those with low score are exuberant liver fire and heart liver yin deficiency.According to the study of different The Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology(TBSRTC)classification,the dialectical classification of patients with higher TBSRTC classification was more inclined to qi depression and phlegm stagnation,phlegm and blood stasis,and there was significant difference between different classification(P<0.05).Conclusion:Qi depression and phlegm obstruction,phlegm and blood stasis have high ultrasound malignant risk score and high TBSRTC classification grade in patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis complicated with suspected thyroid nodules,which has important clinical diagnostic value.

Progress of traditional Chinese Medicine on ADHD Treatment Based on Syndrome Differentiation

Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder(ADHD)is a common neurodevelopmental disorder in childhood.Syndrome differentiation for ADHD in traditional Chinese medicine is complex without common uniform,it is important to propose unified standards.Based on the principle of syndrome differentiation,this article focused on the different names of different syndrome differentiation methods but the same essence,and summarized Chinese medicine compounds according to syndrome factors.By collecting relevant literature on ADHD treatment with Chinese herbal compound in recent years,ADHD is classified into 7 different syndrome types,and Chinese herbal compound is classified correspondingly for reference and selection of clinical treatment of ADHD.

Mechanization of Hearing in Chao Yuen Ren’s Dialect Research,1927-1936:Senses,Objectivity,and Observation

When scientific research began in early twentieth-century China,a key issue was the acquisition of reliable empirical information through objective and precise observations.This article examines a specific case where a scientist grappled with such an issue:the linguist Chao Yuen Ren’s application of mechanical means in his phonetic studies.In the 1920s–1930s,Chao conducted a series of field and lab studies on the dialects in southern and central China.In contrast to traditional scholars’exclusive reliance on sharp ears and rhyme books,Chao employed mechanical devices to inscribe and analyze the spectrographs of dialectical tones and used phonographs to record the articulations of his subjects.It is demonstrated that Chao’s machines not only provided a new method of observation;they also altered the theoretical understanding of certain fundamental categories in Chinese phonology,such as tones.Moreover,Chao did not aim to replace human perception with automatic mechanisms in empirical investigations.Rather,the use of machines in his research called for an active and engaged scientific persona.

Analysis of Zhang Hongxing's Clinical Experience in Treating Chronic Cough

Director Zhang Hongxing is a famous traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)doctor in Shandong province and a teacher in the Famous TCM Expert Studio in Dezhou city.He has rich clinical experience and considerable experience in the treatment of common clinical chronic coughs.Director Zhang Hongxing believes that chronic cough belongs to the category of"wind cough"and"long-term cough"according to TCM.TCM diagnosis should start from the four aspects of "wind evil residing in lung","liver"?"spleen and stomach",and"yang deficiency".Starting from viewing the human body as an organic whole,distinguish between deficiency or excess in cold and heat,and clinical treatment for cough should focus on dispelling"wind",regulating the functions of liver,spleen,and stomach,and supplementing the body's yang.Formulate treatment based on different categorization,and modify prescription according to the symptoms,and the treatment effects are remarkable.

A Dialectal Chinese Speech Recognition Framework

A framework for dialectal Chinese speech recognition is proposed and studied, in which a relatively small dialectal Chinese （or in other words Chinese influenced by the native dialect） speech corpus and dialect-related knowledge are adopted to transform a standard Chinese （or Putonghua, abbreviated as PTH） speech recognizer into a dialectal Chinese speech recognizer. Two kinds of knowledge sources are explored： one is expert knowledge and the other is a small dialectal Chinese corpus. These knowledge sources provide information at four levels： phonetic level, lexicon level, language level, and acoustic decoder level. This paper takes Wu dialectal Chinese （WDC） as an example target language. The goal is to establish a WDC speech recognizer from an existing PTH speech recognizer based on the Initial-Final structure of the Chinese language and a study of how dialectal Chinese speakers speak Putonghua. The authors propose to use contextindependent PTH-IF mappings （where IF means either a Chinese Initial or a Chinese Final）, context-independent WDC-IF mappings, and syllable-dependent WDC-IF mappings （obtained from either experts or data）, and combine them with the supervised maximum likelihood linear regression （MLLR） acoustic model adaptation method. To reduce the size of the multipronunciation lexicon introduced by the IF mappings, which might also enlarge the lexicon confusion and hence lead to the performance degradation, a Multi-Pronunciation Expansion （MPE） method based on the accumulated uni-gram probability （AUP） is proposed. In addition, some commonly used WDC words are selected and added to the lexicon. Compared with the original PTH speech recognizer, the resulting WDC speech recognizer achieves 10-18% absolute Character Error Rate （CER） reduction when recognizing WDC, with only a 0.62% CER increase when recognizing PTH. The proposed framework and methods are expected to work not only for Wu dialectal Chinese but also for other dialectal Chinese languages and even other languages.

IMPLICATIONAL RELATION AND PERCEPTUAL DISTINCTION:A CASE STUDY ON PLACE CONTRASTS OF FRICATIVES VS. AFFRICATES

A typological survey across Chinese dialects reveals that,in the[i]context,the place contrasts of dental vs.palatal affricates(i.e.,[tsi-t■i]and[ts^(h)i-t■^(h)i])imply the place contrast of fricatives(i.e.,[si-■i]).Assuming a connection between the implicational relation of phonological contrasts and perceptual distinction,this study examines the relative perceptual distinction of the sound pairs[tsi-t■i][ts^(h)i-t■^(h)i]and[si-■i]through a speeded-AX discrimination experiment.The results showed that the discrimination accuracy of the[tsi-t■i]and[ts^(h)i-t■^(h)i]pairs is significantly lower than that of the[si-■i]pair,indicating that the former two pairs are perceptually less distinct than the latter pair.The results lend support to the contention that a sound pair in the unmarked category tends to be perceptually more distinct than its counterpart in a marked category.